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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSolid Waste Management Plan 1995 FinalNew York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Solid & Hazardous MeteriaJs 50 Wolf Road, Albany, New York 12233-7250 Phone: 518-457-6934 Fax: 518-457-0629 Ms. Jean W. Cochran Supervisor Town Hall 53095 Main Koad P.O. Box 1179 Southold, NY 11971 Dear Ms. Cochran: MAR - 4199E Michael D. Zagata Commissioner Re: Town of Southold Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan On January 25, 1996, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (Department) received for review and approval the Town of Southold integrated solid waste management plan entitled: "Town of Sauthold, Suffolk Courtly Nov York Solid Waste Management Plan," dated August 1995. This plan was prepared by Dvirka and Bartilucd Consulting Engineers and adopted on December 13, 1995 by a Resolution of the Town of Southold Town Board. The Town of Southold determined that an Environmental Impact Statement was not necessary for the adoption of this plan and, in this regard, issued a State Environmental Quality Review Negative Declaration in accordance with 6 NYCRR Section 617.10. We have determined that this Final Town of Southold Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan contains a substantive consideration of the dements set forth in Section 27-0107.1 of the New York State Environmental Conservation Law (ECL). Accordingly, the said Town of Southold Final Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan is hereby approved with respect to those dements in the ECL. Please note that any modifications to this approved local solid waste management plan must be submitted to this Department for ptior approval, pursuant to 6 NYCRR Section 360-15.11. Ms. lean W. Cochran Furthermore, compliance reports must be submitted to this Department pursuant to 6 NYCRR Section 360-15.12 which requires planning units with approved solid waste management plans to submit reports displaying compliance with the action items and schedules contained in the plan no later than March 1, 1997 and no later than March 1 every two years thereafter. In reviewing these compliance reports, we will pay particular attention to the Town of Southold's efforts to intensify its recycling programs. Since the Town of Southold has decided to export its residual waste out of Town, capacity for disposal or treatment of this residual solid waste must be addressed in the March I, 1997 Town of Southold compliance report. The key to effective solid waste management is proper planning. Planning and priorities must be carefully considered to assure limited resources are spent wisely on projects that establish rational, lasting foundations for environmentally-sound solid waste management at the local level. We are particularly pleased that the Town of Southold will implement those programs, projects and plans identified in the Town of Southold Final Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan. Please call Mr. James A. Sanford (518-457-3273), of our Bureau of Program Management, if you have any questions regarding this matter. SiTerely, ,/' Norman H. Nosenchuck, P.E. Director Division of Solid & Hazardous Materials ~0~ OF SOU~HOLD SLTFOLK COL%T ;NE'W YORK AUGUST 1995 SOLID WASTE ~NAGE~NT PLAN APRIL 1'993 DOCUMENT PREPARED FOR THE: TOWN OF" SOUTHOLD BY DVlRKA AND BARTILUCCI CONSULTING ENGINEERS TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SUFFOLK COUNTY, NEW YORK SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE Section S.0 SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS Title S.1 Town Setting S.2 Current Solid Waste Management S.3 Alternatives S.4 Description of Proposed Plan S.4.1 Proposed Resource Recovery System S~4.2 Proposed Residual Waste Management S-1 S-1 S-2 S-5 S-6 S-12 1.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 1.1 Town Setting 1.2 Geology, Topography, and Soils 1.3 Water Resources 1.4 Air Resources 1.5 Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology 1.6 Transportation 1.7 Land Use and Zoning 1.8 Con~nunlty Facilities 1.9 Demography 1.10 Cultural, Archeological, and Historical Resources 1.11 Noise 1-1 i-1 1-1 1-12 1-23 1-30 1-38 1-40 1-46 1-48 1-48 1-51 2.0 EXISTING SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES 2.1 2.2 Solid Waste Management Facilities Current Practices 2.1.1 Existing Facilities 2.1.2 Proposed Facilities 2.1.3 Current Collection and Management Practices Solid Waste Quantities and Composition 2.2.1 Fishers Island Waste Generation 2.2.2 Current Solid Waste Generation and Generation Rates 2.2.3 Population Projections, Future Waste Generation, and Generation Rates 2.2.4 Total Waste Stream Composition and Characteristics 2-1 2-1 2-! 2-7 2-7 2-8 2-8 2-8 2-13 2-17 6673R/3 1027 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Section Title Pa~e 3.0 2,2.5 Residential Waste Stream Composition and 2-19 Characteristics 2.2.6 Potential Recyclables in the Waste Stream 2-25 2.3 Market Identification and Opportunities for Recycling 2-28 2.3.1 Existing Recycling Efforts 2-28 2.3.2 Market Survey for Recyclable Materials 2-29 2.3.3 Market Assessment for Compost Products 2-29 2.4 New York State Policies Governing Solid Waste Facilities 2-33 2.4.1 New York State Solid Waste Management Plan 2-34 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGIES 3-1 3.1.6 3-26 3.1.7 3-27 3.1.8 3-28 3.1.9 3-30 3.1.10 3-32 3.1.11 3-32 3.1 Alternative Methodologies 3-1 3.1.1 Waste Reduction 3-1 3,1.2 Household Hazardous Waste Removal 3-4 3.1.3 Materials Recycling 3-7 3.1.4 Collection Options 3-14 3~1.5 Yard Waste and Source Separated Material 3-18 Composting Construction and Demolition Debris (C&D) Land Clearing Debris Energy Recovery Municipal Solid Waste Composting Landfill Disposal Alternative Methods of Processing/Disposal of Other Wastes 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION ALTERNATIVES 4.1 Total Out-of-Town, Off Island Processing and Disposal 4.2 Waste Reduction 4.3 Household Hazardous Waste Removal 4.4 Recycling Alternatives 4.5 Yard Waste Composting Alternatives 4.5.1 Expansion of Existing Operation 4.5.2 Private Sector Yard Waste Compost Facility 4.5.3 Backyard or On-Lot Composting of Yard Waste 4.5.4 Regional Yard Waste Composting Outside of Town 4.6 Land Clearing, Construction, and Demolition Debris 4.7 Solid Waste Composting/Energy Recovery Processing 4.7.1 Use of Existing Solid Waste Processing Facilities 4.7.2 Proposed MSW Composting by the Town 4.7.3 Energy Recovery Processing in the Town 4.7.4 Other Local Planning Efforts 4.7.5 Private Sector MSW Composting Proposals 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-4 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-7 4-7 4-8 4-8 4-10 4-10 4-13 4-13 4-14 4-14 6673R/3 1027 ii Section TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Title 4.8 Tires 4.9 Residentially Generated Clean Material 4.10 Long Haul of Solid Waste 4.11 Technical Conclusions 4.12 Procurement Options ?aqe 4-14 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-16 5.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE 5-1 5.1 Proposed Resource Recovery System 5-1 5.1.1 Waste Reduction 5-2 5.1.2 Household and Coramercial/Institutional 5-4 Recycling Program 5.1.3 Recycling: Major Household Appliances 5-4 5.1.4 Recycling: Tires 5-5 5.1.5 Recycling: Household Hazardous Waste 5-5 5.1.6 Recycling: Construction and Demolition Debris 5-7 5.1.7 Recycling: Land Clearing Debris 5-7 5.1.8 Recycling: Yard Waste Compostlng 5-8 5.2 Proposed Residual Waste Management 5-8 5.2.1 Joint Activities with Other Towns 5-9 5.3 Consistency with State Policies 5-9 5.3.1 State Solid Waste Management Plan 5-9 5.3.2 State Solid Waste Management Act 5-10 5.3.3 State Recycling Goals 5-10 5.4 Proposed Implementation Schedule and Associated Actions 5-10 5.5 Private Sector Involvement 5-13 5.6 Land~ill Closure and Related Actions 5-13 6.0 6673R/3 1027 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND POTENTIAL MITIGATION MEASURES 6-1 6.1 Town Setting (sites) 6-1 6.1.1 Impacts 6-1 6.1.2 Unavoidable Impacts 6-3 6.1.3 Potential Mitigation Measures 6-4 6.1.4 Irreversible/Irretrievable Commitments of 6-7 Resources 6.1.5 Growth Inducing Aspects 6-9 6.1.6 Coastal Impacts 6-10 6.2 Geology, Topography, and Soils 6-10 6.2.1 Impacts 6-10 6.2.2 Unavoidable Impacts 6-12 6.2.3 Potential Mitigation Measures 6-12 6.2.4 Irreversible/Irretrievable Commitments of 6-13 Resources 6.3 Water Resources 6-13 6.3.1 Impacts 6-13 6.3.2 Unavoidable Impacts 6-15 6.3.3 Potential Misigation Measures 6-16 Section TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Title 6.3.4 Irreversible/Irretrievable Commitments of Resources 6.3.5 Coastal Impacts 6.4 Air Resources 6.4.1 Impacts 6.4.2 Unavoidable Impacts 6.4.3 Mitigation Measures 6,5 Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology 6.5.1 Impacts and Mitigation 6.6 Transportation 6.6.1 Impacts 6.6.2 Unavoidable Impacts 6.6.3 Mitigation Measures 6.6.4 Growth Inducing Aspects 6.6,5 Use and Conservation of Energy 6.7 Land Use and Zoning 6.7.1 Impacts 6.7.2 Mitigation Measures 6.7.3 Irreversible/Irretrievable Commitments of Resources 6.7.4 Growth Inducing Aspects 6.7,5 Coastal Impacts 6.8 Community Services 6.8.1 impacts and Mitigation Measures 6.9 Demography 6.10 Cultural, Archaeological, and Historical Resources 6.11 Noise 6.11.1 Impacts 6.11.2 Mitigation Measures 6.11.3 Unavoidable Adverse Impacts 6.12 Visual Aspects 6.12.1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures 6.12.2 Unavoidable impacts 6.13 Economics 6.13.1 Impacts 6.13.2 Potential Mitigation Measures 6.13.3 Irretrievable/Irreversible Commitments of Resources 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-20 6-20 6-24 6-24 6-26 6-26 6-27 6-28 6-28 6-29 6-29 6-29 6-29 6-30 6-30 6-30 6-31 6-31 6-32 6-32 6-32 6-33- 6-33 6-35 6-35 6-35 6-36 6-36 6-36 6-37 6-37 7.0 8.0 GLOSSARY, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS 7.1 Glossary of Technical Terms 7.2 Abbreviations and Acronyms APPENDICIES 8.1 Hauling Contract (Solid Waste) 8.2 Hauling Contract (Construction & Demolition Debris) 8.3 Planning Unit Resolution; Re: Salvage Center 8.4 Public Comments on Negative Declaration for SWMP 7-1 7-1 7-15 6673R/3 1027 iv LIST OF TABLES Number 1.2-1 1.3-1 1.3-2 1.3-3 1.4-1 1.4-2 1.4-3 1.7-1 1.7-2 1.7-3 1.8-1 1.9-1 1.9-2 1.11-1 2.1.1-1 2.2.1-1 2.2.1-2 2.2.2-1 2.2.3-1 2.2.3-2 2.2.5-1 2.2.6-1 2.3.2-1 5-1 Title Stratigraphy and Mydrogeologic Units Average Daily Pumpage (MGD) by Land Use Category New York State Classifications for Marine and Fresh Surface Waters Major Surface Water Bodies Average Monthly Temperatures Monthly Precipitation Summary of Federal and State Ambient Air Standards and PSD Increments Summary of 1981 Land Use Land Use Classification Land Use Projections Parks and Recreation Resources Population by Community Projected Populations Perception of Noise Changes 1-7 1-20 1-21 1-22 1-24 1-25 1-27 1-41 1-42 1-43 1-47 1-49 1-50 1-54 Southold Town Solid Waste Complex Equipment Inventory 2-2 Fishers Island Monthly Population 2-9 Potential Fishers Island Waste Generation 2-10 Scale Mouse Waste Categories and Quantities-1992 2-11 Population Projections 2-15 Future Waste Generation Projections - Total Waste Stream 2-18 Residential Waste Stream Compositional Analysis 2-22 1992 Monthly Recycling Totals (Tons) 2-26 Markets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables 2-32 Revised Implementation Schedule 5-11 6673R/3 1027 V LIST OF FIGURES Number 1.1-1 1.1-2 1.1-3 1.1-4 1.2-1 1.2-2 1.3-1 1.3-2 1.3-3 1.3-4 1.3-5 1.5-1 1.5-2 1.6-1 1.7-1 1.11-1 2.1.1-1 2.1.1-2 2.2.2-1 2.2.2-2 2.2.3-1 2.2.4-1 2.2.5-1 Regional Map Location of Fishers Island Town Map Location of Com~aunities General Soil Map Landfill Soil Map Groundwater Section Hydrogeologic Units Underlying Fishers Island Landfill Vicinity Water Table Contour Map - 1989 Monitoring Wells Located in Vicinity of Landfill Special Groundwater Protection Areas in the Town of Southold Freshwater Wetland Map Marine Wetland Map Major Transportation Routes Zoning Map Common Noise Levels Town Solid Waste Facilities Existing Collection Center Floor Plan Total Waste Stream (Pie Chart) 1992 Monthly Waste Generation (Bar Chart) Population Projections (Bar Chart) Calculated Total Waste Stream (Pie Chart) Calculated "Residential" Waste Stream (Pie Chart) 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-9 1-11 1-13 1-15 1-16 1-17 1-18 1-32 1-33 1-39 1-45 1-53 2-3 2-5 2-12 2-14 2-16 2-20 2-24 6673R/3 1027 vi APPENDIX A APPENDIX B TABLE OF CONTENTS Comprehensive Recycling Analysis SEQR Determination 6673R/1 1027 vii S. 0 SUMMARY This is a Summary of the update to the Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP) for the Town of Southold. The Town's initial draft SW~P was adopted by the Town Board on September 25, 1990, and a final SWMP on January 22, 1991. Since the adoption of the SWMP, there have been a number of changes in solid waste management in Southold and on Long Island. The update to the SWMP has been necessitated by several factors, including changes in solid waste generation, recycling initiatives, regulatory constraints, and available capacity at other solid waste facilities combined with changes in the cost of out-of-Town handling and processing by the private sector. These factors have resulted in a change in the Town's preferred processing alternative for the residual waste remaining after reduction, reuse, and recycling. S.1 Town Setting The Town of Southold is a rural town of approximately 54 square miles located in eastern Suffolk County on Long Island. It is bordered by the Peconic Bays and Gardiners Bay to the south, and the Long Island Sound to the north. The Town, along with the Town of Riverhead to the west, comprises the North Fork of the "East End" of Long Island. It also includes the Hamlet of Fishers Island, a small island community covering approximately four square miles. The Town supports a large agricultural community, as well as a seasonal tourist population and a number of weekend/part-time residents. Of the various communities in the Town, the larger residential areas are primarily located in Southold, Cutchogue, Greenport, and Mattituck. The Town possesses diverse ecological resources including beaches, bays, estuaries, lakes, freshwater and tidal wetlands, and the upland environment. These resources are the result of natural physiology and existing development patterns, and are important for their preservational, social, aesthetic, and recreational value. The Town comprises 5.3% of Suffolk County's land area, but only 1.5% of the County's population. The largest single land use in the Town is vacant land 6168R/4 1027 SWMP SUMMARY - 1 (40%), while the second largest land use is agricultural land (25%). Other land use such as residential, commercial, and industrial account for much of the remaining land. S.2 Current Solid Waste Management The Town owns and operates a solid waste complex on County Road 48 - Middle Road in Cutchogue that receives most of the municipal solid waste generated and disposed of in the Town. This includes waste from residential, commercial, institutional, and agricultural sources. The solid waste complex consists of an inactive landfill that ceased operations on October 8, 1993, a multimaterial residential recycling drop-off area, a bi-level multimaterial recycling area for deliveries by carters, a collection center, a permanent household hazardous waste storage facility, a yard waste composting operation, temporary transfer operations for garbage, rubbish, C&D debris and concrete, and a holding area for household appliances and tires awaiting transfer to processing facilities. On October 8, 1993 the Town ceased landfilling operations and implemented a State authorized temporary transfer operations for garbage, rubbish, C&D debris, and concrete. The temporary transfer operations are expected to be in place for the 6 to 12 month period needed to permit, construct and start-up a new permanent transfer station. A Part 360 Engineering Report and Permit Application for the new permanent transfer station describes the design features and operations of the proposed facility. Concurrent with the temporary transfer operations on October 9, 1993 the Town initiated a special bag program for residential garbage. Residential garbage must be placed into special bags to be accepted at the Town's solid waste complex. Residents who drop off garbage and carters that collect garbage from noncommercial customers can deliver only the special bags to the Town for disposal by the transfer operations. Commercial 'waste can be charged by weight and does not need to be placed in the bags. Recyclable materials are prohibited from being placed in the special bags. It is anticipated that over the long-term the cost of the bag will encourage waste reduction and increase recovery of recyclable materials. The Town's recycling program has been in effect at the solid waste complex for several years and has been steadily increaslng in scope. Use of the recyclables collection center is free. The materials included in the recycling 6168R/4 1027 SWMP SUMMARY- 2 effort are: o Newspaper o Plastic containers o Major household appliances o Metal containers o Bulk Metals o Household hazardous waste o Clear glass o Waste oil o Leaves o Green glass o Old clothes o Brush o Brown glass o Batteries o Wood chips o Tires o Mixed Paper (other than cardboard) o Cardboard In accordance with its solid waste management planning efforts, the Town has implemented a mandatory curbside recyclable collection program for those residents whose solid waste is collected by carters. Residents that use carters are required to separate green, brown, and clear glass, plastic (HDPE ~1 and ~2), tin and aluminum (co~ingled}, newspaper, and cardboard. Collection of recyclables from customers is currently performed once every other week. Collection by Town permitted carters is provided for residential, cormmercial, institutional, and industrial customers on an individual contract basis. Cor~nercial, institutional, and industrial waste generators can also deliver their own wastes to the landfill provided they are permitted by the Tow~. Residents may also drop off their wastes at the solid waste complex with a permit. It is estimated that approximately 107 tons per day of municipal solid waste was generated in the Town in 1992. This volume is based on 1992 scale house data from the solid waste complex and includes recyclables. Future waste stream projections have been formulated based on the 1992 data and weighted population estimates through the year 2015, and are as follows: Year Tons Der day To~s Der vear 1989 123 44,895 1992 107.7 39,313 1995 126.6 46,194 2000 134.2 48,995 2005 144.1 52,583 2010 154.4 56,364 2015 165.3 60,348 6168R/4 1027 SWMP SUMMARY- 3 The 1989 data is presented to illustrate the effect that waste reduction, recycling and reuse efforts have had in the Town of Southold during the last few years. There has been an approximately 13% decrease in the municipal solid waste received at the complex (including recyclables) since 1989. An identification of the major categories of the waste stream received at the solid waste complex has been conducted as Dart of the planning effort, and is presented below by percent of weight for the major component categories of the waste stream. Waste Cateaorv Household garbage Construction and demolition debris Sand/sod Concrete Rubbish Scrap Metal Land clearing Brush Leaves/mulch/grass Agricultural debris Household Recyclables Other (includes sludge, tires, shellfish debris, woodchips, waste oil and batteries) TOTAL % Bv Weiaht 37.0 17.0 3.3 1.0 6.7 1.5 4.1 10.9 9.2 1.6 5.0 <2.4 100% In addition, a compositional analysis of the material components performed in 1989 was updated to reflect the 1992 household waste stream. This breakdown is as follows: Waste Composition % by Weiaht Paper 29.09 Plastics 6.54 Food 10.53 Ferrous Metals 6.88 Nonferrous Metals 1.28 Batteries 0.06 Glass 5.41 Wood 5.08 Rubber 2.11 Dlrt and Fines 3.74 Yard Waste 20.41 Bulky Waste 3.36 Misc. 5.08 TOTAL 100%* *Totals may not add to exactly 100% due to rounding. 6168R/4 i027 SWMP SUMMARY-4 S.3 Alternatives In formulating the Town's original Plan (final SWMP January 1991), a number of alternative processing methods and implementation alternatives had been evaluated. The alternatives have been reconsidered in terms of environmental soundness, applicability, effectiveness and cost, and are presented in this SWMp update. They include: o Waste Reduction o Household Hazardous Waste Removal o Materials Recycling o Agricultural and Yard Waste Composting o Construction and Demolition Debris (C&D) Recycling o Land Clearing Debris Recycling o Waste-to-Energy Reduction/Recovery o Municipal Solid Waste Composting o Landfill Disposal o Clean Fill Disposal o Methods of Processing/Disposal of Other Wastes Although the State has set a goal of 50% reduction, reuse, and recycling as a bench_mark for resource recovery systems, it has been concluded as part of the updated plan that, given the characteristics of its waste stream, the Town could target a reduction/reuse/recycling (including composting) goal of approximately 70%. The alternatives that were previously evaluated in the original SWMp for long-term processing or disposal of the residual portion of the waste stream were: o Continued landfilling (no longer an alternative within the Town) O Use of a new, double-lined Town landfill adjacent to existing landfill (no longer a viable alternative) O Processing at the Brookhaven composting-energy recovery facility (has not been implemented at this time) o Processing at Huntington energy recovery facility o Processing at Babylon energy recovery facility Processing at an in-Town mixed solid waste (MSW) composting facility (no longer a viable alternative) Yard waste exchange arrangement with a tow~ having an energy recovery facility (re-evaluated this past year with the towns of Huntington/Smithtown) Private sector processing/disposal Hempstead's existing energy recovery private sector facilities) (including possible use of facility and recently proposed Long haul to another facility (component of temporary transfer operations) 6168R/4 1027 SWMP SUMMARY- 5 Description of Proposed Plan Based upon a reconsideration of the analysis of alternatives conducted for the Town's initial SWMP, the updated SWMP for the Tow~ is also expected to result in the effective management of the Town's solid waste in an environmentally sound, cost-effective manner that reflects the social and economic characteristics of the Town, particularly with regard to its rural nature as a farming community with a relatively small population. The updated SWMP retains the "resource recovery system" contained in the initial SWMP, and expects that the system could effectively dispose of approximately 70% of the Town's total waste stream through elements of reduction, reuse, recycling, household hazardous waste removal, and yard waste composting. However, this updated SWMP includes new recommendations for the disposal of the estimated 30% residual waste through the transfer of this portion of the waste stream to existing permitted processing/disposal facilities with sufficient available capacity. S.4.1 Proposed Resource Recovery System As with the initial SWMP, this updated Plan contains a n~mber of elements comprising a resource recovery system that could reduce/recycle/reuse up to 70% of the total waste stream. The resource recovery system includes waste reduction, intensive household and coKTaercial/institutional recycling, major household appliances recycling, tire recycling, household hazardous waste recovery, construction and demolition debris recycling, and composting of yard waste that includes leaves, brush and land clearing debris. The specific materials addressed in the updated SWMP's resource recovery system include: Newspaper/Phone Books o Nonferrous Metals Magazines/Junk Mail o Three Colors of Glass Corrugated/Brown Bags o Wood and Lu~ber Other Paperboard o Asphalt Office Paper/Mixed Paper o Concrete/Brick PET, HDPE o Tires and Other Plastics o Dirt Yard Wastes o Textiles Sand/Sod o Household Hazardous Wastes Ferrous Metals o Batteries (Vehicle and Household) Food Waste o Sludge None of the Town's existing paper vendors are willing to accept drink boxes and/or milk cartons (polycoated paper), unless for disposal, the Town has been unable to identify any economically viable recycling markets for these products. The following sections describe the components of the Town's resource 6168R/4 1027 SWMP SUMMARY - 6 recovery system. Waste Reduction Waste reduction refers to the reduction of solid waste prior to disposal. This is an important consideration since it may affect the sizing or magnitude of individual operations and facilities. Reduction of the volume of waste could be achieved through Town support of legislation and other initiatives that aim to encourage residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional establishments to reduce waste generation at the source or point of packaging. This would effectively reduce the volume of waste that the Town would need to make provisions for with regard to collection, processing, disposal, administration, and financing. Regarding the legislative aspects of waste reduction, the Town will continue to support laws proposed by the County, State, and Federal goverrunents that strive to: o o o o o Reduce the volume and type of packaging materials, constituted of plastics which are essentially nonreusable, and nonrecyclable especially those nonbiodegradable, Expand the current beverage container deposit law to include a wider array of containers Encourage greater use of recycled materials, or products packaged in recycled or recyclable materials Promote the development of household hazardous waste removal programs Assist and encourage industrial, commercial, and institutional generators to undertake reduction and recycling programs Assist and encourage homeowners to undertake backyard composting and to leave grass clippings on the lawn The Town will continue to support legislative efforts to establish deposits on batteries as a means of reducing the concentration of metals in various products and residues of solid waste processing. Batteries constitute an easily removable source of potential contamination ~rom the waste stream. In addition to legislative actions, all sectors commercial, industrial, and institutional establishments) the Town to reduce of the Town (public, will be encouraged by 6168R/4 1027 SWMP SUMMARY-7 the generation of waste which would ultimately become the responsibility of the Town to handle and dispose. This can be accomplished through local and regional public education programs coordinated by the State. For example, homeowners and landscapers will be encouraged to reuse grass clippings, leaves, and chipped brush as compost and mulch on-site rather than bagging and disposing these materials at a solid waste management facility. Residents are encouraged to leave grass clippings on the lawn and are not allowed to include their yard waste. The special bag program makes it economically desirable for residents not to dispose of grass at the solid waste complex. The Town's new special bag program is an economic incentive program that has been used successfully by other communities in reducing the amount of waste going to ultimate disposal facilities. This program has been in place since October 9, 1993 and is an important component of the Town's resource recovery system in terms of waste reduction and financing of the transfer operations. The NYSDEC estimates that implementation of statewide and local waste reduction efforts, along with continued and expanded voluntary programs and other legislative actions, could reduce solid waste generation by approximately 8% to 10%. This estimate is contained in the State's 1987 Solid Waste Management Plan (and updates) as a statewide goal and is incorporated as one of the goals of the Town's proposed Plan. It is estimated that over the long-term approximately 10% of the Town's waste stream would be reduced by this element of the proposed Plan. Household and Commercial/Institutional Recvclina Pro~ram A comprehensive recycling program which would provide for the recovery and utilization of reusable "waste" resources is a major component of the updated SWMp. This includes a mandatory source separation program for recyclabte materials generated in the residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors of the Town, which is currently in operation. Recyclable materials are currently source separated and collected, or privately dropped off, in a segregated manner. 6168R/4 1027 SWMP SUMMARY-8 The materials targeted for source separation, curbside collection, and marketing include paper (newspaper and corrugated cardboard), color segregated Glass, tin and aluminum, plastics {PET and HDPE), and ferrous and nonferrous metal containers. Leaves, brush and land clearing debris are also source separated for the purpose of compostinG. In addition, construction and demolition debris, white Goods (major household appliances), tires, and household hazardous waste are kept separate at the Collection Center. As previously discussed, corm~ercial/industrial toxic or hazardous waste is currently regulated for proper handling and disposal by Federal and State law. These materials should not be handled by the Town and are recycled or processed at private sector facilities. Recycling: Maior Household Appliances As with the initial SWMP, the updated SWMP's resource recovery system recon~nends that discarded major household appliances (also referred to as "white Goods") continue to be temporarily stockpiled and transferred on a regular basis to private recycling facilities. White Goods, comprising approximately 1% of the waste stream, include discarded refrigerators, washing machines, dryers, stoves, etc. Depending on markets, it is possible that revenues could be Generated from this material. Recycling: Tires A designated portion of the solid waste complex is used to temporarily stockpile tires for shipment to appropriate reprocessinG or recycling facilities. The temporary stockpile operations should be sized to stockpile up to 1,000 tires at any given time. Using an assumed, Generally accepted Generation rate of one tire per person per year for the Town's population of 20,002, approximately 20,000 tires per year could require disposal. Alternatively, using an estimated factor for tires in the residential waste stream of 0.64 tons per day {based on 1990 scale house data), with an assumed weight of 25 pounds per tire, an average of approximately 19,000 tires per year would require proper disposal. Based on these estimates, it may be necessary to size a tire stockpile and transfer operation to handle between 19,000 and 20,000 tires per year. This would correspond to an average annual transfer arrangement of approximately 20 shipments per year (1,000 tires per shipment), or approximately one shipment every 2 and 1/2 weeks, with allowances for more frequent shipments during certain peak periods. 6168R/4 1027 SWMP SUMMARY- 9 There are private processing markets currently available that would accept the tires for recycling. Approximately 1% of the total waste stream is covered by this Plan element. Recvclina: Household Hazardous Waste Successful and effective household hazardous waste removal programs, known by the acronym S.T.O.P. (Stop Throwing Out Pollutants), have been show~ to be environmentally sound elements of solid waste management systems. A S.T.O.P. program allows for convenient and safe disposal of hazardous chemical wastes found in homes. Although household hazardous wastes typically comprise less than 1% of a municipality's total waste stream, the removal of these materials from the waste streara is important and it is reco~ended as part of the Town's updated SW~4P. These wastes will continue to be removed from the waste stream to prevent them from entering, and potentially impacting, the environment. Removal of these wastes also reduces the risks and hazards associated with processing or disposing these wastes at solid waste management facilities. Continued operation of the Town's permanent S.T.O.P. program will provide residents with a continuous, environmentally safe disposal alternative for unwanted chemical products originating in the home. The facility conveniently is operated on scheduled S.T.O.P. days. The permanent facility, centrally located in the Town, provides residents with a convenient drop-off site for these materials. For an area the size of Fishers Island, the development of a full-time S.T.O.P. program and permanent facility would be both impractical and unnecessary. Consequently, it is recommended that a minimum of two collection "events" per year be held on Fishers Island to remove this material from the waste stream. The S.T.O.P. program will allow for the collection of such household hazardous wastes as: Adhesives o Paint Removers Alcohol o Paint Thinners Antifreeze o Pesticides Brake Fluid o Petroleum Based Solvents Charcoal Lighter Fluid o Photographic Chemicals and Supplies Cleaning Solvents o Plant and Insect Spray Degreasers o Pool Chemicals Fertilizers o Solvents 6168R/4 1027 SWMP SUMMARY-10 Rec¥clinq: Household Hazardous Waste (cont.) o Gasoline o Spot Removers o Herbicides o Stain and Varnishes o Kerosene o Wood Preservatives o Paints o Unknown/Unlabeled Containers The resource recovery system in the Town's updated SWMP recommends that the Town work toward implementing an extensive public awareness, participation, and education program designed to provide information on the importance of properly disposing hazardous materials and the procedures to be followed. The Town's S.T.O.P. program is consistent with the New York State Solid Waste Management Plan guidelines since it can effectively help reduce the quantity of hazardous wastes entering the waste stream. Additionally, the S.T.O.P. program is expected to increase environmental consciousness and encourage residents to segregate and recycle wastes rather than discard them. It is estimated that approximately 1% of the waste stream will be covered by this element. Recycling: Construction and Demolition Debris The development, planning, permitting, and capital cost of a construction and demolition debris processing facility is cost-effective if it is handled by the private sector rather than the Town. Consequently, as with the initial S%TMP it is recommended in the updated Plan that this waste no longer be accepted at Town disposal facilities, except on a temporary basis. The recycling/processing of this waste should become the responsibility of the private sector, as is the case in most Towns on Long Island. This would help to maximize the efficiency of recycling this material. Concrete, rocks, bricks, asphalt, lu/nber, and pallets are among the components of C&D debris that can be processed and recycled. It is estimated that approximately 15% of the waste stream is comprised of commercially generated construction and demolition debris that could be recovered by this Plan element. Construction and demolition wastes from residents and contractors are handled in the same manner. 6i68R/4 1027 ~WMP SUMMARY- 11 Recycling: Yard Waste Comoostin~ According to the New York State Solid Waste Management Plan guidelines and the New York State Solid Waste Management Act, compoeting is one of a variety of methods to reduce the waste stream and promote recycling of resources. Accordingly, the Town's updated Plan recommends the expansion of the existing yard waste composting operation to accommodate all of the Town's leaves, brush, and as much of the land clearing debris as can be recovered for composting. The remainder of the land clearing debris would be handled by the private sector recovery efforts. The Town will continue to promote backyard and on-site composting of yard waste by homeowners and landscapers as a method of minimizing the required size of the Town's yard waste composting operation. Landscapers should be encouraged by the Town to maintain their own compost piles, or perform this service on-site for their customers. Larger landscaping or land clearing operations should chip brush for ground cover and other uses. It is further recommended that the Town implement a public education program to increase the local demand for end products from both backyard and Town compost operations. Grass will not be composted by the Town; however, residents will be encouraged to leave grass clippings on the lawn or backyard compost this material. S.4.2 Proposed Residual Waste Management The recommended resource recovery system portion of the Plan discussed above is expected to effectively reduce/recycle/reuse (including composting) more than 50% of the Town's total waste stream, provided that relatively high participation rates are achieved and markets are available. The updated SWMP recommends private sector hauling and processing and/or disposal of the residual waste remaining after implementation of the proposed resource recovery system in multiyear stages with each stage preceded by a SWMP reanalysis and update to determine whether more cost-effective options are available. The Town will also continue to evaluate opportunities involving developing intermunicipal agreements. Approximately every five years, again depending on the nature of solid waste activities, costs, and other factors, the Town will bid contracts for private hauling/disposal services or enter into an intermunicipal agreement for disposal/processing of the Town's residual waste. 6168R/4 1027 SWMP SUMMARY- 12 SEC?ION 1.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING This Section identifies the General environment of the Town including certain man-made features, land patterns, and overall land use activities. Where appropriate, the environmental setting of the Town's solid waste complex located on Middle Road (C.R. 48) has been included in this baseline. The planning area description presented below consists of a General overview of the Town and its resources. This information provides a broad background of the Town, against which, any changes or impacts resulting from implementation of the Plan can be considered. 1.1 Town Setting The Town of Southold is located in eastern Suffolk County on Long Island as shown in Figure 1.1-1. The Town covers approximately 54 square miles, or 34,600 acres, including Fishers, Plum, and Robins Islands. Fishers Island, located two miles from Connecticut and 12 miles from the nearest point on the North Fork of Long Island, covers approximately four square miles, or 2,570 acres. The location of Fishers Island with respect to the Connecticut shoreline and the extreme eastern portion of Long Island is illustrated on Figure 1.1-2. The Town is bordered by the Peconic Bays and Gardiners Bay to the south, and the Long Island Sound to the north. The Town, along with the Town of Riverhead to the west, comprises the "North Fork" of the "East End" of Long Island (see Figure 1.1-3). The Town supports a large agricultural community as well as a seasonal tourist population and a number of weekend/part-time residents. Of the various communities in the Town, the larger residential areas are primarily located in Southold, Cutchogue, Greenport, and Mattituck. Figure 1.1-4 depicts the location of the individual communities found in the Tow~. 1.2 Geology, Topography, and Soils Geoloc~ This Section sur~narizes the stratigraphy and hydrogeologic units found in the Town. The general geology of the Town has been described in detail in several reports and is briefly presented below. 1027 SWMP 1-1 NEW NEW JERSEY cOUNT~ OUEENg e-, COUNTY J ~l,,...o ' ~TATEN 18LAND § I0 15 ~0 SOURCE lEI Dvlrka TOWN OF 8OUTHOLD 8OLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN REGIONAL MAP I ! Dvlrk~ · '~.~LITrL£ ~ULL ISLANd) , ''!"' ~G,~'~-AT GULL ISLAND TOWN OE 8OUIttOL. D ,,SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN LOCATION OF FISHERS ISLAND FIGURE 1.1-2 TOWN Ot: SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN TOWN MAP FIGUf 1.1-3 GRE£Nt~O,~T {UNINC) GAF~DINER$ BAY ~ITT~E PECONIC BAY ASP TOWN OF 80UTHOLD 80LID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN LOCATION OF COMMUNITIES FIGURE 1.1-4 Surficial geologic units consist of Holocene shore, beach, and salt marsh deposits as well as Pleistocene outwash and moraine deposits. The Holocene deposits are made up of beach and dune sand, gravel, and bay bottom deposits of clay and silt. Pleistocene formations consist of the Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine and the outwash deposits. The Moraine deposits consist of unsorted and unstratified clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders, while the outwash deposits consist of stratified, fine to coarse sand and gravel. The aforementioned units form the upper glacial aquifer. Subsurface geologic units in the mainland part of the Town consist of the Matawan Group, Raritan Clay Member, Raritan Sand Member of the Upper Cretaceous Series, and the Crystalline rocks of the Pre-Cambrian Series. The Matawan Group - Magothy Formation is an Upper Cretaceous deposit that consists of fine to coarse sand with interstitial clay, silt, and lignite. The most shallow portion of the irregular, upper boundary of the Magothy Formation is 200 feet below sea level in the southern portions of the Town. It then drops to a relatively constant depth of 350 feet below sea level. The Matawan group forms the hydrogeologic unit known as the Magothy aquifer. An erosional unconformity separates the Magothy Formation from the Raritan Formation. The upper Raritan Clay member consists primarily of clay, silty clay, and silty fine sand, with beds and lenses of lignite, pyrite, and gravel. The lower Lloyd sand member is composed of fine to coarse sand and gravel, with beds and lenses of clay, silty sand, lignite, and pyrite. Both units are generally thicker in western Southold, becoming progressively thinner to the east. They comprise the hydrogeologic units known as Raritan Clay and the Lloyd aquifer, respectively. The crystalline bedrock, believed to be Pre-Cambrian, is composed of gneiss and schist. It is found at a depth of approximately 1,000 feet below sea level in western Southold and rises slowly to approximately 500 feet below sea level in the northeast corner of Town. Table 1.2-1 presents a breakdown of the geologic and hydrogeologic units found in the Town. The surficial geology of Fishers Island also consists mainly of the Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine, and undifferentiated shore, beach, and salt marsh deposits. The inferred limit of the Raritan Clay Member is believed to cut across the eastern region of Fishers Island at approximately 200 feet below msl. The Magothy Aquifer, Lloyd Aquifer, 1027 SWMP 1- 6 Table 1.2-1 TOWN OF SOUTitOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE STRATIGRAPHY AND HYDROGEOLOGIC UNITS System Quaternary Cretaceous Pre-Cambrian Holocene Pleistocene Upper Cretaceous Pre-Cambrian Geologic Unit Shore, beach, salt marsh deposits and artificial fill Till; Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine Outwash deposits Matawan Group - Magothy Formation undifferentiated Raritan Formation, Clay Member Raritan Formation, Lloyd Sand Member Crystalline rocks Hvdrogeo!oeic Unit Upper glacial aquifer Magothy Aquifer Raritan Clay Lloyd Aquifer Bedrock Approximate Thickness Cft. I 0 - 60 0 - 150 0 - 350 0 - 1,000 0 - 250 0 - 550 Not Known Source: USGS 1974 6519R/I 1027 Monmouth Greensand, and Gardiners Clay units are not believed to extend to Fishers Island. Bedrock can be found at approximately 200 feet below msl in most portions of Fishers Island, with slightly higher depths in southwestern areas of Fishers Island where the Raritan Clay Member exists. Tooo~raohv The Town's topography is largely the result of pleistocene glacial activity. The extreme southern parts of the Town are characterized by gentle slopes, though there are some bluffs in the vicinity of Nassau Point and Indian Neck. The north shore is classified as the Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine and consists of steep slopes, bluffs, and rolling landscape. The central portion of the Town, including the area of the Cutchogue landfill, is located on gently sloping outwash plains resulting from glacial melting. Elevation in the Town ranges from sea level to 160 feet above msl, although most of the Town is at an elevation of less than 50 feet msl. The highest elevations and steepest slopes are found along the north shore in the western part of town. A peak elevation of 160 feet above msl is found at Mattituck Hills. The topography of Robins Island and Fishers Island is also characteristic of the morainic deposits in the area. Both islands have very irregular topography, with many hills and steep bluffs. Some areas of Fishers Island also rise to 160 feet above msl. In terms of development, the topography of some areas of Southold, particularly Fishers Island, presents limitations. The irregular topography of the moraines requires extensive cutting and filling for development, while the compactness of glacial till makes excavation difficult. The topography of the outwash plains, however, presents few limitations on development, except near the shoreline. Soils A general soil map of the Town of Southotd is presented in Figure 1.2-1. It should be noted that the soil information included here is generalized, and field investigations are necessary for an accurate analysis at any given site. The general soil associations found in the Town are described below: 1027 SWMP 1-8 ////// LEGEND LA'ID TOWN OF 80UTHOLD 80LID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN GENERAL SOIL MAP FIGURE 1 2-1 Carver-Plvmouth-Riverhead Association: Deep, rolling, excessively well drained, coarse to moderately coarse textured soils on moraines. Slopes are a limitation for building sites. It is poor farming soil and is generally found in the Northern Section of the Town, on the Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine, and on Plum and Fishers Islands. Haven-Riverhead Association: DeeD, nearly level to gently sloping, well drained, medium texture soils in outwash plains. This area is good for farming and development. High water table areas are a limitation for nonfarm use. This soil underlies most of the Town. Dune Land - Tidal Marsh - Beaches Association: Sand dunes, tidal marshes and beaches. The topography of this association is typical of sand dunes and beaches. It has uneven dunes slightly inland from the beaches. This area is mainly open with cottages and recreational facilities scattered along the shoreline near Orient Point. A localized soil map of the complex and surrounding vicinity, is shown in Figure 1.2-2. The map shows that there are seven specific types of soils that exist on the site, namely, Ha_A-Haven Loam (0% to 2% slopes), HaB-Haven Loam (2% to 6% slopes), Man-Made Land, PIA-Plymouth Loamy Sand (0% to 3% slopes), PIB-Plymouth Loamy Sand (3% 8% slopes), PIC-Plymouth Loamy Sand (8% to 15% slopes), and RdC-Riverhead Sandy Loam (8% to 15% slopes). Descriptions of each of the seven soil associations found at the complex site are as follows: HaA-Haven Loam (0% to 2% sloDesl. These soils are deep, well drained and medium textured, and are mostly nearly level generally found on outwash plains. They were formed in a loamy or silty mantle over stratified coarse sand and gravel. The available moisture capacity in this soil is high to moderate. Natural fertility is low. Internal drainage is good, while permeability is moderate in the surface layer and subsoil and rapid or very rapid in the substratum. The potential for erosion is slight. HaB-Haven Loam (2% to 6% slopes). These soils are deep, well drained and medium textured and are found on outwash plains and moraines, commonly along shallow, intermittent drainage channels. Slopes are short. They were formed in a loamy or silty mantle over stratified coarse sand and gravel. The potential for erosion is moderate to slight. Man-Made Land. Man-made land includes areas that are mostly covered with pieces of concrete, bricks, trash, wire, metal, and other nonsoil material. Some areas are on the surface of the original soil, others are in large holes dug for disposal purposes, and still others are in old gravel pits converted to this use. Included with this unit in mapping are sanitary landfills that have been excavated and subsequently filled with trash and garbage. After these areas are filled, they are covered with several ~eet of soil material. 1027 SWMP 1-10 O~ON ROAo 80UTHOLD LANDFILL-- HeA HaA ROAC IOURCE: ~IOIL CONSERVATION ~4ERVICE LEGEND TOWN OF SOfT'HOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PI_AN & r~l~ ~NOFILL SOlL MAP FIGURE 1.2-2 SWMP 1-1 l PIA-Plvmouth Loamy Sand (0 to 3% slopes). These soils are deep, excessively drained, and coarse textured. They were formed in a mantle of loamy sand over thick layers of stratified coarse sand and gravel. These nearly level soils are found on broad, gently sloping to level outwash plains. The available moisture content is low to very low. Internal drainage is good. Permeability is rapid. The potential for erosion is slight. PIB-Plvmouth Loamy Sand (3 to 8% slopes). These soils are deep, excessively drained, and coarse textured. They are found on moraines and outwash plains. Slopes are undulating, or they are single along the sides of intermittent drainage ways. The potential for erosion is slight. (See PIA soils for other soil properties.) PIC-Plwnouth Loamy Sand (8 to 15% slopes). These soils are deep, excessively drained, and coarse textured. They are moderately sloping and found on moraines and outwash plains. The potential for erosion is moderate to severe because of slope and the sandy texture of this soil. (See PIA soils for other soil properties°) RdC-Riverhead Loamy Sand (8 to 15% slopes). These soils are deep, well drained, and moderately coarse textured. They were formed in a mantle of sandy loam or fine sandy loam over thick layers of coarse sand and gravel. These soils occur in narrow bands on outwash plains along the side slopes of deep intermittent drainage ways. Slopes are short. These soils have moderate to high available moisture capacity, internal drainage is good, and permeability is moderately rapid. The potential for erosion is moderately severe. 1.3 Water Resources The surface and groundwater resources of the Town are described in this Section. Groundwater The entire aquifer system found under Long Island has been designated a sole source of drinking water by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. The hydrogeologic units and their characteristics underlying the Town are shown in Figure 1.3-1. All of the groundwater utilized in the mainland portion of the Town is obtained from the upper glacial and Magothy aquifers. The glacial Pleistocene deposits are the main source of water in the Town of Southold. The Magothy is the major source of public water supply in the Towns of Suffolk County west of Southold, but the Magothy is only available for supply in the Town west of Mattituck Creek. To the east of Mattituck Inlet this aquifer approaches the freshwater-saltwater interface and is not usable for potable water purposes due to saline conditions. 1027 SWMP 1-12 +200 SEA LEVEL 0 W +200 0 -200 -2GO - 400 -400 -600 - 800 -IOOO - 12OO ' 1400 - 16OO - 18OO '2000 BEDR0CK VERTICAL EXAGGERATION AaOUT X 20. POSITION OF INTERFACE ESTIMATED. SOURCE SUFFOLK COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES 198B TOWN OF 8OUTHOLD 8OLID WABTE MANAGEMENT PLAN GROUNDWATER SECTION -600 '800 -IOOO '1200 -1400 '1600 -1800 -2000 FIGURE 1.3-1 Fishers Island differs substantially from the "mainland" portions of Southold in that large portions of Fishers Island are relatively impermeable. Most of the precipitation that falls on the island flows to one of a number of freshwater ponds, or directly to the shoreline. Consequently, Fishers Island is the only area on Long Island that utilizes a surface water supply. The hydrogeologic units underlying Fishers Island are shown in Figure 1.3-2. Two of the ponds that receive this surface water, Barlow Pond and Middle Farms Pond, are used as the primary source of the Fishers Island water supply. After the drought of 1985-1986, two small, shallow wells were dug into the glacial aquifer northwest of Middle Farms Pond. One of these was subsequently closed due to high iron content. However, two new wells were put into service early in 1990, bringing the total to three wells that are currently used to provide backup to the surface water supply. The water table, on the average, is located approximately 4 to 6 feet above mean sea level throughout most of the Town. Groundwater elevation data obtained from the SCDHS for on-site well S-69761, indicated a water table elevation of 6.00 feet above mean sea level during June of 1988. Groundwater flow and 1989 water table contours, in the vicinity of the landfill, are shown in Figure 1.3-3. Groundwater elevations are highest near the center of the North Fork and lowest near the shoreline. The horizontal component to groundwater flow is shown to be generally perpendicular to the water table elevation contour lines. As indicated on Figure 1.3-3, groundwater flow within the upper glacial aquifer, in the vicinity of the complex, is generally in a north-northwesterly direction. This flow continues in this direction until it reaches the Long Island Sound. The direction of groundwater flow may be influenced by local well withdrawals and proximity to the North Fork groundwater divide. The locations of the monitoring wells in the vicinity of the complex are shown in Figure 1.3-4. The average hydraulic conductivity of the glacial aquifer is approximately 1,950 gallons per day per square foot (gpd/sf), and transmissivity is approximately 300,000 gpd/ft. Figure 1.3-5 shows the solid waste complex and immediate vicinity to be located outside of the Special Groundwater Protection Area defined for the Town by the Long Island Regional Planning Board. 1027 SWMP 1-14 400' ~,j oo ~oo./_/~ ~ ~ LEVEL 800' - 1200' - Upper glacial' aquiler F/~hers Is~and Harbo[ Hdl I~LO('K ISI. AND Te[minal MoCame SOUND "~ .q Bedrock /!' - 200' SEA LEVEL - 400' - ilO0' -- 1200' ~OLJRCE USGS. lB74 AILAS tlA-501 TOWN O~: SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN HYDROGEOLOGIC UNITS UNDERLYING FISHERS ISLAND FIGURE 1.3-2 $OUNO ~/ // ~/ I GREAT PEC LEGEND APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF GROUNO WATER DIVlOE 71045 OBSERVATION WELL AND WELL NUMBER WATER TABLE CONTOUR LINE INTERVAL (DATUM 18 MEAN .~EA LEVEL.) ~ APPROXIMATE DIRECTION OF GROUNO WATER'FLOW ~OILIRC E: BCDH,~,MARCH TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN 0 0.5 ~ SCALE] I [ I M~L[ LANDFILL VICINITY WATER TABLE CONTOUR MAP - 1989 FIGURE 1.3-3 SWMP 1-16 \ --~-,-~,'.f.~ ,'~ ~.~s-~,?,~:'~-~o / ~.. ~._ .. - · ~ ~ ~ ~% ~/~ . ~ /~GROUND WATER FLOW ' > '~''~ ~ ~ ,~t --/ '~'~ ..~ ~ C,~' Y ~ " ~ ~', ' ~,./ ~ ~,, .~.....-.":x, /~ "~, '.z~,s-~,~. ~ ~~:~'~, /~, '~. /l~>,~ · ..,..~ /~~~.'_' ,..~ SOURCE: USGS. MATTITUCK HILLS & SOUTHOLD OUAORANGLES TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOUTHOLD LANDFILL MONITORING WELLS LOCATED IN VICINITY OF LANDFILL FIGURE 1.3-4 SWMP [-i 7 SOUTHOLD mAND~-I( LITTLE PECONIC BAY GREAT PECONIC BAY SPECIAL GROUND WATER PROTECTION AREA 80URCE: L~qP~, 1990 0 8000 leooo ,~CALE iN FEET TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN SPECIAL GROUNDWATER PROTECTION AREAS IN THE TOWN OF SOU'I'HOLD SWMP !-18 FIGURE 1.3-5 In recent years, it has been documented that the North Fork's groundwater supply has been impacted primarily by fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. A major source of this contamination has been agriculture which has been a major industry on the North Fork for over 200 years. Another important source of nitrogen in ground water are the numerous septic systems throughout the Town. Between 1990 and 1993, a hydrogeological investigation of the groundwater conditions at the complex was performed. This investigation resulted in a report submitted to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation as part of the State's classification of the landfill portion of the site as a potential inactive hazardous waste site. Based on the data collected during the investigation, the Town requested that NYSDEC delist the site since the data did not indicate that the groundwater quality at the landfill reflected a hazardous waste description. On January 19, 1994, the New York State DEC informed the Town that the landfill was delisted. The average daily pumpage in the Town, by land use category, is presented in Table 1.3-1. The total groundwater pumpage rate (water demand) is projected to increase by approximately 7.9 percent from 6.3 MGD to 6.8 MGD by the year 2020 (SCDHS, 1987). As part of the North Fork Water SUDD1V Plan, prepared for the Suffolk County Department of Health Services in 1983, a water budget area approach was utilized to assess the adequacy of groundwater supply when compared to projected consumptive use rates. The entire Town was found to have adequate resources for future demand. Surface Waters Although Long Island is surrounded by large water bodies, there are relatively few surface streams, lakes, and ponds. This is the result of the highly permeable character of the soil and substratum. Most water present in streams and lakes is the result of groundwater seepage. New York State classifies all navigational water within its boundaries according to the "best use" of the water body. The highest level of classification (Class AA or SA) refers to the most pristine, while the lowest classification corresponds to the least pristine (Class D or SD). These classifications are described in Table 1.3-2. Table 1.3-3 lists the major surface water bodies found in the Town and their best use classifications under 1027 SWMP 1-19 Land Use Residential Commercial/Industrial Agricultural Institutional Cemetery/Golf Course Table 1.3-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE AVERAGE DAILY PUMPAGE (MGD) BY LAND USE CATEGORY Year 1980 2000 2020 2.2 2.7 3.2 0.2 0.5 0.8 3.7 3.1 2.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 Total Town of Southold 6.3 6.5 6.8 Total Suffolk County 207.6 229.7 244.0 Source: Suffolk County Department of Health Services, et al., 1987 1027 SWMP 1-20 Table 1.3-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE NEW YORK STATE CLASSIFICATIONS FOR MARINE AND FRESH SURFACE WATERS ~ Surface Wale.~ Marine Wa~ C~a.~ificalion Be~ Usage Cooditions of B~I U~a.~e Cla~ificalion Besl U~age Cht~ AA Water supply for d~inking Walers will me~t Health Department Cla~.g SA Shelifi~hing for mluket purpose and or food ptOC~Smg s~ami~,ds primary ~nd second~ry comac~ recreatioo Class A Waier supply for dfinlcing Wa~l'~ will me, el Health Depamnent O~e~ SB Primary and secondary contaa recreation or food proce~ging ~mdards for drinking w~r with and any other ~ cxcep¢ for Ilg taking approved ue.~maem of sl~llfish for matter purposes CI~ B Conlac~ recmalion and other ..... ~ SC .Fishing and other use~ excep~ pmnary uses except wagr supply ¢onta¢l recreation or Ihe !aking and food procegsing sh~Ufish for mattel proposes Cllggs C ~hing and ot~t n~ except C~gs SD All wa~ not pr/matily for ~--m~onal par w~t~ supply, food proc.~.sing poses, shellfish cullum, or ~he development ~cl c. on~c~ ~.c~alioo of fishlif¢ and because of natural or man-made cooditioog cannol rage! Ihe mquimmems of these us~s C~ss D Secoodary c.c-n!a~t rec~alion. Wal~r~ mu..q be statable Class 1 Secondary comac~ recreation and any other Wa~ers a~ not smntble for for figh su~ival usage ¢Xcel~ primary comac~ re. crevion and propagation of fish sh~lifishing for mafltet Purpose~ Cla~s N Enjoyment of water in ig Ho wasg discl~ug¢ whatsoever Cla~s Il AIl waters not primarily for mcre~monal purposes, txalm~ condi!ion for whal- p~nnilted without approved filtration shellfish culture or th~ development of fish life. ever c.c~np~ble Puqx~s~ through 200' of uncomolidated earth TOSLTI Table 1.3-3 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE MAJOR SURFACE WATER BODIES Name Classification Corey Creek Dam Pond East Creek Gardiners Bay Great Pond Laurel Lake Marion Lake Mattituck Creek Richmond Creek Barlow Pond* Island Pond* Middle Farms Pond* * Water bodies located on Fishers Island SA SA SA SA A A SA, SC SA SA A D A Sources: NYSDEC 1988 NYSDEC 1987 1027 SWMP 1-22 this system. Eastern Long Island Sound and Gardiners Bay have been classified as SA water bodies, while the Peconic Bay is classified as a lower quality SC water body. The Long Island Sound, located approximately 5,000 feet to the north, is the closest major surface water body to the Town's solid waste complex. 1.4 Air Resources MeteoroloGical Information The climate of the Town may be characterized as temperate. Air masses and weather systems generally originate in the humid continental climate of North America and are tempered by the maritime influences of the Long Island Sound, Peconic Bays, and Atlantic Ocean. The result of the proximity of these water bodies is a reduced range in daily and annual temperatures. Winter temperatures are milder than those of mainland areas at similar latitudes, while summer temperatures are cooler. Seasonal temperature extremes occur in January and August. At the Greenport station the average January temperature for 1989 was 34.5oF, while the average temperature for August 1989 was 71.9oF. Mean annual temperature, measured in the Cutchogue region of the Town, averaged 51oF over a 54 year period, with the mean annual precipitation measured at the sa/ne station calculated to be 45 inches over a 51 year period (Crandell, 1963}. Temperature data from the period of 1951 to 1980, 1988, and 1989 are listed in Table 1.4-1. Table 1.4-2 provides monthly precipitation data for the same years. Precipitation includes rain, snow, sleet, and freezing rain. 1988 and 1989 data were collected at the Greenport Power House. Since no historical data were available from this station, 1951 to 1980 data were obtained from the Long Island Vegetable Research Farm located in Riverhead. Historical wind data from Montauk, Brookhaven, and Westhampton, have been reviewed to characterize the principal direction and strength of the wind that can be expected throughout the Town. It should be noted that the surrounding waters o~ the bays and ocean can affect the direction, strength, and duration of the wind locally as a result of temperature differences between the land and the water. This typically results in strong unpredictable winds throughout the region. In general, the winds can be expected to have 1027 SWMP 1-23 Table 1.4-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES Month Temperature ~F)* 1951 - 8~ 1988'* 1989'* January 30.9 26.8 34.5 February 31o8 33.3 30.8 March 39.1 38.6 37.2 April 48.9 46.6 46.3 May 59.2 56.9 57.6 June 68.1 66.3 67.6 July 73.3 73.8 71.7 August 72.5 74.4 71.9 September 66.1 63.9 66.1 October 55.9 51.1 55.1 November 45.7 46.6 45.3 December $~.~ 34.6 24.2 Average 52.2 51.1 50.7 *Measurements taken at L.I. Vegetable Research Farm (Riverhead) **Measurements taken at Greenport Power House Sources: NOAA, 1989 NOAA, 1982 1027 SWMP 1-24 Table 1.4-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION Month PreciPitation (inches) ~951 - 8~ 1988'* 1989'* January 4.07 3.66 1.73 February 3.63 5.49 3.53 March 4.28 4.95 4.62 April 3.74 2.19 5.48 May 3.53 3.36 6.17 June 2.90 2.67 8.57 July 3.20 3.43 7.41 August 4.17 2.21 8.08 September 3.60 2.84 4.56 October 3.56 3.77 4.77 November 4.18 7.79 6.11 December 4.46 2.06 1.12 Total 45.32 44.42 62.15 *Measurements taken at L.I. Vegetable Research Farm (Riverhead} **Measurements taken at Greenport Power House Sources: NOAA, 1989 NOAA, 1982 1027 SWMP 1-25 a strong westerly component. During the fall, winter, and early spring, the wind tends to be more out of the northwest. During the summer, the westerly predominance is modified by weather masses that generate southerly winds so that overall winds tend to be out of the southwest. The Town, as part of Suffolk County, is in the Metropolitan Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) as designated by the NYSDEC and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Other areas included in this Region are New York City, Nassau, Westchester, and Rockland Counties. An AQCR is divided into three categories: attainment, unclassified, or nonattairunent. Classification status depends on available air quality data and ambient concentrations of criteria pollutants. An attainment area contains ambient concentrations of a specified pollutant that are below the standard for that pollutant. Nonattainment areas are those regions which have reported, or modeled, ambient concentrations exceeding the standard. An unclassified area (designated for areas where there is insufficient data to make a determination) is considered equivalent to an attainment area for administrative purposes. It should be noted that the sa~e area can be classified in attainment for one or more criteria pollutants, and nonattainment for others. The USEPA has designated seven air pollutants as criteria pollutants for nationwide concern. They are: sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O~), hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide (~0), particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM-10), and lead (Pb). These are pollutants for which a primary and/or secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) has been promulgated as required by the United States Congress in the Clean Air Act of 1970. Using these standards, it is possible to assess whether the predicted concentration of these pollutants will adversely affect public health and welfare. Primary NA3~QS are intended specifically to protect public (i.e., human) health. Secondary NAAQS are set to protect the public welfare, including a variety of concerns not directly related to human health. These standards, which are listed in Table 1.4-3, are 1027 SWMP 1-26 1.4-3 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AND STATE AMBIENT AIR STANDARDS AND PSD INCREMENTS Cor~xmding Federal Staacla~ls New York Standards PSD Incremenla Primary ~co~a~ Aven~g (u~m~) Comamina~' Pe~ ~. Umm S~ Co~. umw, s~. Conc. u~m St~. ~s I ~s H S~ 12 ~ve Mo. 0.03 ~m ~M. ~) 80 u~~ A.M. 2 ~ ~o~i~ (SOa) ~ - ~ 0.14a ~m ~ 365 u~~ ~ 5 91 3-~ 0.5~ ~m ~ 13~ u~m~ ~ ~ 512 C~ 8- ~ 9 ppm ~ 10 m~~ ~ 10 m~m~ ~ M~ (CO) i - ~ 35 ~ ~ ~ m~~ ~ 40 m~m~ ~ O~ (~m~ I - ~ 0.12~ ~m ~ 235 u~~ ~ 235 u~~ ~ Hy~ 3-~ 0.~ ~m ~ l~ u~s ~ 1~ u~~ ~ ~) (6 -9 ~) ~o~i~Oa) 12C~ve Mo. 0.05 ~m ~ i~ u~~ ~ 1~ u~m~ ~ 2.5 2.5 T~ 12 ~gve Mo. 45-79 u~~ G.~ 5 19 ~ ~ - ~ ~0 u~~ ~ 10 37 Hy~8e~ I - ~ 0.01 m~~ S~ ~aS) (14) ~ (BE~ M~ 0.01 u~~ ~ 2~OSLTI TabLe 1.4-.~ ~Continued) Con~sponding F~tal St,~tan'ls New Yo~ S~ PSD ~me~ Aven~g (u~m~) C~tamin~nl* ~ Co~. U~ St~ C~. U~c St~. C~. U~ Sinl. ~s I O~$ H ~uofi~~ 12 - ~ 3.7 u~~ ~ ~ - ~ 2.85 u~~ ~ 1 W~ 1.65 u~~ ~ 1 Mo~ 0.8 u~~ ~ ~ ~y 3 ~ufive Mo. 1.5 u~~ ~ P~ 12 ~ve Mo. 50 u~~ ~ 50 u~~ ~M. ~an~ <10 ~M-10) ~ 150 u~~ ~ 150 u~~ ~ NY$ dso I~s ,~-,~-,~ b~ Sc~cablc P~o~.t~s (~f~). C. G~ ~ ~ c~ ~ a ~f¢~c le~ of ~* C ~ lO a mfc~ p~s~ of 7~ millime~ of ~. f. ~ ~S ~ fm ~d ~s (~) of 0.~ ~m nm ycl o~y g~ ~ m~go~ p~css to c~ ~ ~w ~ ~-M-r4 of 0.12 g. ~ M~ of 2~ avm~ ~. i. j. ~S S~ ~ ~ ~ level c~afi~ of ~ I~d ~ lcvcl c~d~ m ~d~ ~ ~ ~ cn~ of dcvci~m~ ~ ~ of ~ ug. So~: NYSDF. C, 1987 ~SLTI designed to include an adequate margin of safety. NYSDEC has promulgated a State Implementation Plan (SIP) to ensure that these standards are attained and that violations cease. Ambient air quality is monitored by NYSDEC at several stations located throughout Long Island. The stations that provide the primary basis for evaluating pollutant concentrations are located in Babylon, Oyster Bay, and Eisenhower Park. In addition, the Long Island Lighting Company maintains six sulphur dioxide monitoring stations. The NYSDEC previously monitored total suspended particulate levels at sites located in Port Jefferson, South Medford, and Stony Brook, but activity at these stations has been discontinued. There are several monitoring sites in Brookhaven that have measured sulfur dioxide. Measurements at Setauket, Mount Sinai, and Port Jefferson have showed short-term and long-term concentrations well below the ambient air quality standards. The nearest ozone monitoring station is in Babylon. Eisenhower Park is the closest carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead monitoring location. In general, air quality in the Town is good. Data from the monitoring stations located in Babylon and Eisenhower Park indicate that eastern Suffolk County is in compliance with both Federal and State air quality standards for all pollutants except ozone, which is a regional nonattainment problem. Carbon monoxide levels for Long Island have been in attainment except for an area in the western portion of central Nassau County. Brookhaven sites report sulfur dioxide concentrations to be well below the ambient air quality standards. The USEPA has promulgated a permit program in order to Prevent Significant Deterioration (PSD) of existing air quality through the use of incremental criterions. These increments define the maximum increase in pollutant concentration allowable above a baseline level. The program is intended to regulate the specific amount of additional growth in an area to prevent the deterioration of air quality. Sulfur dioxide, total suspended particulates (TSP), and nitrogen dioxide are the only pollutants specifically regulated by increments. If one of these pollutants exceeds an increment, it may cause the USEPA or NYSDEC to impose a restriction on growth within the affected area. This does not necessarily indicate an adverse health impact. Refer to Table 1.4-3 for the increments for SO2 and TSP. 1027 SWMP 1-29 1.5 Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology The Town possesses diverse ecological resources including freshwater and tidal wetlands, beaches, bays, estuaries, lakes, and the upland environment. These resources are the result of natural physiology and existing human development patterns that are important for their preservational, social, aesthetic, and recreational value. There are two basic types of wetlands in the Tow~: freshwater wetlands and tidal wetlands. These wetlands, which are found in scattered locations throughout the Town of Southold, are important natural features which perform a variety of ecological roles. Freshwater wetlands are defined by NYSDEC as lands which support aquatic or semiaquatic vegetation of the following types: o Wetland trees o Wetland shrubs o Emergent vegetation o Rooted, floating leaved vegetation o Free-floating vegetation o Wet meadow vegetation o Bog mat vegetation o Submergent vegetation These areas are commonly called marshes, swamps, sloughs, bogs, and flats. Freshwater wetlands are important resources for a variety of reasons. They provide flood protection, wildlife habitat, protection and recharge of groundwater supplies, recreation, pollution control, erosion control, open space, and are considered aesthetically pleasing. Freshwater wetlands of 12.4 acres or larger, as well as smaller wetlands of special importance, are protected by the State pursuant to Article 24 of the Environmental Conservation Law. Freshwater wetlands are found scattered ~hroughout the Town. Wetlands found in Plum and Fishers Islands are located in the following areas: o Two areas in the western portion of Plum Island near the harbor. i027 SWMP 1-30 On Fishers Island, three interconnected areas south of Peninsula Avenue, and west of Isabella Beach; areas within and in proximity to Barlow Pond, Middle Farms Pond, and Treasure Pond; as well as an area in the eastern end of the island near southern portions of the golf course. Freshwater wetlands found in the vicinity of the solid waste complex are indicated on Figure 1.5-1. The nearest freshwater wetland is located in Cutchogue, and is approximately 4,000 feet to the southeast of the complex. This wetland is currently classified by NYSDEC as number S©-56. It should be noted that these wetlands were sourced from a preliminary NYSDEC freshwater wetland map that is subject to revision, but represents the most up-to-date (5/29/90) classifications available. Tidal wetlands are defined by NYSDEC as areas comprised of the following classifications of land: o o o o o o Tidal wetlands locations: Coastal fresh marsh Intertidal marsh Coastal shoals, bars, and flats Littoral zone High marsh or salt meadow Formally connected tidal wetlands located on Fishers Island can be found in the following On Fishers Island, wetlands are primarily located in marsh areas located near Hay Harbor and West Harbor, particularly in the peninsula areas where both intertidal and high marsh or salt meadow areas are found. Tidal wetlands found in the vicinity of the complex are sho~rn on Figure 1.5-2. The nearest tidal wetland is located approximately 7,000 feet to the southeast of the complex, and is near the northern tip of East Creek. There are no floodplains on or within 1,000 feet of the Town's solid waste complex. There are several small farm ponds in the general vicinity, but there are no major surface water bodies in close proximity to the site. The nearest major surface water body is the Long Island Sound which is approximately 5,000 feet to the northwest of the complex. 1027 SWMP 1-31 F ¢'?% ' SOU~VOLO "' '" S0-52 · - eS0-57 ......'" MH-5 SO~JRC, E: NYSDEC pRElIMINARY FRESHWATER W~T1..~NO MAP'S. 5/29/90 0 ~000 ZOOO TOWN QF ,~OUTHOLD -~OUO WASTE MANAGEMENT PLaN FRESHWATER WETLAND MAP ! FIGURE 1.5-1 SWMP 1-32 0 IOOO 2000 CU TCHOGUE 80URCE:NA88AU SUFFOLK REGIONAL PLANNING BOARD, 197'2 TOWN OF 8OUTHOLD 8OLID WA-RTE MANAGEMENT PLAN MARINE WETLAND LOCATIONS CUTCHOGUE. FIGURE 1.5-2 The major vegetative cor~aunities found in the Town consist of the following: o Beach and Sand Dune o Low Salt Marsh o High Salt Marsh o Traditional Shrub o Upland Forest o Urban and Suburban The Town contains beaches and dunes on both the Long Island Sound and Peconic Bay. Vegetation in the beach environment is limited, with only a few tufts of beach grass found along the higher elevations. The dune areas support more vegetation, but plant growth is still limited by shifting sand and occasional tidal floods. The dominant plant in the dune system is beach grass, which has an extensive root system that makes it important to the growth and stabilization of dunes. Other plants cor~non to the dune system include beach pea, beach plum, sea rocket, and goldenrod. Fauna found here include sea gulls, terns, various song birds, rabbits, and mice. The bluffs overlooking the Long Island Sound have been recommended for protection by both local and State agencies. The low marsh areas of the tidal wetlands are subject to daily tidal flooding, and the dominant plant is spartina alterniflora. The high marsh, which receives less frequent tidal flooding, is dominated by spartina patens and juncus gerardi. The transitional shrub community that lies between marsh areas and the upland environment contains a variety of plant species. In the lower reaches of this zone, which may be subject to an occasional storm tide, common plants include marsh elder and a variety of grasses. In the higher reaches of this zone, common plants include groundsel bush, bayberry, and other shrubs. The Flanders Bay - Peconic Bay estuary is another important ecosystem found in the Town. The Peconic River and groundwater seepage provide the major freshwater input. The Peconic System has historically supported a major bay scallop fishery and is usually considered the most i~ortant spawning and nursery area on Long Island for "summer" fish species. Eutrophication and the appearance of the "brown tide" organism, a previously unidentified specie of algae, have affected catches of scallops in the past. Recently, the 1027 SWMP 1-34 concentration of the Brown Tide organism has decreased, but has had occasional outbreaks for short periods of time in localized areas of the Flanders Bay-Peconic estuary. The upland forests, also known as the Long Island Hardwood Forest, are found on steep slopes near the north shore. This ecosystem is characterized by a variety of deciduous trees and numerous woodland plant and animal species. Soils tend to be moist and fertile. There are no extensive forests in Southold, but the many scattered forest areas throughout the Town are important to groundwater recharge and are useful as windbreaks to reduce soil erosion. The urban and suburban community consists of the developed areas of the Town. These areas range from highly developed urban areas with little natural habitat or wildlife, to rural development areas where native vegetative species and wildlife may abound. Intermediate suburban areas can be characterized by numerous ornamental or horticultural species with some native flora. Large amounts of fertilizer and pesticide use is also typical. Fauna in highly developed areas may be limited to pets and human tolerant species. The different vegetation types occurring in the Town support a variety of ma/m~als. Among the most cormmon are the eastern cottontail and the raccoon, both of which are found in a variety of habitats, including woods, wetlands, and dunes. Gray squirrels are also cor~non, though they are found primarily in areas with deciduous trees. The red fox is fairly abundant, living primarily in woods, shrubs, and dune areas. White-tailed deer are con, non in those areas of the Town where there is sufficient vegetation for cover. Other maramals in the Town include moles, opposum, shrews, mice, and bats. There are a number of mammals which were common in Southold in the early part of the century, but which have become rare in recent decades. These include the woodchuck, muskrat, mink, and striped skunk. The Town supports a rich variety of bird life, including both nesting and migratory species (the Town is located within the Atlantic Flyway, a major eastern migration route). Species of birds known to exist in the Town include shorebirds, wading birds, raptors, waterfowl, and perching birds. Birds which often breed in the Town, and especially in the Orient area (see NYSDEC list of significant habitats later in this Section for other nesting areas) during the late spring and summer include herons (yellow crowned and black 1027 SWMP 1-35 crowned night herons), great and snowy egrets, osprey, glossy ibises, rails (clapper), gulls, terns (roseate, least and common) and piping plovers. Birds which do not breed locally but which may be sighted during the summer include double-crested cormorants, oldsquaws, and white winged scorers. A large number and variety of birds are present in the Town during the winter, especially in Orient Beach State Park, Cedar Beach, Nassau Point, Robins Island, and Fishers Island. Species present include loons, grebes, cormorants, swans, mallards, black ducks, scorers, and mergansers, along with some hawks (sharp-shinned, red-tailed, and rough-legged), kestrels, and merlins. Other birds cor~aon at this time of year include gulls (great black backed, ring-billed, herring, and Bonaparte's) and owls (barn, screech, great horned, and short eared). The NYSDEC lists species of wildlife that are endangered, threatened, and of special concern in New York State (many of these species are found in the areas of significant habitats discussed below). Of those native species considered "endangered" (i.e., in danger of extirpation or extinction in New York), the tiger salamander, least tern, and roseate tern can be found in Southold. Of those native species considered "threatened" (i.e., likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future in New York), osprey, northern harrier, piping plover, and common tern may be found in portions of the Town. The NYSDEC lists a third category of "special concern" species which are not yet considered endangered or threatened, but for which documented concern exists. The species found in Southold placed in this category include: spotted salamander, spotted turtle, diamondback terrapin, eastern hognose snake, least bittern, upland sandpiper, common barn owl, short eared owl, common night hawk, eastern bluebird, grasshopper sparrow, and vesper sparrow. The NYSDEC has indicated that there are several areas of the Town on their preliminary list of Significant Wildlife Habitats. These include Robins Island, a section of Southold near the mouths of Town Creek and Jockey Creek, Conkling Point, Hallocks Bay and Orient Point Marshes, sections of Fishers Island and small nearby islands, Plum Island, and Great Gull and Little Gull Islands. The following wildlife, primarily bird life, are included in NYSDEC lists for each habitat: 1027 SWMP 1-36 o Robins Island: -black crowned night heron colony -snowy egret breeding area -yellow crowned night herons breeding area -common and roseate terns breeding colony -osprey breeding colony o Southold (Town and Jockey Creeks): -common tern nesting colony -roseate tern nesting colony -black skimmer nesting colony o Conkling Point: -least tern nesting colony o Hallocks Bay and Orient Point Marshes: -osprey breeding colony -sharp-tailed and seaside sparrows nesting area -clapper rails nesting area -diamond backed terrapin -brant o Fishers Island: -common terns nesting colony -herring gulls nesting colony -least tern nesting colony -herring gulls nesting colony -great black backed gull nesting colony o Plum Island - nesting colonies for: -snowy egret -black crowned night heron -great egret -little blue heron -louisiana heron -glossy ibis -spotted turtle -box turtle -musk turtle -snapping turtle -painted turtle -red backed salamander -spotted salamander -black duck -gadwall -herring gull -great black backed gull -osprey -green heron -least bittern -mallard -wood duck -green-winged teal -canada goose -red-tailed hawk -rough-legged hawk -broad winged hawk -marsh hawk (harrier) -muskrat o Great Gull and Little Gull Islands: -roseate tern nesting colony -common tern nesting colony 1.6 Transportation 1027 SWMP 1-37 The Town contains a number of State, County, and Town roadways (see Figure 1.6-1). The Long Island Railroad's main line traverses the center of the Town and reaches its eastern terminus at Greenport. There are three important roadways in the Town that run predominantly in an east-west direction: Sound Avenue, a Town roadway, located near the north shore; Main Road (NYS25), which runs through the southern portion of Town from its western border to Orient Point; and Middle Road (CR48), located in the approximate center of Town. A number of County and Town roadways run in a predominantly north-south direction. These roadways include: o Main Street o Peconic Lane o Depot Lane o Mill Lane o Aldrich Lane The Town's solid waste complex is located north of Middle Road (CR 48) along the western side of Cox Lane. It is south of Oregon Road and east of Depot Lane. As such, the complex is located roughly to the west of the center of the Town. Mattituck Airport, a privately operated facility for small propeller aircraft, is located approximately 2-1/2 miles from the complex. This exceeds the 5,000 foot NYSDEC buffer zone required for airports of this type. It also exceeds the 10,000 foot buffer required for airports that accommodate jet aircraft. The Long Island Railroad operates a line that transverses the Town until its eastern terminus at Greenport. Stations are located at Mattituck, Cutchogue, Peconic, Southold, and Greenport. Ferry service exists from Greenport to the Town of Shelter Island, as well as from Orient to New London. Although Fishers Island is located in the Town, access to solely through the ferry service from New London, Connecticut. Island Ferry District the island is The Fishers 1027 SWMP 1-38 o Cutchogue Fire Department o East Marion Fire Department o Fishers Island Fire Department o Greenport Fire Department The Town maintains its own police force. instances, o Mattituck Fire Department o Orient Fire Department o Southold Fire Department This service supplants, in most the police services of Suffolk County. 1.9 Demography Demographic data are useful in the planning and implementation of solid waste management plans. Tables 1.9-1 and 1.9-2 present data obtained from the Long Island Regional Planning Board and the Long Island Lighting Company. Table 1.9-1 includes population calculations for the individual communities in the Town, as well as Suffolk and Nassau Counties. Table 1.9-2 includes projections for the Town, as well as Nassau and Suffolk Counties. The 1990 Census reported a population of 19,836 in the Town. LILCO estimates the present population (1/1/93) in the Town to be 20,002. The population in the Town has been growing steadily, increasing 139% from 8,301 at the turn of the century, to 19,836 {1990 Census). It has been estimated by the Town that approximately 39% of the Town's population are senior citizens. Population projections anticipate that the Town's population will continue to grow through the year 2010. Despite this trend, average household size in the Town has actually decreased slightly between 1980 and 1993 from 2.54 persons per household to 2.40, respectively. An increase in the number of year-round households in the Town from 7,461 to 8,252, over the same period, reflects this population growth and decrease in average household size. 1.10 Cultural, Archaeological, and Historical Resources The Town of Southold, officially established in 1640, is considered the first English settlement in the State of New York. Although originally part of the New Haven Colony, Southold ceased its affiliation with Connecticut in 1676. 1027 SWMP 1-48 Census Designated Places Cutchogue- New Suffolk East Marion-Orient Fishers Island Greenport, Uninc. Greenport, Inc. Laurel Mattituck Peconic Southold Total Town of Southold Total Suffolk County Total Nassau County Bi-County Total Table 1.9-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE POPULATION BY COMMUNITY Census Census % Change Estimate 4/1/80 4/1/90 1980 - 1990 1/1/93 2,788 3,000 +7.6 3,014 1,511 1,534 +1.5 1,557 318 329 +3.5 336 1,571 1,614 +2.7 1,635 2,273 2,070 -8.9 2,054 962 1,094 +13.7 1,118 3,923 3,902 -0.5 3,934 1,056 1,100 +4.2 1,110 4,770 5.192 +8.8 5.244 19,172 19,836 1,284,231 1,321,977 1,321,582 1,287,348 2,605,813 2,609,325 +3.5 +8.4 -2.6 +0.1 20,002 1,328,622 1,284,528 2,613,150 Source: LILCO, 1990, 1993 1027 SWMP 1-49 Year Southold Table 1.9-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLaiN UPDATE PROJECTED POPULATIONS Suffolk County Bi-County 1995 23,450 1,468,000 1,339,050 2,807,050 2000 24,100 1,527,450 1,336,300 2,863,750 2005 25,100 1,574,250 1,325,000 2,899,250 2010 26,100 1,614,650 1,308,850 2,923,500 Source: LIRPB, May 1987. 1027 SWMP 1-50 The Town is rich in historic and archaeological resources. Historic resources include buildings, monuments, cemeteries, and other landmarks. Archaeological resources include Indian encampments, burial grounds, and evidence of colonial settlement activity. Historic homes, structures, and districts of significance are catalogued by the Federal government and listed in the National Register of Historic Places published by the U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service. The following historic resources located in the Town are on the National Register: o Old House (Cutchogue) o Fort Cutchogue Site (Cutchogue) o Greenport Railroad Station o Orient Historic District o Terry-Mulford House (Orient) o Richard Cox House (Mattituck) o Greenport Village Historical District o Gildersleeve Octagonal Building (Mattituck) o David Tuthill Farmstead (Cutchogue) o James Austin Homestead (Flanders) Ail of these locations have been identified to be outside of a one mile radius of the Town's solid waste complex. State and local governments list historic resources on the Building Structure Inventory published by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. Ail historic resources on the National Register are included on the Building Structure Inventory. In addition, some Indian encampments/archaeological sites are found close to the Bay and Sound. 1.11 Noiee Noise levels are site specific; however, some general statements can be made concerning noise generation and noise impacts based on such factors as land use, population concentrations~ and development. In general, noise impacts are related to the difference between ambient noise levels and the noise levels generated by the subject project. For example, 6 NYCRR Part 360 establishes specific noise level limits, but states that if background noise levels exceed the regulated limits the facility may operate at an equivalent ambient Leq noise level. Ambient noise levels increase as populations become more concentrated. Urban 1027 SWMP 1-51 areas tend to have higher noise levels than suburban and rural areas. The higher levels can be attributed to increased activity and area traffic. The amount of development within an area also affects noise levels. Buildings will reflect noise whereas trees will absorb it. There are both developed and undeveloped areas in the Town that are exhibiting a trend from agricultural uses to residential. Perception of changes in noise levels, as well as the response to perceived changes in noise levels, varies with the individual. To provide some perspective, Figure 1.11-1 gives typical A-weighted sound pressure levels of various common sounds along with their appropriate responses. Generally, changes in noise levels of less than 3 dB(A) will be barely perceptible, while noise appears to double, or be cut in half, if the variation is about 10 dB{A). In a study prepared for the Federal Highway Administration, changes in noise levels were quantified by human perception of these changes. Table 1.11-1 presents these findings. While noise levels vary throughout the Town, some key sources of noise in the Town, that can be used as reference points, include: o Jet flyover at 1,000 ft. - 105 db o Garbage truck - 100 db o Diesel truck at 50 ft. - 90 db o Freight train at 50 ft. - 75 db The noise levels are presented above to characterize a portion of the dominant existing noise generators in the Town. Because noise levels are site specific, measurement of ambient noise levels, projections of project noise levels, and evaluation of noise impacts would be performed as part of any site and/or technology specific EIS or environmental assessment. SWMP 1-52 20- Source 'JS-ZPA, r4o;se :~ol;ut[on: ;4ow Hecr This, 197,~ reprint Town of Southold Solid Waste Management Plan · r, o~rka COMMON NOISE LEVELS ~,,~[. = . .~. ..... FIGURE 1.1 1-1 SWMP 1-53 Table I.ll-I TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE PERCEPTION OF NOISE CHANGES Average Ability to Perceive Changes in Noise Levels Change dB(A) Human Perception of Change 2-3 Barely perceptible 5 Readily noticeable I0 A doubling or halving of the loudness of sound 20 A "dramatic change" 40 Difference between a fah~tly audible sound and a very loud sound Ref: Bolt Beranek and Nenman, [nc., Fundamenlal.n and ABatement of Highway Traffic Noise, Report No. PB-222-703. P~pa.~d for Federal Highway Adtninin~'l"~ttioll, JIll~ 1973. SWMP 1-54 LM 5, PS font Table 1.2-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGE/4EN~ PLAN UPDATE STRATIGRAPHY AND ~IYDROGEOLOGIC UNITS Approximate System Series Unit Thickness (ft,) Quaternary Holocene aquifer 0 - 60 0 - 150 Pleistocene 0 - 350 Cretaceous Aquifer Upper Cretaceous 0 - 1,000 0 - 250 0 - 550 Pre-Cambrian Not Known Pre-Cambrian Geoloai¢ Unit Shore, beach, salt marsh deposits and artificial fill Till; Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine Outwash deposits Matawan Group - Magothy Formation undifferentiated Raritan Formation, Clay Member Raritan Formation, Lloyd Sand Member Crystalline rocks ~Nd~eolocric U~per glacial Magothy Raritan Clay Lloyd Aquifer Bedrock Source: USGS 1974 6519R/1 1027 1027 SWMP 1-55 ~,ITTLE PECON/C BAY OREA T PECONIC ~ RO~INS _~LAND TOWN OF SOUTttOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN MAJOR TRANSPORTATION ROUTES FIGURE 1.6-1 schedules ferry service to connect with advertised arrivals and departures of certain Amtrak trains. Typically, separate seasonal and holiday schedules are maintained. On the average, five round-trips are scheduled daily on Saturdays and Monday through Thursday, seven round-trips on Fridays, and six round-trips on Sundays. Increased scheduling applies for most holidays. The trip from Orient Point to New London is approximately one and a half hours, while the trip from New London to Fishers Island is approximately 45 minutes. 1.7 Land Use and Zoning The Town comprises 5.3% of Suffolk County's land area and 1.5% of the County's 1993 estimated population (LILCO, 1993). The population of the Town increased 19%, from 16,804 to 20,002, between 1970 and 1993. Existing land use in 1981 in the Town, compared with Suffolk County, is presented in Table 1.7-1. Table 1.7-2 provides definitions of land use classifications. The largest single land use category in the Town is vacant land (40.1%). The second largest land use is agricultural (25.1%). Residential (14.0%), commercial (2.9%), and industrial (0.4%) land uses account for a total of 17.3%. Agricultural land use in the Town has historically been one of the dominant components of the Town's economy. Approximately 10,000 acres in the Town are used for agriculture. Although the decrease in the amount of land used for agriculture has been relatively small, the nature of agriculture in the Town (and in the County as a whole) has been changing at a greater rate. Recent years have shown a decrease in the acreage dedicated to potato crops, with increases in vegetable crops (particularly crucifers), nurseries, horse farms, and vineyards. These changes have occurred largely in response to changing markets, rising production costs, and declining prices of certain crops. Approximately one half of the Town's farmland is used to grow potatoes. Other significant crops include vegetables such as: cauliflower, cabbage, sweet corn, peppers, cucumbers, spinach, tomatoes, squash, pumpkins, onions, lettuce, and melons. In addition, substantial acreage is also used to grow sod, nursery stock, and fruit. Land use projections for the years 2000 and 2020 are presented in Table 1.7-3. The percent change in land use categories frcm 1981 to the projection year has been provided. 1027 SWMP 1-40 Table 1.7-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE SUMMARY OF 1981 LAND USE Southold Acres % Low Density Residential 1,092 4.0 Medium Density Residential 2,754 10.0 Intermediate Density Residential 0 0 High Density Residential 0 0 Total Residential 3,846 14.0 Suffolk County 30,601 5.4 87,034 15.4 17,394 3.1 4.843 0.9 139,872 24.7 Commercial Marine Commercial Total Commercial 548 2.0 246 0.9 794 2.9 12,752 2.3 872 0.2 13,624 2.4 Industrial 100 0.4 Transportation/Utility/ Communication 1,167 4.2 Institutional 1,238 4.5 Recreational 2,419 8.8 Agricultural 6,896 25.1 Vacant 11.013 40.1 Total 22,833 83.1 10,647 1.9 45,024 7.9 31,357 5.5 83,499 14.7 59,903 10.6 182.544 32.2 402,327 72.8 Total Acreage 27,474 100.0 566,466 100.0 Source: Long Island Regional Planning Board, 1982. 1027 SWMP 1-41 Table 1.7-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE LAND USE CLASSIFICATION Table of Definitions Term Residential Commercial Marine Commercial Low Density 1 Dwelling Unit (DU) per acre Medium Density 2 to 4 DU/acre Intermediate Density 5 to 10 DU/acre High Density 11 or more DU/acre or less Retail stores, personal service shops, banks, offices, hotels/motels, service stations, and recreational uses such as movie theaters and bowling alleys. Boat yards and marinas, sales and services, fishery services and boat storage. Industrial Manufacturing, warehousing, wholesale distribution, salvage and junkyards, coal and oil bulk station, municipal incinerators, LILCO generating stations and mining. Transportation, Utility, Water district installations, LILCO transmission and Communications stations and right-of-ways, publicly owned sewage treatment facilities, railroads, airports, bus depots, truck and taxi terminals, expressways, major highways and parking areas. Institutional Schools, colleges, universities, municipal buildings, courts, hospitals, post offices, indian reservations, fire stations, churches, nursing and rest homes, and fraternal organizations. Beaches, pools, golf courses, conservation and wildlife areas, arboretums, cemeteries, public marinas and boat ramps, parks, playgrounds, scout camps, beach clubs, golf clubs, gun clubs, parkways and all nonprofit recreation. Land not in use including unused land around large residences and tidal land. Ref: LIRPB Land Use 1981 - Quantification and Analysis of Land Use for Nassau and Suffolk Counties, December 1982. 1027 SWMP 1-42 Table 1.7-3 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE LAND USE PROJECTIONS Year ~000 2020 ADDroximate % Change ApDroximate % Change Land Use Acres from 1981 Acres from 1981 Residential 5,000 + 30.0 6,500 + 69.0 Commercial 900 + 13.4 1,050 + 32.2 Industrial 125 + 25.0 150 + 50.0 T/U/C 1,200 + 2.8 1,200 + 2.8 Institutional 1,300 + 5.0 1,300 + 2.8 Recreational 2,900 + 19.8 3,000 + 24.0 Agricultural 9,000 + 30.5 7,500 + 8.7 Vacant 7,075 - 55.7 6,800 - 62.0 Notes: T/U/C = Transportation, Utility, Communication Sources: Long Island Regional Planning Board Suffolk County Dept. of Health Services et. al., 1987 1027 SWMP 1-43 A large increase in residential and industrial land is expected. Substantial increases in commercial and recreational land uses are also indicated. Large decreases are expected in the vacant land category. Zoning in the Town is used to encourage the most appropriate use of land. The Town has been divided into the following use districts: o Agricultural - Conservation District o Residential Low - Density District (two acre minimum) o Residential Low - Density District (one acre minimum) o Residential Low - Density District (three acre minimum) o Residential Low - Density District (five acre minimum) o Residential Low - Density District (ten acre minimum) o Hamlet Density Residential District o Affordable Housing District o Resort Residential District o Residential Office District o Hamlet Business District o Limited Business District o General Business District o Marine I District o Marine II District o Light Industrial Park/Planned Office Park District o Light Industrial District The solid waste complex is located in an agricultural-industrial zoned area, with the existing zoning designated as LI (Light Industrial). Directly adjacent to the northern, eastern, and 'southern boundaries of the complex is LI zoned land, while LIO (Light Industrial/Office Park) zoned land is located adjacent to the western boundary. Further to the north, south, east and west of the complex is A-C (Agricultural Conservation) zoned land. Figure 1.7-1 illustrates the current zoning at the complex and surrounding areas. SWMP 1-44 A-C LJ ,. -- 8OL,FTHOLD LANOFILL \ A-C LEGEND AGRICUL?UI"IAL CONEERVATION RESIDENTIAL LOW OENEITY AA RESIDENTIAl..LOW DENSITY A RESORT/REIIOENTIAL LIMITED BUSINES8 ~IQHT' INDUSTRIAL/OFFICE PARK LIGHT INDUSTRIAL ~OURCE:TOWN OF 80UTHOLD ZONING TOWN ~ SO~ID ~S~ ~MENT P~N ZONING MAP SWMP 1-45 SCALE IN FEET 800 7--,------ 0 80O 16CO FIGURE 1.7-1 1.8 Community Facilities The cor~munity services and facilities within the Town are presented in this Section. There are seven public school districts currently serving the Town. These districts are: o Fishers Island o Greenport o Laurel o Mattituck-Cutchogue o New Suffolk o Oyster Ponds o Southold The To~n contains a wide variety of recreational resources. State, County, and Town Parks are found in the Town. Table 1.8-1 provides a list of parks and recreation resources. With the exception of Greenport Village, the Long Island Lighting Company {LILCO) provides electric and natural gas service to the Town. Electricity to Greenport Village is supplied by the Greenport Village municipal water and utilities system. Propane gas for cooking purposes is used by some of the homes within the Town and is supplied by private companies. Oil provided by private companies is used for heating by some homes and businesses. Local telephone service is provided by the New York Telephone Company, whereas long distance telephone services are selected on an individual basis from private telephone service companies. Public water supply is provided to Greenport Village and adjacent parts of the Town through the Greenport Water Company. In addition there are some private water supply companies. Water is supplied to Fishers Island by the Fishers Island water works. The major health care facility in the Town is Eastern Long Island Hospital in Greenport. Volunteer fire departments that provide fire protection and emergency medical services in the Town include: Table 1.8-1 1027 SWMP 1-46 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE PARKS AND RECREATION RESOURCES Na_rne Trumans Beach Orient Beach Goldsmith Inlet County Park Peconic Dunes County Park Cedar Beach County Parkland Klipp Marine Park Sound Road Beach Stirling Basin Launch Ramp Inlet Point Pond Park Goose Creek Beach Hashomomack Beach Horton Lane Beach Kenny's Road Beach Nassau Point Community Beach Fleet Neck Beach New Suffolk Town Beach Pequash Avenue Park Breakwater Park Aldrich Lane Park Bay Avenue Park Marratooka Lake Park Mattituck Park District Beach Veterans Memorial Park Wolf Pit Lake Location Orient Orient Peconic Peconic Cedar Beach Greenport Greenport Greenport Greenport Southold Southold Southold Southold Cutchogue Cutchogue New Suffolk New Suffolk Mattituck Mattituck Mattituck Mattituck Mattituck Mattituck Mattituck Sources: Office of the County Executive, 1988 1982 Hagstrom Map Company, Inc. 1027 SWNP 1-47 t~EC?IOI~ I 1.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING This Section identifies the general environment of the Town including certain man-made features, land patterns, and overall land use activities. Where appropriate, the environmental setting of the Town's solid waste complex located on Middle Road (C.R. 48) has been included in this baseline. The planning area description presented below consists of a general overview of the Town and its resources. This information provides a broad background of the Town, against which, any changes or impacts resulting from implementation of the Plan can be considered. 1.1 Town Setting The Town of Southold is located in eastern Suffolk County on Long Island as shown in Figure 1.1-1. The Town covers approximately 54 square miles, or 34,600 acres, including Fishers, Plum, and Robins Islands. Fishers Island, located two miles from Connecticut and 12 miles from the nearest point on the North Fork of Long Island, covers approximately four square miles, or 2,570 acres. The location of Fishers Island with respect to the Connecticut shoreline and the extreme eastern portion of Long Island is illustrated on Figure 1.1-2. The Town is bordered by the Peconic Bays and Gardiners Bay to the south, and the Long Island Sound to the north. The Town, along with the Town of Riverhead to the west, comprises the "North Fork" of the "East End" of Long Island (see Figure 1.1-3). The Town supports a large agricultural community as well as a seasonal tourist population and a number of weekend/part-time residents. Of the various communities in the Town, the larger residential areas are primarily located in Southold, Cutchogue, Greenport, and Mattituck. Fiqure 1.1-4 depicts the location of the individual communities found in the Town. 1.2 Geology, Topography, and Soils Geoloc~ This Section su3m~arizes the stratigraphy and hydrogeologic units found in the Town. The general geology of the Town has been described in detail in several reports and is briefly presented below. 1027 SWMP 1-1 SOUTHOtD .... :" ' NEW JERSEY . ISLAND ,d/da.& t~.oa. 8OURCF' LAME~1066 ~L~rtflucd TOWN OF SOU, TNOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN REGIONAL MAP TOWN OF $OUIlIOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN LOCATION OF FISHERS ISLAND FIGURE 1.1-2 P£CON~C TOWN OF SOUTHOLE) SOLID WASTE MANAGEME~IT pLAN IOWN MAP FIGUP~ 1.1-3 GARDINERS BAY PECONIC .eAY PECO~IC TOWN OF 80UTHOLD 80LID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN LOCATION OF COMMUNITIES FIGURE 1.1-4 Surficiat geologic units consist of Holocene shore, beach, and salt marsh deposits as well as Pleistocene outwash and moraine deposits. The Holocene deposits are made up of beach and dune sand, gravel, and bay bottom deposits of clay and silt. Pleistocene formations consist of the Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine and the outwash deposits. The Moraine deposits consist of unsorted and unstratified clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders, while the outwash deposits consist of stratified, fine to coarse sand and gravel. The aforementioned units form the upper glacial aquifer. Subsurface geologic units in the mainland part of the Town consist of the Matawan Group, Raritan Clay Member, Raritan Sand Member of the Upper Cretaceous Series, and the Crystalline rocks of the Pre-Cambrian Series. The Matawan Group Magothy Formation is an Upper Cretaceous deposit that consists of fine to coarse sand with interstitial clay, silt, and lignite. The most shallow portion of the irregular, upper boundary of the Magothy Formation is 200 feet below sea level in the southern portions of the Town. It then drops to a relatively constant depth of 350 feet below sea level. The Matawan group forms the hydrogeologic unit known as the Magothy aquifer. An erosional unconformity separates the Magothy Formation from the Raritan Formation. The upper Raritan Clay member consists primarily of clay, silty clay, and silty fine sand, with beds and lenses of lignite, pyrite, and gravel. The lower Lloyd sand member is composed of fine to coarse sand and gravel, with beds and lenses of clay, silty sand, lignite, and pyrite. Both units ar~ generally thicker in western Southold, becoming progressively thinner to the east. They comprise the hydrogeologic units known as Raritan Clay and the Lloyd aquifer, respectively. The crystalline bedrock, believed to be Pre-Cambrian, is composed of gneiss and schist. It is found at a depth of approximately 1,000 feet below sea level in western Southold and rises slowly to approximately 500 feet below sea level in the northeast corner of Town. Table 1.2-1 presents a breakdown of the geologic and hydrogeologic units found in the Town. The surficiai geology of Fishers Island also consists mainly of the Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine, and undifferentiated shore, beach, and salt marsh deposits. The inferred limit of the Raritan Clay Member is believed to cut across the eastern region of Fishers Island at approximately 200 feet below msl. The Magothy Aquifer, Lloyd Aquifer, 1027 SWMP 1- 6 Table 1.2-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE STRATIGRAPHY AND HYDROGEOLOGIC UNITS SYstem Quaternary Cretaceous Pre-Cambrian Series Holocene Pleistocene Upper Cretaceous Pre-Cambrian Geologic Unil Shore, beach, salt marsh deposits and artificial fill Till; Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine Outwash deposits Matawan Group - Magothy Formation undifferentiated Raritan Formation, Clay Member Raritan Formation, Lloyd Sand Member Crystalline rocks Hvdroeeologic Unit Upper glacial aquifer Magothy Aquifer Raritan Clay Lloyd Aquifer Bedrock Approximate Thickness ([L~} 0 - 60 0 - 150 0 - 350 0 - 1,000 0 - 250 0 - 550 Not Known Source: USGS 1974 6519R/1 1027 Monmouth Greensand, and Gardiners Clay units are not believed to extend to Fishers Island. Bedrock can be found at approximately 200 feet below msl in most portions of Fishers Island, with slightly higher depths in southwestern areas of Fishers Island where the Raritan Clay Member exists. The Town's topography is largely the result of pleistocene glacial activity. The extreme southern parts of the Town are characterized by gentle slopes, though there are some bluffs in the vicinity of Nassau Point and Indian Neck. The north shore is classified as the Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine and consists of steed slopes, bluffs, and rolling landscape. The central portion of the Town, including the area of the Cutchogue landfill, is located on gently sloping outwash plains resulting from glacial melting. Elevation in the Town ranges from sea level to 160 feet above msl, although most of the Town is at an elevation of less than 50 feet msl. The highest elevations and steepest slopes are found along the north shore in the western part of town. A peak elevation of 160 feet above msl is found at Mattituck Hills. The topography of Robins Island and Fishers Island is also characteristic of the morainic deposits in the area. Both islands have very irregular topography, with many hills and steep bluffs. Some areas of Fishers Island also rise to 160 feet above msl. In terms of development, the topography of some areas of Southold, particularly Fishers Island, presents limitations. The irregular topography of the moraines requires extensive cutting and filling for development, while the compactness of glacial till makes excavation difficult. The topography of the outwash plains, however, presents few limitations on development, except near the shoreline. Soils A general soil map of the Town of Southold is presented in Figure 1.2-1. It should be noted that the soil information included here is generalized, and field investigations are necessary for an accurate analysis at any given site. The general soil associations found in the Town are described below: 1027 SWMP 1-8 PECON~ LEGEND GREAT 8~Y 80URCE: U88CS, lg76 ~; RO~/IVS TOWN OF 8OUTHOLD 8OLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN GENERAL SOIL MAP FIGURE !.2- 1 Carver-Plvmouth-Riverhead Association: Deep, rolling, excessively well drained, coarse to moderately coarse textured soils on moraines. Slopes are a limitation for building sites. It is poor farming soil and is generally found in the Northern Section of the Town, on the Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine, and on Plum and Fishers Islands° Haven-Riverhead Association: Deep, nearly level to gently sloping, well drained, medium texture soils in outwash plains. This area is good for farming and development. High water table areas are a limitation for nonfarm use. This soil underlies most of the Town. Dune Land - Tidal Marsh - Beaches Assoc~a~iom: Sand dunes, tidal marshes and beaches. The topography of this association is typical of sand dunes and beaches. It has uneven dunes slightly inland from the beaches. This area is mainly open with cottages and recreational facilities scattered along the shoreline near Orient Point. A localized soil map of the complex and surrounding vicinity, is shown in Figure 1.2-2. The map shows that there are seven specific types of soils that exist on the site, nanlely, Ha~-Haven Loam (0% to 2% slopes), HaB-Haven Loam (2% to 6% slopes), Man-Made Land, PIA-Plymouth Loamy Sand (0% to 3% slopes), PIB-Plymouth Loamy Sand (3% 8% slopes), PIC-Plymouth Loa~uy Sand (8% to 15% slopes), and RdC-Riverhead Sandy Loam (8% to 15% slopes). Descriptions of each of the seven soil associations found at the complex site are as follows: Ha3~-Haven Loam (0% to 2% s~opes). These soils are deep, well drained and medium textured, and are mostly nearly level generally found on outwash plains. They were formed in a loamy or silty mantle over stratified coarse sand and gravel. The available moisture capacity in this soil is high to moderate· Natural fertility is low. Internal drainage is good, while permeability is moderate in the surface layer and subsoil and rapid or very rapid in the substratum. The potential for erosion is slight° HaB-Haven Loam (2% to 6% slooes) ° These soils are deep, well drained and medium textured and are found on outwash plains and moraines, commonly along shallow, intermittent drainage channels. Slopes are short. They were formed in a loamy or silty mantle over stratified coarse sand and gravel. The potential for erosion is moderate to slight. Man-Made Land. Man-made land includes areas that are mostly covered with pieces of concrete, bricks, trash, wire, metal, and other nonsoil material. Some areas are on the surface of the original soil, others are in large holes dug for disposal purposes, and still others are in old gravel pits converted to this use. Included with this unit in mapping are sanitary landfills that have been excavated and subsequently filled with trash and garbage. After these areas are filled, they are covered with several feet of soil material. 1027 SWMP 1-10 ~OUTHOLD LANDFILL-- RoA: NORTH IOURCII: lOlL CONSERVATION SERVICE LEGEND ~i~) ~FILL $OI.LMAP FIGURE 1.2-2 SWMP 1-11 PIA-Plvmouth Loamy Sand (0 to 3% StOPeS). These soils are deep, excessively drained, and coarse textured. They were formed in a mantle of loamy sand over thick layers of stratified coarse sand and gravel. These nearly level soils are found on broad, gently sloping to level outwash plains. The available moisture content is low to very low. Internal drainage is good. Permeability is rapid. The potential for erosion is slight. PIB-Plvmouth Loamy Sand (3 to 8% slopes). These soils are deep, excessively drained, and coarse textured. They are found on moraines and outwash plains. Slopes are undulating, or they are single along the sides of intermittent drainage ways. The potential for erosion is slight. (See PIA soils for other soil properties.) PIC-Plvmouth Loamy Sand (8 to ~5% $~Q~9~). These soils are deep, excessively drained, and coarse textured. They are moderately sloping and found on moraines and outwash plains. The potential for erosion is moderate to severe because of slope and the sandy texture of this soil. (See PIA soils for other soil properties.) RdC-Riverhead Loamy Sand (8 to 15% slones). These soils are deep, well drained, and moderately coarse textured. They were formed in a mantle of sandy loam or fine sandy loam over thick layers of coarse sand and gravel. These soils occur in narrow bands on outwash plains along the side slopes of deep intermittent drainage ways. Slopes are short. These soils have moderate to high available moisture capacity, internal drainage is good, and permeability is moderately rapid. The potential for erosion is moderately severe. 1.3 Water Resources The surface and groundwater resources of the Town are described in this Section. Groundwater The entire aquifer system found under Long Island has been designated a sole source of drinking water by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. The hydrogeologic units and their characteristics underlying the Town are shown in Figure 1.3-1. All of the groundwater utilized in the mainland portion of the Town is obtained from the upper glacial and Magothy aquifers. The glacial Pleistocene deposits are the main source of water in the Town of Southold. The Magothy is the major source of public water supply in the Towns of Suffolk County west of Southold, but the Magothy is only available for supply in the Town west of Mattituck Creek. To the east of Mattituck Inlet this aquifer approaches the freshwater-saltwater interface and is not usable for potable water purposes due to saline conditions. 1027 SWMP 1-12 ~200 SEA LEVEL 0 +200 0 -200 -200 - 400 '400 '600 - 800 '1000 ' 1200 -600 -800 -I000 -1200 - 1400 -1400 - 1800 -1600 -1800 2000 SOURCE SUFFOLK COUNTY DEPARTMENT OEHEALTH SERVICES 1988 TOWN OF ,8OUTHOLD 80LID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN i) ~,.. GROUNDWATER SECTION -2000 FIGURE 1.3-1 Fishers Island differs substantially from the "mainland" portions of Southold in that large portions of Fishers Island are relatively impermeable. Most of the precipitation that falls on the island flows to one of a number of freshwater ponds, or directly to the shoreline. Consequently, Fishers Island is the only area on Long Island that utilizes a surface water supply. The hydrogeologic units underlying Fishers Island are shown in Figure 1.3-2. Two of the ponds that receive this surface water, Barlow Pond and Middle Farms Pond, are used as the primary source of the Fishers Island water supply. After the drought of 1985-1986, two small, shallow wells were dug into the glacial aquifer northwest of Middle Farms Pond. One of these was subsequently closed due to high iron content. However, two new wells were put into service early in 1990, bringing the total to three wells that are currently used to provide backup to the surface water supply. The water table, on the average, is located approximately 4 to 6 feet above mean sea level throughout most of the Town. Groundwater elevation data obtained from the SCDHS for on-site well S-69761, indicated a water table elevation of 6.00 feet above mean sea level during June of 1988. Groundwater flow and 1989 water table contours, in the vicinity of the landfill, are shown in Figure 1.3-3. Groundwater elevations are highest near the center of the North Fork and lowest near the shoreline. The horizontal component to groundwater flow is shown to be generally perpendicular to the water table elevation contour lines. As indicated on Figure 1.3-3, groundwater flow within the upper glacial aquifer, in the vicinity of the complex, is generally in a north-northwesterly direction. This flow continues in this direction until it reaches the Long Island Sound. The direction of groundwater flow may be influenced by local well withdrawals and proximity to the North Fork groundwater divide. The locations of the monitoring wells in the vicinity of the complex are shown in Figure 1.3-4. The average hydraulic conductivity of the glacial aquifer is approximately 1,950 gallons per day per square foot (gpd/sf), and transmissivity is approximately 300,000 gpd/ft. Figure 1.3-5 shows the solid waste complex and immediate vicinity to be located outside of the Special Groundwater Protection Area defined for the Town by the Long Island Regional Planning Board. 1027 SWMP 1-14 T (,j oO 200' -- F-, ~ o SEA _~f-~ [.~Uppe[ glacial'aquiter LEVEL 400' 800' 12OO' -- F/~hers IMond ~11 C~ - 200' ~ SEA ' LEVEL -- 400' -- 800' -- 1200' or.cE USC~S 1974 ATLAS JlA ]OWN Ot: SOUTItOLD SOt ID WASTE IvlANAGEMENT PLAN HYDROGEOLOGIC UNITS UNDERLYING FISHERS ISLAND FIGURE 1.3-2 LEGEN0 APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF GROUND WATER DIVIDE 0 710'~5 OBSERVATION WELL AN0 WELL NUMBER .._~§~.~. WATER TABLE CONTOUR LINE INTERVAL (DATUM 1,8 MEAN ,~EA LEVEL) APPROXIMATE DIRECTION OF GROUND WATER'FLOW SOURCE: SCDHS,MARCH lgBg TOWN Of= S(xJ'rHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN LANDFILL VICINITY WATER TABLE CONTOUR MAP - 1989 0 0.~ I SC~,LE: I I I MILE FIGURE 1.3-2 SWMP 1-15 / \ -71277.:-/' ~'.~% .... SOURCE: USG,~, MATTITUCK HILLS & SOUTHOLD QUADRANGLES TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOUTHOLD LANOFILL MONITORING WELLS LOCATED VICINITY OF LANDFILL IN FIGURE 1.3-4 SWMP 1-17 "~ $OUTHOLD LITTLE PECON C BAY GREAT PECONIC BAT ~,PEClAL GROUND WATER PROTECTION AREA ,~OURCE: I.~lP~. 1 eeo 0 8000 16000 ~CAt. E IN FEET TOWN O~ SO~.JTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN SPECIAL GROUNDWATER PROTECTION AREAS IN THE TOWN OF SOUTHOLD FIGURE 1.3-5 SWMP 1-18 In recent years, it has been documented that the North Fork's groundwater supply has been impacted primarily by fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. A major source of this contamination has been agriculture which has been a major industry on the North Fork for over 200 years. Another important source of nitrogen in ground water are the numerous septic systems throughout the Town. Between 1990 and 1993, a hydrogeological investigation of the groundwater conditions at the complex was performed. This investigation resulted in a report submitted to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation as part of the State's classification of the landfill portion of the site as a potential inactive hazardous waste site. Based on the data collected during the investigation, the Town requested that NYSDEC delis~ the site since the data did not indicate that the groundwater quality at the landfill reflected a hazardous waste description. On January 19, 1994, the New York State DEC informed the Town that the landfill was delisted. The average daily pumpage in the Town, by land use category, is presented in Table 1.3-1. The total groundwater pumpage rate (water demand) is projected to increase by approximately 7.9 percent from 6.3 MGD to 6.8 MGD by the year 2020 (SCDHS, 1987)~ As part of the North Fork Water SUDD1V Plan, prepared for the Suffolk County Department of Health Services in 1983, a water budget area approach was utilized to assess the adequacy of groundwater supply when compared to projected consumptive use rates. The entire Town was found to have adequate resources for future demand. Surface Waters Although Long Island is surrounded by large water bodies, there are relatively few surface streams, lakes, and ponds. This is the result of the highly permeable character of the soil and substratum. Most water present in streams and lakes is the result of groundwater seepage. New York State classifies all navigational water within its boundaries according to the "best use" of the water body. The highest level of classification (Class AA or SA) refers to the most pristine, while the lowest classification corresponds to the least pristine (Class D or SD) . These classifications are described in Table 1.3-2. Table 1.3-3 lists the major surface water bodies found in the To~ and their best use classifications under 1027 SWMP 1-19 Land Use Table 1.3-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE AVERAGE DAILY PUMPAGE (MGD) BY LAND USE CATEGORY Residential Commercial/Industrial Agricultural Institutional Cemetery/Golf Course 1980 2000 2020 2.2 2.7 3.2 0.2 0.5 0.8 3.7 3.1 2.6 0.1 0.I 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Total Town of Southold 6.3 6.5 6.8 Total Suffolk County 207.6 229.7 244.0 Source: Suffolk County Department of Health Services, et al., 1987 SWMP 1-20 Table 1.3-2 TOWN OF SOUTItOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE NEW YORK STATE CLASSIFICATIONS FOR MARINE AND FRESH SURFACE WATERS ~ Surface Waters Marme Wa~ Clarification Bcs~ Usage Conditiom of Best Usafe Classification Best Usas¢ ~ AA Waler supply for drinking Wal~l~ will meet Health Depa~nem Class SA Shcllfi~hing for market purpose and or food proce-e.-~ing ~tatl~lar~ primary atul secon~ar~ contact recreation Class A Water supply for d~rinklng Walct'~ will meet Health DepatXmem Class SB Pfimav/and secondary contact recreation ot food ptoce-~eing sla~tards for ckinking water wilh atul any other usc except for th~ taking approved txcamient of shellfish for market proposes Cla.~ B Contaat tcc~eation aad other ..... Class SC Unshing and other uses cxccpt primary uses except wa*,'; supply contact recreation or thc !akin~ and food processing shellfish for maxkc! proposes Cla.~ C l~ishinlt and od~; ~aea cxcopt Class SD All waters not primarily for ~.~rcalional pur water supply, food processing poses, shellfish cuhmc, or thc development ~ CO~.~tCl I~tCafiO~ Of figh~fe aad be~atlsc Of natural O~ man-made colifitiofls cannoI mcc! thc sequimmcnts of thcs~ uses Cla~s D Scc~ con!a,~ tccxeation. Waters mu~ be suitable Class i S~au!ary conlact ~creation and any other Wagrs ate not SUitahl,~ fO; fo; fish survival usage except primary contact recreation and propagation of fish shclifishing for market proposes Cl~s N Enjoymcm of wa~t in ils No wasle discharge what~cever Class H All walem not primarily for recreational puq~es, ~a*~!ral Con~lition for whal- pennilted wiflaonl approved filma~ion shellfish culture or the devclopmcm of fish lift:. ever compalibl~ purposes Ihrongh 200' of uacomolida~cl earth TOSLTI Table 1.3-3 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE MAJOR SURFACE WATER BODIES Na/ne Corey Creek Dam Pond East Creek Gardiners Bay Great Pond Laurel Lake Marion Lake Mattituck Creek Richmond Creek Barlow Pond* Island Pond* Middle Farms Pond* * Water bodies located on Fishers Island SA SA SA SA A A SA, SC SA SA A D A Sources: NYSDEC 1988 NYSDEC 1987 1027 SWMP 1-22 this system. Eastern Long Island Sound and Gardiners Bay have been classified as SA water bodies, while the Peconic Bay is classified as a lower quality SC water body. The Long Island Sound, located approximately 5,000 feet to the north, is the closest major surface water body to the Town's solid waste complex. 1.4 Air Reeources Meteorological Information The climate of the Town may be characterized as temperate. Air masses and weather systems generally originate in the humid continental climate of North America and are tempered by the maritime influences of the Long Island Sound, Peconic Bays, and Atlantic Ocean. The result of the proximity of these water bodies is a reduced range in daily and annual temperatures. Winter temperatures are milder than those of mainland areas at similar latitudes, while summer temperatures are cooler. Seasonal temperature extremes occur in January and August. At the Greenport station the average January temperature for 1989 was 34.5oF, while the average temperature for August 1989 was 71.9oF. Mean annual temperature, measured in the Cutchoque region of the Town, averaged 51oF over a 54 year period, with the mean annual precipitation measured at the same station calculated to be 45 inches over a 51 year period (Crandell, 1963} . Temperature data from the period of 1951 to 1980, 1988, and 1989 are listed in Table 1.4-1. Table 1.4-2 provides monthly precipitation data for the same years. Precipitation includes rain, snow, sleet, and freezing rain. 1988 and 1989 data were collected at the Greenport Power House. Since no historical data were available from this station, 1951 to 1980 data were obtained from the Long Island Vegetable Research Farm located in Riverhead. Historical wind data from Montauk, Brookhaven, and Westhampton, have been reviewed to characterize the principal direction and strength of the wind that can be expected throughout the Town. It should be noted that the surrounding waters of the bays and ocean can affect the direction, strength, and duration of the wind locally as a result of temperature differences between the land and the water. This typically results in strong unpredictable winds throughout the region. In general, the winds can be expected to have 1027 SWMP 1-23 Table 1.4-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES Month Temperature 1951 - 8~ 1988'* 1989'* January 30.9 26.8 34.5 February 31.8 33.3 30.8 March 39.1 38.6 37.2 April 48.9 46.6 46.3 May 59.2 56.9 57.6 June 68.1 66.3 67.6 July 73.3 73.8 71.7 August 72.5 74.4 71.9 September 66.1 63.9 66.1 October 55.9 51.1 55.1 November 45.7 46.6 45.3 December 35.4 34.6 24.2 Average 52.2 51.1 50.7 *Measurements taken at L.I. Vegetable Research Farm (Riverhead) **Measurements taken at Greenport Power House Sources: NOAA, 1989 NOAA, 1982 1027 SWMP 1-24 Table 1.4-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION Month Precipitation (inches) 1951 - 8~ 1988'* 1989'* January 4.07 3.66 1.73 February 3.63 5.49 3.53 March 4.28 4.95 4.62 April 3.74 2.19 5.48 May 3°53 3.36 6.17 June 2.90 2.67 8.57 July 3.20 3.43 7.41 August 4.17 2.21 8.08 September 3.60 2.84 4~56 October 3.56 3.77 4.77 November 4.18 7.79 6.11 December 4.46 2.06 1.12 Total 45.32 44.42 62.15 *Measurements taken at L.I. Vegetable Research Farm (Riverhead) **Measurements taken at Greenport Power House Sources: NOAA, 1989 NOAA, 1982 SWNP 1-25 a strong westerly component. During the fall, winter, and early spring, the wind tends to be more out of the northwest. During the summer, the westerly predominance is modified by weather masses that generate southerly winds so that overall winds tend to be out of the southwest. Air Oualitv The Town, as part of Suffolk County, is in the Metropolitan Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) as designated by the NYSDEC and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Other areas included in this Region are New York City, Nassau, Westchester, and Rockland Counties. An AQCR is divided into three categories: attainment, unclassified, or nonattainment. Classification status depends on available air quality data and ambient concentrations of criteria pollutants. An attainment area contains ambient concentrations of a specified pollutant that are below the standard for that pollutant. Nonattainment areas are those regions which have reported, or modeled, ambient concentrations exceeding the standard. An unclassified area {designated for areas where there is insufficient data to make a determination) is considered equivalent to an attain/nent area for administrative purposes. It should be noted that the sa/ne area can be classified in attainment for one or more criteria pollutants, and nonattainment for others. The USEPA has designated seven air pollutants as criteria pollutants for nationwide concern. They are: sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O~), hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide (~O), particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM-10), and lead (Pb). These are pollutants for which a primary and/or secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) has been promulgated as required by the United States Congress in the Clean Air Act of 1970. Using these standards, it is possible to assess whether the predicted concentration of these pollutants will adversely affect public health and welfare. Primary NAAQS are intended specifically to protect public (i.e., human) health. Secondary NAAQS are set to protect the public welfare, including a variety of concerns not directly related to human health. These standards, which are listed in Table 1.4-3, are 1027 SWMP 1-26 Tao.¢ 1.4-3 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AND STATE AMBIENT AIR STANDARDS AND PSD INCREMENTS Corresponding Federal Smadardz New Yoflc Standards PSD Inctemenls Pdmaty Seconcla~ Avcragia8 (ugJm~) Comaminam' Pl~[io~ Coac. Uait~ Statialic~ Conc. Uaim' Sial. Conc. Unil.~ Slat. Class i Class H Sulfur 12 ~tive Mo. 0.03 ppm A..M. (MEAN 80 ughna A.M. 2 20 Dioxkl~ (SO2) 24 - hr 0.144 ppm MAX~ 365 ug/m~ MAX~ 5 91 3 - ht 0.50' ppm MAX 1300 ug/m~ MAX 25 512 Carbon 8 - hr 9 ppm MAX 10 mg/m~ MAX 10 mg/m~ MAX Moaoai~ (CO) I - h~ 35 ppm MAX 40 mg/ma MAX 40 mg/m~ MAX Ozoa~ (Photochemical I - hr 0.12f ppm MAX 235 ug/m~ MAX 235 Ul0tm3 MAX Hydtocadx~ 3 - hr 0.24 ppm MAX 160 ug/ma MAX 160 ug/ma MAX 0q~~'m~.~) (6 -9 Diox~A~ (NOa) 12 Conaecmiv¢ Mo. 0.05 ppm A.M. 100 ug/ma MAX 100 ug/ma AM 2.5 2.5 Tolal 12 Consecutive Mo. 45-7.9 ug/m3 G.M., 5 19 ~uat~nde. d 24 - hr 250 ug/ma MAX 10 37 Pattio,l.,,~ (TSP)' Hydrogena I - hr 0.01 mg/ma Sulfi~' (HaS) (14) B~ryllium (BE)~ Moalh 0.01 ughn~ MAX TOSLTI Table 1.4-~ ~Continued) Corresponding F~lcral New York S~n,4~rds PSD lm:mmenls Averaging (ag/ms) Cool~inanls ~iio~ Cone. Units Statistic~ Conc. Units' StaL Cone. Unils Stat. Ciasa I Class H Fluoride.ss 12 - h~ 3.7 ug/m~ MAX 24 - I~ 2.85 ug/m~ MAX I We~k 1.65 ug/m~ MAX I Month 0.8 ug/m~ MAX ~ (Pb)* 3 C. ons~cufiv¢ Mo. 1.5 ug/m: MAX Pi~icula~ 12 Consecutive Mo. 50 ug/m ~am, r <10 (PM-10) 24 hou~ 150 ug/m~ MAX 150 ug/m~ MAX · . NYS also ha~ s~gh~ts {m S~e.~bl~ P~ti~'ul~, (Dus~fall). i. ~w ~ S~d for I~ ~ y~ o~y ~ by ~S bat ~ ~y ~ ~fi~ ~o ~g~ c~6~c n~. Source:: NYSDF. C, 1987 TI3SLTI designed to include an adequate margin of safety. NYSDEC has promulgated a State Implementation Plan (SIP) to ensure that these standards are attained and that violations cease. Ambient air quality is monitored by NYSDEC at several stations located throughout Long Island. The stations that provide the primary basis for evaluating pollutant concentrations are located in Babylon, Oyster Bay, and Eisenhower Park. In addition, the Long Island Lighting Company maintains six sulphur dioxide monitoring stations. The NYSDEC previously monitored total suspended particulate levels at sites located in Port Jefferson, South Medford, and Stony Brook, but activity at these stations has been discontinued. There are several monitoring sites in Brookhaven that have measured sulfur dioxide. Measurements at Setauket, Mount Sinai, and Port Jefferson have showed short-term and long-term concentrations well below the ambient air quality standards. The nearest ozone monitoring station is in Babylon. Eisenhower Park is the closest carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead monitoring location. In general, air quality in the Town is good. Data from the monitoring stations located in Babylon and Eisenhower Park indicate that eastern Suffolk County is in compliance with both Federal and State air quality standards for all pollutants except ozone, which is a regional nonattainment problem. Carbon monoxide levels for Long Island have been in attainment except for an area in the western portion of central Nassau County. Brookhaven sites report sulfur dioxide concentrations to be well below the ambient air quality standards. The USEPA has promulgated a permit program in order to Prevent Significant Deterioration (PSD) of existing air quality through the use of incremental criterions. These increments define the maximum increase in pollutant concentration allowable above a baseline level. The program is intended to regulate the specific amount of additional growth in an area to prevent the deterioration of air quality. Sulfur dioxide, total suspended particulates (TSP), and nitrogen dioxide are the only pollutants specifically regulated by increments. If one of these pollutants exceeds an increment, it may cause the USEPA or NYSDEC to impose a restriction on growth within the affected area. This does not necessarily indicate an adverse health impact. Refer to Table 1.4-3 for the increments for SO2 and TSP. 1027 SWMP 1-29 1.5 Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology The Town possesses diverse ecological resources including freshwater and tidal wetlands, beaches, bays, estuaries, lakes, and the upland environment. These resources are the result of natural physiology and existing human development patterns that are important for their preservational, social, aesthetic, and recreational value. There are two basic types of wetlands in the Town: freshwater wetlands and tidal wetlands. These wetlands, which are found in scattered locations throughout the Town of Southold, are important natural features which perform a variety of ecological roles. Freshwater wetlands are defined by NYSDEC as lands which support aquatic or semiaquatic vegetation of the following types: o Wetland trees o Wetland shrubs o Emergent vegetation o Rooted, floating leaved vegetation o Free-floating vegetation o Wet meadow vegetation o Bog mat vegetation o Submergent vegetation These areas are commonly called marshes, swamps, sloughs, bogs, and flats. Freshwater wetlands are important resources for a variety of reasons. They provide flood protection, wildlife habitat, protection and recharge of groundwater supplies, recreation, pollution control, erosion control, open space, and are considered aesthetically pleasing. Freshwater wetlands of 12.4 acres or larger, as well as smaller wetlands of special importance, are protected by the State pursuant to Article 24 of the Environmental Conservation Law. Freshwater wetlands are found scattered throughout the Town. Wetlands found in Plum and Fishers Islands are located in the following areas: o Two areas in the western portion of Plum Island near the harbor. 1027 SWMP 1-30 On Fishers Island, three interconnected areas south of Peninsula Avenue, and west of Isabella Beach; areas within and in proximity to Barlow Pond, Middle Farms Pond, and Treasure Pond; as well as an area in the eastern end of the island near southern portions of the golf course. Freshwater wetlands found in the vicinity of the solid waste complex are indicated on Figure 1.5-1. The nearest freshwater wetland is located in Cutchogue, and is approximately 4,000 feet to the southeast of the complex. This wetland is currently classified by NYSDEC as number SO-56. It should be noted that these wetlands were sourced from a preliminary NYSDEC freshwater wetland map that is subject to revision, but represents the most up-to-date (5/29/90) classifications available. Tidal wetlands are defined by NYSDEC as areas comprised of the following classifications of land: o o o o o o Tidal locations: Coastal fresh marsh Intertidal marsh Coastal shoals, bars, and flats Littoral zone High marsh or salt meadow Formally connected tidal wetlands wetlands located on Fishers Island can be found in the following On Fishers Island, wetlands are primarily located in marsh areas located near Hay Harbor and West Harbor, particularly in the peninsula areas where both intertidal and high marsh or salt meadow areas are found. Tidal wetlands found in the vicinity of the complex are shown on Figure 1.5-2. The nearest tidal wetland is located approximately 7,000 feet to the southeast of the complex, and is near the northern tip of East Creek. There are no floodplains on or within 1,000 feet of the Town's solid waste complex. There are several small farm ponds in the general vicinity, but there are no major surface water bodies in close proximity to the site. The nearest major surface water body is the Long Island Sound which is approximately 5,000 feet to the northwest of the complex. 1027 SWMP 1-31 MH-5 SO~JRC~ NYSDEC pF~t IMINARY FR~SI-IW~TER WETLAND k4AJ3~, 5129/90 "~....-°' SO - 5 2 eSO-57 0 tO00 ~000 TOWN (34= SOUTHOLD SOl.lO WASTE MANA(31=MENT Pt. AN FRESHWATER WETLAND MAP FIGURE 1.5-1 SWMP 1-32 CUTCHOGUE 80URCE:NA88AU SUFFOLK REGIONAL PLANNING BOARD. TOWN OF 80UTHOLD 80LID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN MARINE WETLAND LOCATIONS CUTCt~OGUE. FIGURE 1.5-2 The major vegetative cormmunities found in the Town consist of the following: o Beach and Sand Dune o Low Salt Marsh o High Salt Marsh o Traditional Shrub o Upland Forest o Urban and Suburban The Tow~ contains beaches and dunes on both the Long Island Sound and Peconic Bay. Vegetation in the beach environment is limited, with only a few tufts of beach grass found along the higher elevations. The dune areas support more vegetation, but plant growth is still limited by shifting sand and occasional tidal floods. The dominant plant in the dune system is beach grass, which has an extensive root system that makes it important to the growth and stabilization of dunes. Other plants common to the dune system include beach pea, beach ptttm, sea rocket, and goldenrod. Fauna found here include sea gulls, terns, various song birds, rabbits, and mice° The bluffs overlooking the Long Island Sound have been recommended for protection by both local and State agencies. The low marsh areas of the tidal wetlands are subject to daily tidal flooding, and the dominant plant is spartina alterniflora. The high marsh, which receives less frequent tidal flooding, is dominated by spartina patens and juncus gerardi. The transitional shrub cor~nunity that lies between marsh areas and the upland environment contains a variety of plant species. In the lower reaches of this zone, which may be subject to an occasional storm tide, common plants include marsh elder and a variety of grasses. In the higher reaches of this zone, common plants include groundsel bush, bayberry, and other shrubs. The Flanders Bay - Peconic Bay estuary is another important ecosystem found in the Town. The Peconic River and groundwater seepage provide the major freshwater input. The Peconic System has historically supported a major bay scallop fishery and is usually considered the most important spawning and nursery area on Long Island for "summer" fish species. Eutrophication and the appearance of the "brown tide" organism, a previously unidentified specie of algae, have affected catches of scallops in the past. Recently, the 1027 SWMP 1-34 concentration of the Brown Tide organism has decreased, but has had occasional outbreaks for short periods of time in localized areas of the Flanders Bay-Peconic estuary. The upland forests, also known as the Long Island Hardwood Forest, are found on steep slopes near the north shore. This ecosystem is characterized by a variety of deciduous trees and numerous woodland plant and animal species. Soils tend to be moist and fertile. There are no extensive forests in Southold, but the many scattered forest areas throughout the Town are important to groundwater recharge and are useful as windbreaks to reduce soil erosion. The urban and suburban community consists of the developed areas of the Town. These areas range from highly developed urban areas with little natural habi%at or wildlife, to rural development areas where native vegetative species and wildlife may abound. Intermediate suburban areas can be characterized by numerous ornamental or horticultural species with some native flora. Large amounts of fertilizer and pesticide use is also typical. Fauna in highly developed areas may be limited to pets and haman tolerant species. The different vegetation types occurring in the Town support a variety of maamaals. Among the most common are the eastern cottontail and the raccoon, both of which are found in a variety of habitats, including woods, wetlands, and dunes. Gray squirrels are a~so cormmon, though they are found primarily in areas with deciduous trees. The red fox is fairly abundant, living primarily in woods, shrubs, and dune areas. White-tailed deer are common in those areas of the Town where there is sufficient vegetation for cover. Other mammals in the Town include moles, opposum, shrews, mice, and bats. There are a number of maramals which were common in Southold in the early part of the century, but which have become rare in recent decades. These include the woodchuck, muskrat, mink, and striped skunk. The Town supports a rich variety of bird life, including both nesting and migratory species (the Town is located within the Atlantic Flyway, a major eastern migration route). Species of birds known to exist in the Town include shorebirds, wading birds, raptors, waterfowl, and perching birds. Birds which often breed in the Town, and especially in the Orient area (see NYSDEC list of significant habitats later in this Section for other nesting areas) during the late spring and summer include herons (yellow crowned and black 1027 SWMP 1-35 crowned night herons), great and snowy egrets, osprey, glossy ibises, rails (clapper), gulls, terns (roseate, least and common) and piping plovers. Birds which do not breed locally but which may be sighted during the summer include double-crested cormorants, oldsquaws, and white winged scoters. A large number and variety of birds are present in the Town during the winter, especially in Orient Beach State Park, Cedar Beach, Nassau Point, Robins Island, and Fishers Island. Species present include loons, grebes, cormorants, swans, mallards, black ducks, scorers, and mergansers, along with some hawks (sharp-shinned, red-tailed, and rough-legged), kestrels, and merlins. Other birds common at this time of year include gulls (great black backed, ring-billed, herring, and Bonaparte's) and owls (barn, screech, great horned, and short eared). · The NYSDEC lists species of wildlife that are endangered, threatened, and of special concern in New York State (many of these species are found in the areas of significant habitats discussed below). Of those native species considered "endangered" {i.e., in danger of extirpation or extinction in New York), the tiger salamander, least tern, and roseate tern can be found in Southold. Of those native species considered "threatened' (i.e., likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future in New York), osprey, northern harrier, piping plover, and common tern may be found in portions of the Town. The NYSDEC lists a third category of "special concern" species which are not yet considered endangered or threatened, but for which documented concern exists. The species found in Southold placed in this category include: spotted salamander, spotted turtle, diamondback terrapin, eastern hognose snake, least bittern, upland sandpiper, common barn owl, short eared owl, common night hawk, eastern bluebird, grasshopper sparrow, and vesper sparrow. The NYSDEC has indicated that there are several areas of the Town on their preliminary list of Significant Wildlife Habitats. These include Robins Island, a section of Southold near the mouths of Town Creek and Jockey Creek, Conkling Point, Hallocks Bay and Orient Point Marshes, sections of Fishers Island and small nearby islands, Plum Island, and Great Gull and Little Gull Islands. The following wildlife, primarily bird life, are included in NYSDEC lists for each habitat: 1027 SWMP 1-36 o Robins Island: -black crowned night heron colony -snowy egret breeding area -yellow crowned night herons breeding area -common and roseate terns breeding colony -osprey breeding colony o Southold (Town and Jockey Creeks): -common tern nesting colony -roseate tern nesting colony -black skimmer nesting colony o Conkling Point: -least tern nesting colony o Hallocks Bay and Orient Point Marshes: -osprey breeding colony -sharp-tailed and seaside sparrows nesting area -clapper rails nesting area -dia/nond backed terrapin -brant o Fishers Island: -coramon terns nesting colony -herring gulls nesting colony -least tern nesting colony -herring gulls nesting colony -great black backed gull nesting colony Plum Island - nesting colonies for: -snowy egret -black crowned night heron -great egret -little blue heron -louisiana heron -glossy ibis -spotted turtle -box turtle -musk turtle -snapping turtle -painted turtle -red backed salamander -spotted salamander -black duck -gadwall -herring gull -great black backed gull -osprey -green heron -least bittern -mallard -wood duck -green-winged teal -canada goose -red-tailed hawk -rough-legged hawk -broad winged hawk -marsh hawk (harrier) -muskrat o Great Gull and Little Gull Islands: -roseate tern nesting colony -comraon tern nesting colony 1.6 Transportation 1027 SWMP 1-37 The Town contains a number of State, County, and Town roadways (see Figure 1.6-1). The Long Island Railroad's main line traverses the center of the Town and reaches its eastern terminus at Greenport. There are three important roadways in the Town that run predominantly in an east-west direction: Sound Avenue, a Town roadway, located near the north shore; Main Road (NYS25), which runs through the southern portion of Town from its western border to Orient Point; and Middle Road (CR48), located in the approximate center of Town. A number of County and Town roadways run in a predominantly north-south direction. These roadways include: o Main Street o Peconic Lane o Depot Lane o Mill Lane o Aldrich Lane The Town's solid waste complex is located north of Middle Road (CR 48) along the western side of Cox Lane. It is south of Oregon Road and east of Depot Lane. As such, the complex is located roughly to the west of the center of the Town. Mattituck Airport, a privately operated facility for small propeller aircraft, is located apDroximately 2-1/2 miles from the complex. This exceeds the 5,000 foot NYSDEC buffer zone required for airports of this type. It also exceeds the 10,000 foot buffer required for airports that accommodate jet aircraft. The Long Island Railroad operates a line that transverses the Town until its eastern terminus at Greenport. Stations are located at Mattituck, Cutchogue, Peconic, Southold, and Greenport. Ferry service exists from Greenport to the Town of Shelter Island, as well as from Orient to New London. Although Fishers Island is located in the Town, access to the island is solely through the ferry service from New London, Connecticut. The Fishers Island Ferry District 1027 SWMP 1-38 o Cutchogue Fire Department o East Marion Fire Department o Fishers Island Fire Department o Greenport Fire Department The Town maintains its own police force. instances, o Mattituck Fire Department o Orient Fire Department o Southold Fire Department This service supplants, in most the police services of Suffolk County. 1.9 Demography Demographic data are useful in the planning and implementation of solid waste management plans. Tables 1.9-1 and 1.9-2 present data obtained from the Long Island Regional Planning Board and the Lon'g Island Lighting Company. Table 1.9-1 includes population calculations for the individual communities in the Town, as well as Suffolk and Nassau Counties. Table 1.9-2 includes projections for the Town, as well as Nassau and Suffolk Counties. The 1990 Census reported a population of 19,836 in the Town. LILCO estimates the present population (1/1/93) in the Town to be 20,002. The population in the Town has been growing steadily, increasing 139% from 8,301 at the turn of the century, to 19,836 (1990 Census). It has been estimated by the Town that approximately 39% of the Town's population are senior citizens. Population projections anticipate that the Town's population will continue to grow through the year 2010. Despite this trend, average household size in the Town has actually decreased slightly between 1980 and 1993 from 2.54 persons per household to 2.40, respectively. An increase in the number of year-round households in the Town from 7,461 to 8,252, over the same period, reflects this population growth and decrease in average household size. 1.10 Cultural, Archaeological, and Historical Resources The Town of Southold, officially established in 1640, is considered the first English settlement in the State of New York. Although originally part of the New Haven Colony, Southold ceased its affiliation with Connecticut in 1676. 1027 SWMP 1-48 Census Designated Places Cutchogue- New Suffolk East Marion-Orient Fishers Island Greenport, Uninc. Greenport, Inc. Laurel Mattituck Peconic Southold Total Town of Southold Total Suffolk County Total Nassau County Bi-County Total Table 1.9-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE POPULATION BY COMMUNITY Census Census % Change Estimate 4/1/80 4/1/90 1980 - 1990 1/1/93 2,788 3,000 +7.6 3,014 1,511 1,534 +1.5 1,557 318 329 +3.5 336 1,571 1,614 +2.7 1,635 · 2,273 2,070 -8.9 2,054 962 1,094 +13.7 1,118 3,923 3,902 -0.5 3,934 1,056 1,100 +4.2 1,110 4,770 5.192 +8.8 5.244 19,172 19,836 1,284,231 1,321,977 1,321,582 1,287,348 2,605,813 2,609,325 +3.5 +8.4 -2.6 +0.1 20,002 1,328,622 1,284,528 2,613,150 Source: LILCO, 1990, 1993 1027 SWMP 1-49 Year Southold Table 1.9-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE PROJECTED POPULATIONS Suffolk County Nassau County Bi-County 1995 23,450 1,468,000 1,339,050 2,807,050 2000 24,100 1,527,450 1,336,300 2,863,750 2005 25,100 1,574,250 1,325,000 2,899,250 2010 26,100 1,614,650 1,308,850 2,923,500 Source: LIRPB, May 1987. 1027 SWMP 1-50 The Town is rich in historic and archaeological resources. Historic resources include buildings, monuments, cemeteries, and other landmarks. Archaeological resources include Indian encampments, burial grounds, and evidence of colonial settlement activity. Historic homes, structures, and districts of significance are catalogued by the Federal goverrument and listed in the National Register of Historic Places published by the U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service. The following historic resources located in the Town are on the National Register: o Old House (Cutchogue) o Fort Cutchogue Site (Cutchogue) o Greenport Railroad Station o Orient Historic District o Terry-Mulford House (Orient) o Richard Cox House (Mattituck) o Greenport Village Historical District o Gildersleeve Octagonal Building (Mattituck) o David Tuthill Farmstead (Cutchogue) o James Austin Homestead (Flanders) Ail of these locations have been identified to be outside of a one mile radius of the Town's solid waste complex. State and local goveraments list historic resources on the Building Structure Inventory published by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. All historic resources on the National Register are included on the Building Structure Inventory. In addition, some Indian encampments/archaeological sites are found close to the Bay and Sound. 1.11 Noise Noise levels are site specific; however, some general statements can be made concerning noise generation and noise impacts based on such factors as land use, population concentrations, and development. In general, noise impacts are related to the difference between ambient noise levels and the noise levels generated by the subject project. For example, 6 NYCRR Part 360 establishes specific noise level limits, but states that if background noise levels exceed the regulated limits the facility may operate at an equivalent ambient Leq noise level. Ambient noise levels increase as populations become more concentrated. 1027 SWMP 1-51 Urban areas tend to have higher noise levels than suburban and rural areas. The higher levels can be attributed to increased activity and area traffic. The amount of development within an area also affects noise levels. Buildings will reflect noise whereas trees will absorb it. There are both developed and undeveloped areas in the Town that are exhibiting a trend from agricultural uses to residential. Perception of changes in noise levels, as well as the response to perceived changes in noise levels, varies with the individual. To provide some perspective, Figure 1.11-1 gives typical A-weighted sound pressure levels of various common sounds along with their appropriate responses. Generally, changes in noise levels of less than 3 dB(A) will be barely perceptible, while noise appea~s to double, or be cut in half, if the variation is about 10 dB(A). In a study prepared for the Federal Highway Administration, changes in noise levels were quantified by human perception of these changes. Table 1.11-1 presents these findings. While noise levels vary throughout the Town, some key sources of noise in the Town, that can be used as reference points, include: o Jet flyover at 1,000 ft. - 105 db o Garbage truck - 100 db o Diesel truck at 50 ft. - 90 db o Freight train at 50 ft. - 75 db The noise levels are presented above to characterize a portion of the dominant existing noise generators in the Town. Because noise levels are site specific, measurement of ambient noise levels, projections of project noise levels, and evaluation of noise impacts would be performed as part of any site and/or technology specific EIS or environmental assessment. 1027 SWMP 1-52 __ T -' ! / ~°~ Now ~eer This. 197d,, re~rint Town of Southold Solid Waste Management Plan I [~ ~ COMMON NOISE LEVELS SWMP 1-53 Table 1.11-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE PERCEPTION OF NOISE CHANGES Average Ability. to Perceive Changes in Noise Levels Change dB(A) Human Perception of Change 2-3 Baxely perceptible 5 Readily noticeable 10 A doubling or halving of the loudness of sound 20 A "dramatic change" 40 Difference between a faintly audible sound and a very loud sound Ref: Bolt Beranek and Neuman, Inc., Fundamentals and Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise, Report No. PB-222-703. Ptepax~ £ot Federal Highway Adl~iniatralio~l, Ju~e 1973. SWMP 1-54 LM 5, PS font Table 1.2-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE STRATIGRAPHY AND HYDROGEOLOGIC UNITS ApDroximate System Series Unit Thickness Quaternary Holocene aquifer 0 - 60 {ft.) 0 - 150 Pleistocene 0 - 350 Cretaceous Aquifer Upper Cretaceous 0 - 1,000 0 - 250 0 - 550 Pre-Cambrian Not Known Pre-Cambrian ~t Shore, beach, salt marsh deposits and artificial fill Till; Harbor Hill Terminal Moraine Outwash deposits Matawan Group - Magothy Formation undifferentiated Raritan Formation, Clay Member Raritan Formation, Lloyd Sand Member Crystalline rocks H~d~u~eolo=ic Upper glacial Magothy Raritan Clay Lloyd A~uifer Bedrock Source: USGS 1974 6519R/1 1027 1027 SWMP 1-55 P£CONIC BAY BAY G~EAT PECONIC ~ RO~INS TOWN OF SOILJTtlOLD SOLID W~STE MANAGEMENT PLAN MAJOR TRANSPORTATION ROUTES FIGURE 1,6- ! schedules ferry service to connect with advertised arrivals and departures of certain Amtrak trains. Typically, separate seasonal and holiday schedules are maintained. On the average, five round-trips are scheduled daily on Saturdays and Monday through Thursday, seven round-trips on Fridays, and six round-trips on Sundays. Increased scheduling applies for most holidays. The trip from Orient Point to New London is approximately one and a half hours, while the trip from New London to Fishers Island is approximately 45 minutes. 1.7 Land Use and Zoning The Town comprises 5.3% of Suffolk County's land area and 1.5% of the County's 1993 estimated population (LILCO, 1993). The population of the Town increased 19%, from 16,804 to 20,002, between 1970 and 1993. Existing land use in 1981 in the Town, compared with Suffolk County, is presented in Table 1.7-1. Table 1.7-2 provides definitions of land use classifications. The largest single land use category in the Town is vacant land (40.1%). The second largest land use is agricultural (25.1%}. Residential {14.0%}, commercial {2.9%}, and industrial (0.4%) land uses account for a total of 17.3%. Agricultural land use in the Town has historically been one of the dominant components of the Town's economy. Approximately 10,000 acres in the Town are used for agriculture. Although the decrease in the amount of land used for agriculture has been relatively small, the nature of agriculture in the Tow~ {and in the County as a whole) has been changing at a greater rate. Recent years have shown a decrease in the acreage dedicated to potato crops, with increases in vegetable crops (particularly crucifers}, nurseries, horse farms, and vineyards. These changes have occurred largely in response to changing markets, rising production costs, and declining prices of certain crops. Approximately one half of the Town's farmland is used to grow potatoes. Other significant crops include vegetables such as: cauliflower, cabbage, sweet spinach, tomatoes, squash, pumpkins, onions, lettuce, substantial acreage is also used to grow sod, nursery corn, peppers, cucumbers, and melons. In addition, stock, and fruit. Land use projections for the years 2000 and 2020 are presented in Table 1.7-3. The percent change in land use categories from 1981 to the projection year has been provided. 1027 SWMP 1-40 Table 1.7-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE SUMMARY OF 1981 LAND USE Southold Acres % Low Density Residential 1,092 4.0 Medium Density Residential 2,754 10.0 Intermediate Density Residential 0 0 High Density Residential 0 0 Total Residential 3,846 14.0 Suffolk County Acres % 30,601 5.4 87,034 15.4 17,394 3.1 4.843 0.9 139,872 24.7 Commercial Marine Commercial Total Commercial 548 2.0 246 0.9 794 2.9 12,752 2.3 872 0.2 13,624 2.4 Industrial 100 0.4 Transportation/Utility/ Communication 1,167 4.2 Institutional 1,238 4.5 Recreational 2,419 8.8 Agricultural 6,896 25.1 Vacant 11.013 40.1 Total 22,833 83.1 10,647 1.9 45,024 7.9 31,357 5.5 83,499 14.7 59,903 10.6 182,544 3~.2 402,327 72.8 Total Acreage 27,474 100.0 566,466 100.0 Source: Long Island Regional Planning Board, 1982. 1027 SWMP 1-41 Table 1.7-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE LAND USE CLASSIFICATION Table of Definitions Term Definition Residential Commercial Marine Commercial Industrial Low Density 1 Dwelling Unit (Dr) per acre Medium Density 2 to 4 Dr/acre Intermediate Density 5 to i0 Dr/acre High Density 11 or more DU/acre or less Retail stores, personal service shops, banks, offices, hotels/motels, service stations, and recreational uses such as movie theaters and bowling alleys. Boat yards and marinas, sales and services, fishery services and boat storage. Manufacturing, warehousing, wholesale distribution, salvage and junkyards, coal and oil bulk station, municipal incinerators, LILCO generating stations and mining. Transportation, Utility, transmission and Communications Institutional Recreation Water district installations, LILCO stations and right-of-ways, publicly owned sewage treatment facilities, railroads, airports, bus depots, truck and taxi terminals, expressways, major highways and parking areas. Schools, colleges, universities, municipal buildings, courts, hospitals, post offices, indian reservations, fire stations, churches, nursing and rest homes, and fraternal organizations. Beaches, pools, golf courses, conservation and wildlife areas, arboretums, cemeteries, public marinas and boat ramps, parks, playgrounds, scout camps, beach clubs, golf clubs, gun clubs, parkways and all nonprofit recreation. Vacant Land not in use including unused land around large residences and tidal land. Ref: LIRPB Land Use 1981 - Quantification and Analysis of Land Use for Nassau and Suffolk Counties, December 1982. 65199/1 1027 SWMP 1-42 Table 1.7-3 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE LAND USE PROJECTIONS Year 2000 ~o2o Approximate % Change Approximate % Change ~and Use Acres from 1981 Acres from 1981 Residential 5,000 + 30.0 6,500 + 69.0 Commercial 900 + 13.4 1,050 + 32.2 Industrial 125 + 25.0 150 + 50.0 T/U/C 1,200 + 2.8 1,200 + 2.8 Institutional 1,300 + 5.0 1,300 + 2.8 Recreational 2,900 + 19.8 3,000 + 24.0 Agricultural 9,000 + 30.5 7,500 + 8.7 Vacant 7,075 - 55.7 6,800 - 62.0 Notes: T/U/C = Transportation, Utility, Communication Sources: Long Island Regional Planning Board Suffolk County Dept. of Health Services et. al., 1987 1027 SWMP 1-43 A large increase in residential and industrial land is expected. Substantial increases in commercial and recreational land uses are also indicated. Large decreases are expected in the vacant land category. Zoning in the Town is used to encourage the most appropriate use of land. The Town has been divided into the following use districts: 0 Agricultural - Conservation District 0 Residential Low - Density District (two acre minimum) o Residential Low - Density District (one acre minimum) o Residential Low - Density District (three acre minimum) o Residential Low - Density District (five acre minimum) 0 Residential Low - Density District (ten acre minimum) o Hamlet Density Residential District o Affordable Housing District o Resort Residential District o Residential Office District o Hamlet Business District o Limited Business District o General Business District o Marine I District o Marine II District 0 Light Industrial Park/Planned Office Park District o Light Industrial District The solid waste complex is located in an agricultural-industrial zoned area, with the existing zoning designated as LI (Light Industrial). Directly adjacent to the northern, eastern, and southern boundaries of the complex is LI zoned land, while LIO (Light Industrial/Office Park) zoned land is located adjacent to the western boundary. Further to the north, south, east and west of the complex is A-C (Agricultural Conservation) zoned land. Figure 1.7-1 illustrates the current zoning at the complex and surrounding areas. 1027 SWMP 1-44 I. I0 ~QU'rHOLD LANOFILL A-C LEGEND A(~I~I ICMLTUII~A[. CON,~ERV ATION RESIOENTIAE I. OW DENSITY AA I:IESIDENTIAL, ~.OW DENSITY A I~IE 8OlIIT/!~ JllO ENTIAL LIMITED BUSINESS LIGHT' INOU 8TRIAL/OFFICE PARK LIGHT INDUSTRIAL ~OURCE:TOWN OF ~OUTHOL[} ZONING MAP,1988 TOWN OF SOIJT'HOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ZONING MAP SWMP 1-45 SCALE IN FEET 800 FIGURE 1.7-1 1.8 Community Facilities The community services and facilities within the Town are presented in this Section. There are seven public school districts currently serving the Town. These districts are: o Fishers Island o Greenport o Laurel o Mattituck-Cutchogue o New Suffolk o Oyster Ponds o Southold The Town contains a wide variety of recreational resources. State, County, and Town Parks are found in the Town. Table 1.8-1 provides a list of parks and recreation resources. With the exception of Greenport Village, the Long Island Lighting Company {LILCO) provides electric and natural gas service to the Town. Electricity to Greenport Village is supplied by the Greenport Village municipal water and utilities system. Propane gas for cooking purposes is used by some of the homes within the Town and is supplied by private companies. Oil provided by private companies is used for heating by some homes and businesses. Local telephone service is provided by the New York Telephone Company, whereas long distance telephone services are selected on an individual basis from private telephone service companies. Public water supply is provided to Greenport Village and adjacent parts of the Town through the Greenport Water Company. In addition there are some private water supply companies. Water is supplied to Fishers Island by the Fishers Island water works. The major health care facility in the Town is Eastern Long Island Hospital in Greenport. Volunteer fire departments that provide fire protection and emergency medical services in the Town include: Table 1.8-1 1027 SWMP 1-46 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE PARKS AND RECREATION RESOURCES Name Trumans Beach Orient Beach Goldsmith Inlet County Park Peconic Dunes County Park Cedar Beach County Parkland Klipp Marine Park Sound Road Beach Stirling Basin Launch Ramp Inlet Point Pond Park Goose Creek Beach Hashomomack Beach Horton Lane Beach Kenny's Road Beach Nassau Point Community Beach Fleet Neck Beach New Suffolk Town Beach Pequash Avenue Park Breakwater Park Aldrich Lane Park Bay Avenue Park Marratooka Lake Park Mattituck Park District Beach Veterans Memorial Park Wolf Pit Lake Location Orient Orient Peconic Peconic Cedar Beach Greenport Greenport Greenport Greenport Southold Southold Southold Southold Cutchogue Cutchogue New Suffolk New Suffolk Mattituck Mattituck Mattituck Mattituck Mattituck Mattituck Mattituck Sources: Office of the County Executive, 1988 1982 Hagstrom Map Company, Inc. SWMP 1-47 2.0 EXISTING SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL P~ACTICES This Section describes the existing solid waste management practices and solid waste facilities in the Town. All solid waste management facilities are required to obtain permits in accordance with NYSDEC regulations found in 6 NYCRR Part 360, which were revised and became effective October 9, 1993. 2.1 Solid Waste Management Facilities Current Practices 2.1.1 ~xistinc Facilities The Town currently owns and operates a municipal solid waste complex on Middle Road (CR 48) that receives virtually all of the municipal solid waste generated in the Town. This includes municipal solid waste from residential, con~nercial, institutional, agricultural, and industrial sources. Table 2.1.1-1 presents an inventory of the equipment currently maintained at the solid waste complex in Cutchogue. The locations of solid waste facilities/operations in the Town are shown on Figure 2.1.1-1. The Town's solid waste complex is comprised of a nuraber of areas that accommodate the various components of the resource recovery system. These areas include: o Weighing station and scale house o Collection center o Recycling drop-off area o Bi-level drop-off station for bulk deliveries of recyclables o Permanent household hazardous waste containment facility o Waste oil storage o Yard waste composting area o White goods (household appliances) stockpile area o Tire stockpile area o Landfilling area (no longer in use) o Borrow/mining area (no longer in use) o Temporary transfer operations for garbage and rubbish o Temporary transfer operations for C&D debris and concrete 1027 SWMP 2-1 Table 2.1.1-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE SOUTI{OLD TOWN SOLID WASTE COMPLEX EQUIPMENT INVENTORY International Tractor Mower Mack Truck Tractor R600 Homemade Trailer (Utility) Royer Hydrostatic Shredder 510B Payloader - 2 1/4 yard 540E Payloader - 4 1/4 yard Steco Trailer 100 cu. yd. Steco Trailer 100 cu. yd. Komatsu 4-1/4 yd. Payloader Morbark 1,200 Tub Grinder Dresser 250 crawler (with 4-in-1 bucket) Air Compressor #4218 Welder #71-560948 Steam Cleaner Air Grease Pump Dodge Ram 50 Pickup Caterpillar 816B Compactor 40 Yard Roll-Off Containers GMC Water Truck* Mack Dump Truck Generator 55 kW Fork Lift Attachment Note: *Available from Town Highway Department Source: Southold Highway Department, July 1993 6501R/1 1027 SWMP 2-2 ~AY TOWN O~ SOUTttOLD SOLIO WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN TOWN SOLID WASTE FACILITIES FIGURE 2.1.1-1 At the solid waste complex on CR 48, Town residents are directed by signs and Town personnel to the appropriate receiving area or the collection center. The commercial haulers are directed to the scale house for weighing, where they are then directed to the bay of the collection center or to the drop-off facility for bulk deliveries of recyclables. Carters deposit garbage and rubbish in this bay and the materials are moved into the nearby transfer trailer. Residents deposit garbage and rubbish in the bay in the collection center. On-site roadways lead directly to the collection center upon entrance from Middle Road (CR 48). The collection center is utilized to temporarily serve as the unloading/drop-off area for garbage/rubbish and is located to the west of the household hazardous waste containment facility and to the north of the recycling drop-off facility for recyclables. At present, there are bins at the residential recycling drop-off area for metal cans, plastics, green, brown, and clear glass, and cardboard. Additionally, inside the collection center there are drop-off areas designated for batteries, newspapers, and mixed paper. The floor plan for the existing collection center is shown on Figures 2.1.1-2. Temporary transfer operations were implemented on October 9, 1993 for garbage, rubbish, C&D debris and concrete. The garbage/rubbish transfer trailer is located approximately 100 to 200 feet west of the collection center. The transfer operations for the C&D debris and concrete are located north of the scale house along existing on-site road. Temporary transfer operations were implemented so that landfill operations could cease on October 8, 1993. The Town also operates a drop-off station for bulk deliveries of recyclables. It is located approximately 60 feet to the north of the collection center, and consists of four 30 cubic yard containers and one 40 cubic yard container, situated below grade. Residential waste, exclusive of wood and metal, is also brought inside the collection center where it is unloaded. The Town's S.T.O.P. program (Stop Throwing Out Pollutants) utilizes an initial collection point 1027 SWMP 2- 4 T~I~IPORARt' UA/LOADING FOR CARTERS --d I~d3-~ ~~ /lj'¢ YC/. ,4~j_ £$ = 20' _ OFF APPROXIMATE SCALE I": 2'0' TOWN Of 80~JTttOLI) 'l',,~:tl) ~ik~lE c~IITtlG ENGINEERING Ri:POt;il j ~ id(') J~i EXISTING COLLECTION CENTER FLOOR PLAN FIGURE 2.1.1-2 for drop-off of hazardous materials inside the collection center. These materials are then transferred to the perraanent containment facility situated adjacent to the northern side of the collection center. This facility was the first permanent, NYSDEC permitted S.T.O.P. Program in operation in the State. Waste oil brought to the site by residents is deposited in a 275 gallon tank located approximately 200 feet to the east of the collection center which, when full, is picked up by a licensed NYSDEC waste oil collector located in Westhampton Beach. Backup drums are maintained at the site should the tank reach capacity prior to the next scheduled pick up. Ail sewage from the Village of Greenport and scavenger waste from cesspools in the Town of Southold is processed at the sewage plant in Greenport and shipped to Bergen Point. Application was made to NYSDEC, on April 10, 1990, for approval of a small scale yard waste composting operation of less than 3,000 cubic yards of leaves. State approval was received on May 2, 1990, and subsequent operations have been implemented at the site. A Part 360 Engineering Report and Permit Application has been developed that expands on the small scale facility to include all leaves, brush, mulch and land clearing debris generated in the Town. Brush has been processed at a designated location at the complex. A tub grinder is used to process the brush to reduce the volume, as well as to produce a marketable cormmodity in wood chips. Major household appliances (white goods) and tires are stockpiled for removal at separate sections of the complex. Fishers Island Solid Waste Processinc/DisDosal ODeratioDs Municipal solid waste on Fishers Island is primarily generated by an estimated 330 year-round permanent residents, and the approximately 4,000 seasonal residents/visitors who populate the Island during the peak summer period. Currently the waste generated on the Island is transferred to Connecticut for disposal at solid waste processing facilities (i.e., energy recovery and recycling). This mode of disposal and operation is expected to continue. Private Disposal The only known private landfill in Southold Town is the Pickett landfill on Fishers Island, which has been described in the documentation submitted to NYSDEC 6501R/I 1027 SWMP 2-6 by the Fishers Island Garbage and Refuse District. As a small rural town, Southold has certainly been the site of informal dumping of debris in a number of locations. Farmers, for example, formerly dumped rotten potatoes and old paper packaging in remote fields. It is believed that these practices have been ended. A serious threat of informal dumping in private lots still exists. Many farmers possess old agricultural chemicals that have been ruled illegal for application by NYSDEC. As such the Town believes NYSDEC must assist in finding a permitted means to dispose of these materials. The Town strongly endorses Cornell Cooperative Extension's vigorous efforts to resolve this issue, and w~I~ ~_.~c~g~ the NYSDEC to remove whatever impediments remain to the commencement of a pilot progra/u to return unusable agricultural materials. 1027 SWMP 2-7 2.1.2 Pronosed Facilities The Town of Southold is considering three Solid Waste transfer operations. 1. Registration of the existing facility to handle the reduced waste strea~n. The Town has permitted a privately owned salvage center for construction and demolition debris. When this center is fully operational, the total waste stream entering the present Town transfer station will be approximately 11,000 tons per year of residential / commercial rubbish and garbage and C&D. 2. Retrofitting the existing transfer station to handle the current waste stream. 3. Build a new transfer station. The Town has prepared an engineering report for a new permanent transfer station for residual wastes and recyclables to be located adjacent to the existing collection center. 2.1.3 Current Collection and ManaGement Practices Residential and commercial garbage is brought to the transfer station in two ways: 1) self-hauled by the resident or business, and 2) through privately contracted hauling services. There is no refuse collection service provided by or funded by the Town. Self-haulers account for approximately 45% of the weight of garbage delivered to the station, private carters 55%. Bulky items and construction and demolition debris are handled similarly. Garbage is currently being hauled by Tully Construction to a lined landfill in Pennsylvania. C&D is being hauled by STAR Recycling to its facility in Brooklyn. Copies of the Town's contracts with these companies are enclosed. Most yard waste is also delivered privately although some municipal collection is provided for brush and leaves. The Village of Greenport provides a weekly yard waste pickup service to its 2,000 residents. This accounts for about 300 tons per year of yard waste handled at the station. The Town of Southold also provides a brush and leaf collection service in the spring and fall which amounted to approximately 1,700 tons combined in 1994. Materials currently being accepted for recycling include: o Metal containers o Waste oil 6501R/1 I027 SWMP 2-8 Plastic containers o Clothing Glass containers o Leaves and light brush Automobile batteries o Household batteries Tires o Junk mail Household hazardous waste o Land clearing debris Newspaper o Mixed paper and magazines Bulk metal o Corrugated Cardboard Recyclable materials are either dropped off by residents using the collection center or are source separated by residents and collected by carters. Recycling is mandatory in the Town. On October 9, 1993, the Tow~ initiated a special bag program for residential garbage. Residential garbage, whether collected by a carter or dropped off by residents at the collection center, must be placed in special bags. Con~nercial waste does not have to be placed in the bags but may be charged by weight. No recyclables are allowed in the special bags and given the cost per bag, only those materials that are not handled free of charge by the To%rn's resource recovery system are expected to be placed in the special bags. Recyclables are delivered to the collection center in the same way as garbage, either self-hauled or at the curb through one's private carter. All recyclables must be delivered fully sorted (source-separated) into the following categories: newspaper, corrugated, mixed paper (junk mail, magazines, etc.), clear, green, and brown glass, tin/aluminum cans, plastic containers (~1 and ~2 only). ~~j~%~~ of current recycling arrangements. 1027 2-9 Inspection of wastes delivered to the complex is achieved in two ways. Commercial vehicles are initially screened at the scale house before proceeding to the garbage/rubbish or C&D/concrete transfer area or the recycling center. At the cormmercial bay of the center, employees inspect loads being deposited as they work. Similar inspection is provided at the recycling center. Additionally, the licensed carters are screened by equipment operators and laborers. Residents depositing garbage/rubbish are inspected by Town personnel in the center. 2.2 Solid Waste Quantities and ComDosition This Section discusses the current and projected future waste generation, composition, and characteristics of the total waste stream, and the potential recyclable materials present in the waste stream. 2.2.1 Fishers Island Waste Generation Fishers Island is located off the eastern tip of the North Fork of Long Island. As a seasonal island community, Fishers Island has approximately 300 year-round permanent residents and a relatively large summer increase that reaches its peak of approximately 3,500 in July and August. Monthly population estimates for the Island are presented on Table 2.2.1-1. The total waste stream on Fishers Island, including C&D, land clearing, bulky materials, and cor~mercial waste was estimated in the GEIS to be 1,465 tons per year, or 4.01 tons per day. Table 2.2.1-2 presents the methodology used to estimate waste generation for Fishers Island. Since the issuance of the GEIS, a transfer station has been constructed on Fishers Island for transfer of waste to processing facilities (i.e., energy recovery and recycling) in Connecticut. 2.2.2 Current Solid Waste Generation and Generation Rates The breakdown of Southold Town's waste stream is shown below (estimated 1994 figures): Waste Type Tons Generated Tons Recycled -- Residential Solid Waste (includes commercial and industrial): -- C & D: 18,064 tons 4,358 tons 5,964 tons 1,010 tons 1027 SWMP 2-10 -- Was~a Oil 5,909 =OhS 70 tons *PRCPCSED REDUCT!CN ~ .~ECYCLiNG RATES FOR !997, 20~0, .~ND 2010: 2.2.3- ~ See Table TmJ~le 2.2.1-! TOWI~ OF SOUT~OLD SOLID WASTE ~AG~ ~ UPDATE FISH~S IS~ HO~Y POP~TION~ Janua~i 300 February 300 March 300 April 700 ~ay 1,200 Jtt~e 2,500 July 3,500 Augus ~ 3, Se~ ~mBer 2,500 Ocuober !, 200 Noven~er 700 Dec~raber 300 Average i, 417 *Fishers island Conservancy and Project Management Associates, Inc., 1988. Analysis of Sol±d Waste Manacement Cuu±ons for Fishers Island. New York. 1027 S%~MP 2-12 Table 2.2.1-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE POTENTIAL FISHERS ISLAND WASTE GENERATION Location Shelter Island Riverhead Southold~ Average Estimated 1989 Residential Waste Generation Rates 2.93 lbs/cap./day 4.17 lbs/cap./day 5.64 lbs/cap./day 4.25 lbs/caD./day Potential Fishers Island Waste Generation Tons/Day Residential Waste Other Waste3 Total Fishers Island Waste Strea~ Tons/Year 3.01 1,099 1.00 4.01 1,465 Based on population data contained in July 1988 Analysis of Solid Waste ManaGement Options for Fishers Island, New York. which assumed a "weighted" population average of 1,417. Per capita waste generation rate for the Town of Southold.excluding Fishers Island. Other waste consists of C&D, bulky materials, land clearing, and commercial waste and is assumed to be 25% of total Fishers Island waste stream. Assumes 75% of total waste stream on Fishers Island is residential waste and 25% is other waste. 6501R/I !027 SWMP 2-13 TABLE 2.2, ?~-1 DECEMBER '~4 'fid TQTAL TONS Figure 2.2.2- I Town of Southold Total Waste Stream 1994 Rubbish 1,80s Garbage (incl. Agr) 9,806 Yard Waste 6,582 Sand 3,802 Scrap Metal 428 C&D 6,371 Other 470 Res. Recyclables 3,723 TOTAL = 32,989 Tons SOURCE: Southold Town Solid Waste District As shown on Table 2.2.2-1, the municipal solid waste delivered to the complex is classified by dominant component by the scale house operator into 17 waste categories. Some of these waste categories are identified as outgoing. These outgoing categories are materials which were brought to the complex as source separated materials and were recycled. Figure 2.2.2-2 illustrates average monthly waste generation estimates for 1994 based on available scale house data for the total waste stream presented on Table 2.2.2-1. As shown on this figure, the greatest volumes of waste were received from April through October. For the purposes of this document, the analysis of future waste generation projections in the Town will incorporate much of the analyses contained in Section 2.2 of the Town's initial Solid Waste Management Plan, but will use the 1994 "base" year estimate of 90 tons per day for the future waste generation projections. 2.2.3 PoPulation Proiections, Future Waste Generation. and Generation Rates Estimates of future waste generation and generation rates are based on population projections. This section discusses population projections and provides estimated future waste quantities for the total waste stream of the Town of Southold. The Town, as well as other eastern Long Island towns, consists of year-round residents and seasonal ("summer season") residents and tourists which cause the yearly population to fluctuate. The "summer season" residents and tourists can cause a dramatic change in population in the Town. Accordingly, estimated seasonal population data has been analyzed along with year-round population data. Table 2.2.3-1 illustrates population projections through the year 2015 obtained from LILCO estimates and the Long Island Regional Planning Board. The table includes population projections based on year-round residents, summer season increase, summer season population, and a "weighted' population estimate. The "weighted" population. estimate. year-round population estimates, population estimate factors in the summer seasonal increase in Therefore, it represents a more accurate year-round population Figure 2.2.3-1 shows this dramatic population variation, including population estimates, summer seasonal increases, summer season and a "weighted' population estimate. 6501R/1 I027 SWMP 2-16 Figure 2.2.2-2 Town Of Southold Monthly.Waste Generation 1994 TONS 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SOURCE: Southold Town Solid Waste District Table 2.2.3-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE PoDulation Projections* Estimated S~mmer Yearly Summer Season "Weighted" Population Season Population Population Year Estimate Increase Esti~te ~ 1992 19,940 10,000 29,940 23,273 1993 20,002 10,000 30,002 23,335 1995 23,450 i0,000 33,450 26,783 2000 24,100 10,000 34,100 27,433 2005 25,100 10,000 35,100 28,433 2010 26,100 10,000 36,100 29,433 2015'* 27,100 10,000 37,100 30,433 * Based on LILCO's 1993 estimates and May 1987 Long Island Regional Planning Board population projections. Includes Fishers Island. Extrapolated using average projected population growth from 2000 to 2010. 1027 SWMP 2-18 Solid Town of Southold Waste Mc{nagmen! Plan Update Population Projections Populallon £,~11 male 40000 30000 20000 I0000 1989 1990 Legend [-~ Yearly Pop. 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year 2015 Summer tncrooso ~X'~Summor Pop. [~]'Wolghlod Pop.' · Baled on LILCO'$ 1990 oil. & May 1987 LIRPB pop. proJ. FIGURE 2.2.3- WASTE WA,STE WATER (1) AND WATER TRF. AZMENi' 8LUOGE8 CtF. ANFI I AGRICULTUI~L WA~I'E MEOICN. ~ 0) OTIf. R WASTE8 ShelSmh Wa~le Od HHW pr~- I.o Recydmg Percerd Recycled T~s Remaining pr~ 1o Recycling l~s Recycled Percerd Re c-yded Ph~ Io Recycling lr.~ Recycled Pe[cerd Recycled Toas Re,hain!rig Pno~ [o Recycling 1ohs Recycled Pe~cerd Recycled Tal$ ReiT~aining P~ lo Racyc~g P~X Io Recycli~l Ton~ Remair~ng P~x ~o Recycling l~ Recyded P~cerd Recyded l~xts Remaining to Recycling Recyded Remaining Pd(x 1o Recydmg l~ns Recycled Pe~cenl Recycled TOTAL WA,SZ~. ~ Tolal P[~ ~3 Recyc/i~ Trdal To~i~ Recycled l~lal A~le[ Recycling Percerd r~, Tc~al Recydea (1) Maladal r~ ecx:~ at Tov, m Ti'em~' 81alkm Table 2.2.3-3 10~,1 16e7 2000 20t0 15374 15.969 17,068 20,960 4,412 6.707 8,192 11,528 28% 42% 48% 55% 11.302 8.262 8,874 8.432 6.684 6.787 7.231 8.882 5,347 6.090 6,870 8.438 80% 80% 85% 95% 1.337 677 362 444 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 O 0 6.371 6.450 8.883 8.468 1,274 3.870 4,825 6.773 5.097 2.580 2.068 1.883 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0 3.802 3.849 4.113 5.052 951 2,887 3.498 4,547 25% 75% 85% 80% 2.851 802 817 505 250 253 270 332 2O0 227 243 289 80% 80% 80% 90% 50 25 27 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 09o 0% 0% 0 0 0 0 384 389 415 510 372 377 403 495 07% 9Z% 87% 87% 33.285 33.675 35.888 44.202 12.556 20.158 24.029 32.079 20.709 13.518 11,960 12.123 38% 60% ~7% 73% Table 2.2.3-2 illustrates future waste generation projections for the Town's total waste stream. This table projects future waste generation based on population increase and a 0.70% annual increase in the per capita waste generation rates. Future total waste generation in the Town is expected to increase from 90.4 tpd in 1995, to 134.1 tpd in 2015. A 0.70% annual increase in the per capita waste generation rate is based on the assumption that New York State's anticipated waste reduction goal (8% to 10% by 1997) is met and there is a continued increase in per capita generation rates (1.5% to 2% annually). 2.2.4 Total Waste Stream Composition and Characteristics The solid waste data presented in Section 2.2.2 represents available data on quantity and characteristics of the Town's solid waste stream. This data has not been developed in detail with respect to material components (i.e., paper, plastics, glass, etc.) and the characteristics of many potentially recyclable materials present in the waste stream. / '~ ~~i~i~st~ There are three basic types of waste found in any typical waste stream. These three types can be classified as residential, cormmercial, and industrial. t. Residential - The waste generated at homes, apartments, etc. Within the residential category there are subcategories of yard waste (leaves, grass, clippings, brush, etc.) and bulky (special) waste such as furniture, lumber, carpet, etc. 2. Commercial This is waste generated by small businesses including offices, restaurants, stores, etc. This is generally the waste collected from "dumpster~ type, or compactor type, containers seen in parking lots and behind shopping plazas. Within commercial there is also a large subcategory known as construction and demolition (C&D) debris, usually a result of construction activities or renovation. C&D debris consists of waste building materials, bricks, concrete, wood, metal, etc. 3. Industrial - This waste is usually generated by manufacturing industries from their operations and processes. Typically, this is scrap material from production, rejects, out-of-date products, and corrugated and packaging waste. Loads usually contain large quantities of similar materials. 1027 SWMP 2-20 Table 2.2.3-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE Waste Generation Projections (1995-2015) Total Waste Stream (Includes Land Clearing and C&D Debris} "Weighted" Population Estimate Constant Per Capita Generation Rate 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 26,783 27,433 28,433 29,433 30,433 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 Increasing Per Capita Generation Rate 6~72 7.19 7.69 8.23 8.81 Maximum Tons per year ~ 32,989 35,989 39,895 44,202 48,947 Maximum Tons per day 90.4 98.6 109.3 121.1 134.1 Notes: 1. Based on increasing per capita generation rate (0.70% annually) and increase in population 6501R/1 1027 SWMP 2-21 Composition and characterization information was initially obtained from a May 1989 field solid waste compositional analysis. This data was used in conjunction with the scale house data presented in Section 2.2.2. Locally and nationally available data were also considered in determining the Town's calculated total waste stream material component breakdown (includes land clearing and C&D debris . The following listing and Figure 2.2.4-1 summarizes the calculated percent by weight of the major material component categories. This listing and Figure summarizes Table 9 presented in Appendix A of the 1990 GEIS. Material Component Total waste strea/R % by weight including land clearing & C&D debris Paper 14'.9 Plastics 3.1 Food 6.5 Ferrous Metals 9.2 Nonferrous Metals 0.6 Batteries 0.1 Glass 2.6 Wood 13.0 Rubble 10.3 Rubber 1.1 Dirt and Fines 18.5 Yard Waste 14.5 Sludge 0.7 Bulky Waste 2.6 Misc. 2.4 TOTAL 100%* *Totals may not add to exactly 100.00% due to rounding. 2.2.5 Residential Waste Stream ComPosition and Characteristics Composition and characterization information was initially obtained from a May 1989 field solid waste compositional analysis. This data was used in conjunction with scale house data presented in Section 2.2.2. Local and national available information was considered in determining the Town's calculated residential waste stream material component breakdown (excluding land clearing and C&D debris). 650iR/1 1027 SWMP 2-22 Figure 2.2.4- I Town of Southold Calculated Total Waste Stream 1994* DirtJFines 6,069 Food 2,144 Yard Waste 4,783 Bulky Waste Rubble 858 3,398 Other 1,056 Rubber 363 Paper 4,915 Wood 4,289 Plastic 1,023 Glass 858 Metal 3,233 TOTAL = 32,989 Tons *NOTE: These figures based on 1989 Waste Stream Composition Analysis. Numbers may not correspond to break down of actual 1994 Waste Stream Table 2.2.5-1 presents the Tow~n's calculated residential composition of waste and a detailed material component breakdown. The table is based on actual 1992 landfill scale data (average tons per day), and a field solid waste compositional analysis performed in May 1989. As shown, Column 1 presents the results obtained from the 1989 field compositional analysis of "household" waste (% by weight). Coluaun 2 applies the results in Column 1 to the average tons per day of "garbage" received at the landfill based on 1994 scale house data. Household recyclables received at the drop-off area were added to the garbage category to represent the residential waste composition prior to recycling. In Coturan 3 are the various applicable residential scale house data waste quantities and characteristics used for adjustments for Column 2. Column 4 presents the average tons per day, and Column 5 illustrates the corresponding percent by weight for the residential waste stream. The following listing and Figure 2.2.5-1 suramarizes the calculated percent by weight of the major raaterial component categories for the residential waste stream shown on Table 2,2.5-1. Material Commonent Residential waste stream % by weight excluding land clearin~ and C&D debris Paper 29.1 Plastics 6.5 Food 10.5 Ferrous Metals 6.9 Nonferrous Metals 1.3 Batteries 0.1 Glass 5.4 Wood 5.1 Rubber 2.1 Other & Fines 3.7 Yard Waste 20.4 Bulky Waste 3.4 Misc. 5.1 TOTAL 100%* *Totals may not add to exactly 100.00% due to rounding. 1027 SWMP 2-24 Table 2.2.5-1 TO~N OF SO~THOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE Residential Waste Stream C~osltlonal Anaiysis Before Recycling" Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Landfill "Household" "Garbage" Scale Data Waste CAtegory* Adjustaents Totals Hater~al Camoonent~ % by wt~. Avq. TPO Ava. TPO Avq. TPO Avq % by Paper Newspaper 8.96% 4.08 4.08 6.38% ¢orr/Brown Bag 8.82% 4.02 4.02 6.29% Other 23.03% 10.SO 1B.SO 16.42% Subtotals 40.81% 18.60 18.60 29.09% Plastics 9.16% 4.18 4.18 6.54% Food 15.34% 6.99 6.99 10.53% Ferrous Metals 4.94% 2.25 2.25 3.52% Food Cans na na White or Enameled na na 2.15 ~.1~ 9.36% Subtotals 4.94% 2.25 2.15 4.40 6.88% Nonferrous Metals 1.81% 0.82 0.82 1.28% Batteries na na 0.04 0.04 0.06% Glass 7.60% 3.46 3.~ 5.41% Wood Other Wood na na 2.1S 2.15 3.36% Stump/Tree Sect. 2.41% 1.10 1.1O 1.72% Subtotals 2.41% 1.10 2.1--~ 3.25 5.08% Rubber na nm 1.35 1.35 2.11% Other & Fines 5.24% 2.39 2.39 3.74% Yard Waste Yard Waste 5,56% 2.53 2.$3 3,96% Leaves na na 7.43 7.43 11.62% Grass Clippings na na 2.53 2.53 3.96% Brush/Branches na n~a 0.~ 0.56 Subtotals 5.56% 2.53 10.52 13.05 20.41% Bulky Waste na na 2.15 2.15 3.36% Misc. 7.121% 3.25 3.25 5.08% TOTALS 100.00% 45.57 18.32 63.93 100.00% * Includes Household Recyclables received at drop-off center, and outgoing tires and scrap metal. Note: Based on 1992 landfill scale data and May 1989 field analysis. 6501R/1 1027 SWMP 2-2 5 T~ble 2.:~.5-1 (continued) TOWN OF SOUT~OLD SOL~D WASTE )~e~AGE~I' PLAN UPOATE Residential Waste Strem C~osi kion&l ~alysis Notes: ne: information not available Coi 1 Based on the results obtained from a one week field solid waste compositional analysis of the "household" portion of the residential waste stream performed by Dane¢o, Inc. for the N2M Group for the Town of Southold in May lgBg. Col. 2: Based on the Town of Southold 1992 landfill scale data, average daily tons of "Garbage" apolied to the results obtained in Col. 1, to obtain ~ average tons per day by material comoonent breakdown for the Town's residential waste stream only, excluding cad and land clearing debris. Household Rec¥clables collected in 1992 were added to obtain the Town's residential waste stream before recycling. Co1. 3: Based on the Town of Southold lgg2 landfill scale data, average daily tons of the material component categories as followe: Lead Batteries - 0.04 tpd: Brush - 0.56 tpd: Grass - 2.53 tpd: Leaves/Mulch - 7.43 tpd: Tires = 0.36 tpd: Rubbish = 7.16 tpd: 100% to Batteries 100% to Brush 100% to Grass 100% to Leaves 100% to Rubber 30% to Wood - Other )(Y~ to Ferrous Metal - White or Enameled 10% to Rubber 30% to Bulky Waste CO1. 4: Col. 2 + Col. 3 Col. ~: Percent of Totals in Col. 4 BBO1R/1 1027 SWMP 2-26 Town oI Southold Solid Waste Managemen! Plan Update Calculated 'Residential' Waste Stream' (Average Percent By Weight) Paper 27.2% Plaslics 57% l-~u bber ',' 1% Bull:y Wcde .t 0% Olher 40% Ferrous Melds 100% Non-Ferrous Melds 1,1% GIQSS 4.8% Wood 02% Yard Wasle 20.9% Olher & Fines 33% FIGURE 2.2.5-1 2.2.6 Potential Recvclables in the Waste Stream The State has set a 40% recycling goal to be achieved by 1997. Use of the residential drop-off area at the collection center is free. Materials currently being accepted for recycling include: o Metal containers o Newspaper o Plastic containers o Bulk metal o Glass (brown, green, clear) o Waste oil o Automobile batteries o Clothing o Tires o Leaves and light brush o Household hazardous waste o Household batteries o Cardboard o Mixed paper (other than cardboard) The Town has implemented a recyclable program. Residents are required to separate green, brown, and clear glass, plastic {HDPE #1 and 2), tin and aluminum (commingled), metal, newspaper, and cardboard. Deliveries of recyclables from carters are currently accommodated at the bi-level drop-off station near the collection center, and do not interfere with current public drop-off practices at the collection center. Types and a_mounts of recyclables received at the complex during 1994 are shown on Table 2.2.6-1. Processing of these recyclables occurs outside of the Town. Brush and branches from both commercial and residential drop-offs are processed into woodchips by the To%rn Highway Department. All recyclables received at the collection center are reused, recycled, or processed outside of the Town. The implementation of a comprehensive recycling plan (presented in Appendix A) is expected to maximize the number and quantity of materials recovered from the waste stream and facilitate easy participation in the recycling effort. Participation rates are not expected to reach 100%; no community recycling program is known to have ever reached 100% participation over the long-term, full-scale basis. Similarly, ~j62~ ~ ? of the amount of a particular recyclable material since materials can be too small, contaminated with foreign materials that cannot be separated easily, or too low in quality to allow for recovery. The key para_meters influencing projected 6501R/1 1027 SWMP 2-28 HOV 32.82 4 30 5648 -23% recovery rates through recycling are contained in the following equation for estimating the amount of material which can be recovered by a recycling program: RR = AQ x PR x SE x PE RR = Recovery Rate: The amount of material which can be diverted from the waste stream. AQ = Available Quantity. The amount of material present in the waste PR = Participation Rate. The percentage of the total population of waste generators participating in a recycling program. SE = Separation Efficiency. The percentage of material which is actually kept separate from refuse by progra/n participants. PE = Processing Efficiency. The percentage of material remaining after processing. Projected recycling goals for the Town are presented in Appendix A in order to discuss proposed recycling programs. The recovery calculations and recovery equation were discussed in more detail in the 1990 GEIS. These recovery rates have been applied to the Town's waste strea~ to develop the projected recycling goals for the Town. As previously stated, 100% recovery of a particular recyclable component is rarely achieved since materials can be too small, contaminated, or too low in quality to be recovered. Also, while the potential exists to recycle a material, that does not mean that a market exists, can be created, or that it is a practical or cost effective alternative. Recycling of components of the waste stream can be accomplished in the public or private sector. The use of existing services, both private and Town operated, need to be maximized for a recycling program to reach its full potential. Public education and involvement programs can greatly increase public participation, but the use of private recycling services is usually based on a cost-effective decision. Construction and demolition (C&D) debris is not currently recycled by the Town. If private sector recycling of these wastes can be encouraged, however, additional recyclables can be recovered to further reduce the waste stream. 1027 SWMP 2-30 2.3 Market Identification and Opportunities for Recycling This Section identifies the marketing opportunities available within the region for recyclables. A market survey for recyclable materials has been prepared, along with a separate market assessment for products of composting operations. A discussion of the public participation aspect of recycling is also contained in this Section. The technological and management alternatives of recycling are evaluated in Section 3. The alternative recycling plans are evaluated in Section 4, and a revised comprehensive recycling analysis is presented in Appendix A of this update. 2.3.1 Existin~ Recvclin~ Efforts The Town provides its residents and businesses with an opportunity to recycle multiple materials at the Town's solid waste complex. A recycling drop-off station has been established in the collection center at the complex to accommodate deliveries of source separated glass, aluminum and tin cans, newspaper, plastics, batteries, and clothing. In addition, a bi-level drop-off station for bulk deliveries of recyclables is currently maintained to the north of the collection center, and is used to accor~nodate deliveries from the mandatory curbside collection program currently in effect. There are separate drop-off areas for white goods, tires, and used motor oil as well. The 1992 scale house data indicates that the Town recovers approximately 11.2% of the total waste stream. In 1990, this estimate was approximately 3.5% of the waste stream (refer to the 1990 GEIS for 1990 data). Materials are source separated and deposited into the designated containers at the collection center. Vehicle deliveries from waste haulers are also accommodated at the complex. An engineering report for a small scale yard waste composting facility was approved by NYSDEC in May 1990. This operation is designed to accommodate less than 3,000 cubic yards of leaves per year. This facility is expected to be expanded in the near future to a large scale operation capable of composting all of the Town's approximately 9,000 tons of yard waste. The engineering report for the small scale yard waste composting effort can be found in the 1990 GEIS. 6501R/i 1027 SWMP 2-31 2.3.2 Market Survey for Recvclable Materials Based upon experience, it has been recognized that an important aspect of a successful recycling progra~ is material marketing. A connnon concern expressed when recycling has been considered as a component of a solid waste management program is whether adequate markets exist to support a recycling program on a long-term basis. The design and operation of any recycling system requires the following information: o Material Quality Specifications o Delivery Specifications o Geographic Location of Market Demand o Current Material Values This information, as a whole, must Guide the development of a material recovery system with respect to how materials are to be collected and prepared for market acceptance. First, market conditions will preclude or encourage the recovery of specific categories of waste materials generated in the Town. Second, they will partially define the feasibility of different strategies for encouraging participation and minimizing operating costs. In many cases, program strategies will be a result of seeking the best tradeoffs between meeting market demands and maximizing recovery rates. As part of developing a solid waste plan for the Town, a material market survey was performed for recyclable material processors and brokers in the metropolitan area to identify the types of materials in demand, the value of those materials, and the quality and delivery requirements. A recyclable materials marketing survey containing recyclers, location, and accepted materials was originally provided in the initial SWMP. 2.3.3 Market Assessment for Compost Products Container grown and field Grown nursery crops (tree, shrub, and bush species) comprise 6,500 acres of production in Suffolk County, constituting 50% of the New York State nursery crop production total. Container grown nursery crops have increased tremendously in recent years and will continue to do so, having 8 times the productivity of field Grown nursery crops on a per acre basis. Presently, the nursery crop segment generates $61 million in gross annual sales in the County. Typically, container grown nursery crops are produced in a growing mix 6501R/I 1027 SWMP 2-32 consisting of varying proportions of coarse builders sand, peat moss, and/or ground bark. Compost can be utilized as a replacement for all or part of each of these growing mix components depending on the nursery crop(s) produced. Such compost applications could reduce growing mix costs, supply nutrients, and provide the crop with the potential ability to resist certain diseases. Floriculture industry, involving cut flowers, potted flowering and foliage plants, bedding plants and perennials, encompasses 15 million square feet (300 acres) of greenhouse facilities, 50 acres of field grown crops, and 3 million perennials in Suffolk County, totaling $200 million in gross annual sales. Container crops typically utilize a growing mix consisting of varying proportions of peat moss and vermiculite. Compost can be utilized to partly or completely replace the present growing mix, depending on the particular crop. Such compost applications could reduce growing mix costs, supply nutrients, and provide the crop with potential disease resistance capabilities. Over 4,500 acres of Suffolk's farmlands are devoted to sod production, generating $10 million in gross annual sales. Although no bulk materials are presently being applied apart from seed, lime, and fertilizer, a lime treated compost with an above neutral pH could have potential use as a water retaining organic mulch for seeding, with the ability to alter the root zone ph of the seed bed. Additionally, there is the potential of applied compost to aid in reducing disease occurrence to seedlings, as well as to provide slow release nutrients to young turf grass. Compost may be useful to the horse industry as well. Horses total approximately 30,000 between Suffolk and Nassau Counties. In Suffolk County alone, there are 41 thoroughbred farms, ranking Suffolk County as second in New York State. Collectively, there are 150 riding academies, pleasure horse farms, tack shops, and feed stores in Suffolk County. Associated with these activities are many acres of pasture which require sound agronomic management to maintain pasture land for grazing and riding. Annual application of above neutral ph compost as a top dressing could help maintain the vigor and quality of the pasture grass for grazing and physical wear. Suffolk County, with approximately 40,000 acres of farmland, is the leading County in New York State in the wholesale value of agricultural products. Seventy-five percent 6501R/1 1027 SWMP 2-33 of this acreage is located in the Towns of Southampton, Riverhead, and Southold. While Class I compost cannot be applied to direct htlman consuraption crops, it can be applied to those crops which undergo processing before consumption. Class II compost, although prohibited from application on human consumption crops, can be applied to nonfood crops. An important point to consider is that peat moss, peat based soilless mixes, and similar items must be trucked onto Long Island for use by the horticultural industry. This increases their cost due to the expense of transportation. Compost, however, would be produced from locally generated waste materials and would not incur the transportation cost. Compost can, therefore, be competitive to other bulk items imported in for use. This, in addition to the reduction of traditional disposal needs for locally generated waste, would further increase compost attractiveness. With regard to the horticultural services and consumer retail horticultural industry, there are significant advantages to the use of compost. This can be subdivided into landscaping, lawn care, and grounds keeping categories. Landscaping contracting entails a large amount of construction work, such as drainage systems, grading, la%rn construction, tree, hedge, and shrub planting, and construction of gardens, retaining walls, walkways, patios, and various accessory structures (fencing, gazebos, etc.) Lawn care involves maintenance of lawns with regard to mowing, trimming, fertilizing, liming, seeding, pest control, aerating, irrigating, cleanup, and leaf collection. Grounds keepers maintain lawns, trees, shrubs, hedges, gardens, driveways, and walkways as well as some minor landscaping structures. Compost can be used in place of, or in conjunction with, peat moss, mulch, or topsoil as a bulk item supplying organic matter and volume to growing media for horticultural purposes involving lawn, garden, construction, tree, shrub, and hedge planting. Over the past decade, consutmer horticulture has increased tremendously with more people devoting more time and resources to gardening and grounds care, either as home owner performed activities, or as a service performed by a contractor. This is particularly true of areas with significant residential development. Two slightly different solid waste compost market surveys of horticultural operations were performed in five Counties in New York State, not including 1027 SWMP 2-34 Suffolk County. These Counties, geographically and demographically, range from rural agricultural to suburban professional co,unities. More detailed discussions of the survey can be found in the 1990 GEI$. Those surveyed were involved in the horticulture production and horticulture service industries. The responses are grouped as follows: Production Service/Maintenance/Sales 21.5% Nursery 36.9% 13.8% Greenhouse 15.4% 1.5% Vegetable 2.3% 0.8% Christmas Tree 0.8% 0.8 Soils Manufacture 0.8% 0.8% Landscape Contractor Resident/Commercial Grounds Florist Garden Center Recreational Cemetery Grounds Other 4.6% It can be concluded from these surveys that landscape contractor, nursery, residential/commercial grounds, and greenhouse activities constitute 87.6% of all responses. These are the main concentrations within the industry. Therefore, a large percentage of the industry can take advantage of Class II compost use. Bulk material, such as topsoil, mulch/woodchips, compost, soilless mix, peat moss, and manure, can be amended with or substituted by a properly formulated compost depending on the situation and need. The respondents indicated that 63% had storage space for stockpiling bulk materials and could transport bulk materials. The most important characteristics of the compost to potential regional users were cost, availability, and ease of handling, with 74% of the respondents indicating that they would be willing to try a compost in place of a bulk material they were currently using. Additionally, 70% indicated that should a high quality compost be available, they would be willing to make use of it on a regular basis. Further, with a price advantage of 50% over bulk material currently being used, 80% of the respondents would seriously consider the use of compost. The materials compost would supplement or replace were listed as topsoil, mulch, soiltess mix, and peat moss. Finally, 73% of the respondents prefer additional information regarding compost quality. Many preferred to test a sample of the compost product before committing to its use. An earlier study, performed by HDR Engineering, Inc. for Daneco, Inc., agrees with this analysis. Horticulture, nurseries, landscapers, and greenhouse 650IR/1 1027 SWMP 2-35 operations all showed an interest and willingness to use and sell compost of consistent and good quality. With regards to agriculture, the potential was apparent for compost use on processed food crops and nonfood crops. Compost was also indicated to have an advantage over peat moss, topsoil, and other similar materials trucked onto Long Island and could, therefore, be competitive for use in horticulture and agriculture. Regionally, the horticultural industry is interested and willing to use compost, provided cost, availability, and handling needs are met. Although there appears to be interest and potential users of Class I or Class II compost in the State of New York, The Suffolk County Department of Health Services (SCDHS) has expressed concerns regarding the potential for leachates from compost that contain heavy metals and organic contaminants to seep into groundwater after the compost is applied to the land. It appears that SCDHS could restrict the application of compost on land in the deep recharge zones of Suffolk County if it is produced using mixed refuse as a feed stock. Additionally, the Suffolk County Department of Health Services stated that potential users may be fearful, from a product liability standpoint, of utilizing municipal solid waste compost, and that there may be hesitance to use materials grow~% in municipal solid waste compost around their homes. Further, they have stated that extensive monitoring of the teachate quality from pilot scale facilities in Suffolk is the preferable way to proceed. The wood chips and compost generated by the Town's composting effort has been given free of charge to those who wish to pick up these materials. All wood chips and compost generated have been used by the Town or by local interests. The expanded yard waste composting operations expects this practice to continue and to use the material as a component of the landfill capping that will occur in the future. 2.4 New York State Policies Governing Solid Waste Facilities The NYSDEC has promulgated comprehensive regulations concerning solid waste facilities under 6 NYCRR Parts 360. The Part 360 regulations govern aspects of 6501R/i 1027 SWMP 2-36 solid waste facilities, including facility siting, construction/operation requirements, and permitting. The regulations incorporate legal, technical, and policy developments which guide the efforts of municipalities and private businesses in the development of solid waste management systems. The regulations are effective as of October 9, 1993. 2.4.1 New York State Solid Waste Manaaement Plan In New York State, the role of recycling with respect to solid waste projects is presented in Chapter 552 of the Laws of 1980, and in the ~New York State Solid Waste Management Plan updates. The SWMP is updated regularly and includes information on the status of solid waste management in New York State. The Plan defines problems associated with solid waste, discusses management methods, identifies the legislative, regulatory, and program framework for environmentally sound solid waste management, and establishes goals to move towards integrated solid waste management over the next decade. Additionally, reduction/recycling goals for the State were first developed and presented in the SWMP. The SWMP first presented the concept of the State's solid waste management method hierarchy which is listed below in order of preference: o o o Waste Reduction: Reduce the amount of solid waste at the source, or point of generation, through Federal, State, County, and local initiatives. A goal of 8% to 10% by 1997 is desired. Recycling and Reuse: Reuse or recycle 40% of the solid waste generated in New York State by 1997. Resource Recovery: Waste-to-enerqy technologies can be included in an integrated solid waste management system. Landfilling: The State's goal is to use landfills only for disposal of wastes which cannot be reduced, recycled, recovered, or processed. 1027 SW~P 2-37 3.0 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGIES The evaluation of alternatives in this Plan has been divided into two parts. This Section discusses alternative methodologies available for various portions of the Town's solid waste stream, and Section 4.0 will describe alternative implementation strategies that incorporate these methodologies. Some of the alternatives originally developed in the Town's initial SWMP are still valid and have been retained, while some have been adjusted or deleted from consideration for this update. 3.1 Alternative Methodologies 3.1.1 Waste Reduction The Solid Waste Management Plan prepared by New York State in 1987 identifies waste reduction as an essential solid waste management strategy. The State indicated that waste reduction is a key strategy whose promotion would assist local governments to reduce the a~ounts of waste requiring disposal, thereby indirectly aiding the development of more effective waste disposal programs. Towards this end, the State set a goal for all of New York of 8% to 10% waste reduction by 1997. Waste reduction can be defined as the avoidance of ac%ions that generate waste materials which must be either recycled or disposed. There are two generally accepted strategies for achieving waste reduction: Increasing the efficiency of use so that less materials are needed for any given purpose. Implementing actions or designs which significantly increase a product's functional life. Increasing materials use efficiency can be described as providing goods or services at comparable or superior levels of performance with less material. This can include redesigning a manufacturing process so that it generates less process residues. Alternatively, it can mean that the product or service itself is provided through the use of less material. Some exa_~ples include the following: 6504R/1 1027 SWMP 3-1 0 Use of reusable containers instead of plastic wrap 0 Use of washable cloths instead of paper towels 0 Use of paper disposable cups and plates rather than plastic. 0 Avoiding the use of double wrapped packaged products. 0 Not taking a bag when buying single items, or use of a reusable cloth shopping bag. 0 Purchase products in paper cartons rather than plastic or styrofoam containers. The Town's newly created economic incentive progra~ of charging residents by the bag for disposal of household garbage is a strategy that has helped to reduce the amount of residual waste that must be disposed. Increasing a product's functional life can delay its introduction into the waste strea~. There are several ways this can be accomplished, the simplest being through reuse. Reusable containers, such as plastic containers for sandwiches as opposed to disposable lunch bags, are the most common example of this waste reduction approach. Another approach is the design of products which are simple and inexpensive to repair when they malfunction. Finally, it is possible to prolong a product's functional use through remanufacturing techniques. One common remanufacturing technique is the retreading of passenger vehicle and commercial tires. Waste reduction strategies can result from either life-style or structural changes. Life-style decisions are actions taken by individuals or groups that are based on moral, social, or economic reasons. For example, many organizations try to persuade consumers not to purchase products that are overpackaged, choosing instead those made from or packaged in recycled materials. Structural changes are made by organizations seeking to provide goods or services at lower materials utilization rates. A manufacturing industry may determine how they can provide popular consumer products that use fewer parts and are therefore less materials intensive. Structural decisions make it possible to achieve a certain amount of waste reduction independent of life-style decisions. Waste reduction strategies that include remanufacturing processes involve the disassembly and salvage of reusable components. These components are then refurbished, 6504R/1 1027 ~ 3-2 cleaned, and reassembled. Basic criteria for the identification of likely candidates for remanufacturing includes: o Inexpensive source of quality material o Limited number of product models o Stable product technology o High prices of new products o Market acceptance of "remanufactured" models of product Examples of remanufacturing efforts include replacement auto parts (water pumps, carburetors, engines, and transmissions), telephones, and refrigeration systems. In general, remanufacturing seldom requires large capital investment because the majority of the work performed in the original manufacturing process does not have to be repeated (i.e., casting, forging, etc.). Another aspect of waste reduction could deal with the potential toxicity of the materials in the waste stream. Substitution of nontoxic or less toxic materials for potentially dangerous materials is a waste reduction strategy. Reduction of the toxicity of the waste strea/n can be handled on a large scale by efforts to use recyclable packaging, substitution of less toxic chemicals for more toxic chemicals in a product (such as the current effort to replace ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons), or by the removal of harmful chemicals from a manufacturing process. While the weight or volu/ne of the waste stream may not decrease, a reduction of the toxicity of the waste stream can have significant positive environmental effects. As part of an attempt at waste reduction, Suffolk County, New York, enacted a bill which bans certain types of plastic packaging material. The intent of this legislation was to replace certain types of plastic with biodegradable materials to reduce the volume and alter the composition of the waste stream. The Supreme Court of New York overturned this legislation. In response to similar bans elsewhere, plastic recycling operations have been established in Massachusetts and New York. Private sector efforts to recycle polystyrene materials from fast food establishments may have been prompted by the Suffolk County law. This effort, however, may or may not significantly reduce tonnages of waste requiring disposal. It is possible to pass legislation at the Federal, State, and local levels 6504R/i 1027 S~4P 3-3 to mandate increased waste reduction efforts in the future. Depending upon the extent of these efforts, it has been assumed by NYSDEC that an 8% to 10% waste reduction goal is possible by 1997. 3.1.2 Household Hazardous Waste Removal Hazardous or toxic materials that are generated by industry, institutions, and businesses are regulated by tracking and disposal requirements. Regulations limit large sources of highly potent toxic materials from being inadequately handled, processed, landfilled, or otherwise i~properly disposed. Contamination and emissions to the environment from toxic materials is less likely to occur as a result of these initiatives~ The average home, however, uses a variety of materials that could be classified as hazardous or toxic. As a result of small volumes and usage, they are not subject to the same disposal requirements that the larger volume producers must follow. Household hazardous waste are generally considered to be hazardous materials found in a home. Typical household toxic materials include, but are not limited to: o Thinners o Polishes o Wood preservatives o Pesticides o Solvents o Herbicides o Cleaning agents o Insecticides o Drain cleaners o Fertilizers o Degreasers Efforts to quantify these materials indicate that these items typically comprise less than 1% of a total municipal solid waste stream. However, the potential potency of the contribution of the contaminants to leachate and emissions can be considered well in 6504R/1 1027 SWMP 3-4 excess of this percentage. Consequently, removal of household hazardous waste from the waste stream is desirable and should be considered essential in a sound solid waste planning effort. A household is regularly confronted with the need to dispose of household hazardous waste. Unfortunately, typical methods of disposal are: o Pouring material into storm drains or sewers o Dumping in wooded areas or recharge basins o Pouring material "down the drain" into septic or sewer systems o Burying material in the backyard o Throwing material into the trash o Storing materials indefinitely Some household hazardous wastes are disposed of during spring cleanups (i.e., aged materials}. Some of these household hazardous wastes are disposed of because they may no longer be needed (i.e., used solvents and thinners), and others may have been contaminated {paintbrush cleaners). Some may have been banned from use (pesticides, aerosol spray cans), or disposed of after use (solvents or oils). The cumulative effect of improperly managed household hazardous waste is a potential environmental and health problem that can be reduced or eliminated through proper disposal strategies involving strong public education and participation programs. Disposing of household toxic materials by pouring them down a drain, dumping them in the backyard, or placing them in the trash does not eliminate the contamination problem these materials pose to the environment. In June, 1982, Broome County, New York, became the State's first County to provide a household hazardous waste collection day. Since then, many other similar programs have been initiated across New York State and on Long Island. The acronym S.T.O.P., which stands for Stop Throwing Out Pollutants, is recognized on Long Island as the title of the household toxic materials collection program run by many towns. By the end of 1987, a total of 44 collection days were held throughout Nassau and Suffolk Counties. Twelve of the thirteen towns sponsored S.T.O.P. days which resulted in the collection of over 1,000 fifty gallon drums of household toxic materials. Approximately 2,500 households participated, and each S.T.O.P. day collected, 6504R/1 1027 S~4P 3-5 on average, 25 fifty gallon drums. This data is found in the Nassau-Suffolk Regional "STOP" Progra~ Progress Report. The Town of Southold alone has disposed of over 145 55 gallon drums of laboratory-packed household hazardous wastes between July 1988 and June 1990. There are two alternatives considered to be effective for implementing a S.T.O.P. program for the Town. The first alternative, currently in operation in the Town, is to provide a permanent storage facility at a central location that can receive daily deliveries of household toxic materials. In the spring of 1988, the Town opened Long Island's first permanent, year-round household hazardous waste collection facility at the Town's solid waste complex. This is considered an advantage in the Town given the number of private vehicles that currently drop off wastes at the site~ The ability to deliver these wastes during normal hours of landfill operations may make this program more convenient, and is believed to increase public participation. Five times per year, at a minimum, a licensed hauler removes accumulated materials. The major drawback with this type of program is that the removal/processing costs can become very high as a result of the volume and types of wastes collected. A full time program may not be practical in a small community such as Fishers Island. A progra/n consisting of scheduled collection "events" may be preferable for the small quantity of household hazardous waste generated in communities with a small population. A licensed collector/hauler would collect these materials over the course of the S.'T.O.P. event(s), and remove them shortly thereafter for disposal. This alternative would minimize the time the collected toxic material remains in the Town. Further, most of the liability is shifted to the licensed collector/hauler. This alternative, however, is considered less convenient for residents as compared to a permanent S.T.O.P. program. A strong and vigorous public education and involvement program would help to maximize the participation in a S.T.O.P. program. If an effective public education and involvement program was implemented, the difference between a continuous collection program and a regularly scheduled collection program may be minimal. However, it is anticipated that the permanent S.T.O.P. facility currently in operation at the solid waste complex will achieve the greatest level of success in removing toxic materials from the waste stream as a result of the convenience for participation. 6504R/1 1027 S~4P 3-6 The nature of materials collected through the S.T.O.P. Facility poses special problems with regard to their recyclability. Only empty aerosol cans and car and boat batteries are currently recycled. Household batteries were at one time handled by a recycling firm which was able to recover only about 3% of the batteries for re-use, with the remainder being disposed. The cost of handling batteries in this way was found to be much higher than having them removed through a local HHW contractor. The Town is currently looking at paint reuse/recycle programs in the other areas in an effort to evaluate the suitability of such a program for Southold. Concerns about safety, monitoring, and the physical layout of the S.T.O.P. Facility make it unfeasible for the Town to consider recycling other HHW items at this time. Automobile and marine batteries can often be returned to auto part stores or junk yards and reclaimed for future use. Considering the toxicity potential associated with batteries, the relative ease and safety of storage, and the opportunities available for recycling, a continuous program to recover batteries could be an effective part of any household hazardous waste removal program. It should be noted that the New York State legislature has passed legislation requiring a $5 deposit on car batteries. Under this law, consumers who return a used battery when they purchase a new one are exempt. 3.1.3 M~terials Recvclinc It is estimated that approximately 70% to 80% of the residential waste stream is comprised of potentially recyclable material. However, the recovery rates for this component demonstrate that it is not possible to capture all the recyclable materials present in the waste stream. In order to effectively reduce the waste requiring disposal, it is necessary to develop a system for collecting, processing, and marketing a substantial percentage of these recyclable materials. Appendix A contains a revised Comprehensive Recycling Analysis that further develops the preliminary discussions presented in the Town's initial SWMP. Potential Recvclables Paper: One of the largest components of the waste stream is paper, constituting approximately 15% of the wastes collected in the Town. 6504R/1 1027 ~ 3--7 This component includes newspaper, magazines, corrugated boxes, brown paper bags, paperboard, low grade paper, books, and office paper. Most paper waste is relatively easy to collect and process. Approximately 2,600 tons of paper (approximately 8% of the waste stream) were recycled in the Town during 1994. Markets are available for many of these grades, including newspapers, corrugated, and high quality office paper such as white ledgers and computer printouts. Although markets for lower grades of paper are not well established, the Town still has the opportunity to recycle paper within the region. Glass: Markets are locally available for flint containers and mixed green and amber glass. It is more difficult to locate local markets for plate glass since most are outside the region. Clear, green, and amber glass are currently being collected for recycling in the Town. Alternative uses for recycled glass include incorporation into asphalt and as a fill material. This component accounts for approximately 3% of the total waste strea~. Ferrous Metals: This category includes magnetized materials such as tin and bimetal containers, iron, and steel products. A substantial amount of bulky ferrous products are already recovered at the Town's solid waste complex through the drop-off of major household appliances (white goods). Tin cans are also currently being collected and recycled at the complex. This recycling substantially reduces the amount of metals in the waste stream. However, current USEPA regulations regarding PCB contamination of scrap yards have somewhat retarded the scrap metal market. Ferrous metals co~rise approximately 9% of the total waste stream in the Town. Nonferrous Metals: This category consists of alaminum food and beverage containers, foil, furniture, structural debris, and housewares. A large portion of nonferrous metal is already being recycled through public participation in the Beverage Container Act. Aluminum cans are currently collected and recycled at the Town's solid waste complex. Demand for aluminum containers and other types of scrap is strong. Nonferrous metals account for approximately 1% of the total waste stream in the Town. Plastics: The generation of plastics is expected to steadily increase, and is a larger component by volume than by weight of the total waste stream. Plastics are currently recovered and marketed in the Town. As markets continue to develop, and through new 6504R/1 1027 S~MP 3-8 processing strategies that are evolving as a result of the increased demand for plastics, it could be expected that more plastic types will be recovered in the future. Plastics comprise approximately 3% by weight of the total waste stream in the Town. Plastic containers are currently being recycled in the Town. Yard Waste: This category is highly seasonal, and can consist of leaves, grass clippings, brush, and other vegetative materials. Yard waste is easy to separate from the waste stream and compost. The Town has recently implemented a yard waste composting operation for leaves at the solid waste complex. Small backyard composting efforts provide a recycling option that benefits the generator of the end product. Local markets for compost products could be developed and would make composting a more feasible solid waste management option. This material accounts for approximately 14% of the total waste streaun in the Town. Rubber: This category includes tires and other miscellaneous rubber items. Tires are relatively easy to collect, but difficult to process and market. This material accounts for approximately 1% of the total waste stream in the Town. Textiles: The items included in this category are clothing and other household fabric. These materials are most often recycled through second-hand stores and charitable organizations. However, further waste reduction could be accomplished through additional collection, processing, and market development. A clothing bin is currently maintained at the Town's solid waste complex. Food Wastes: While this component constitutes approximately 7% of the total waste stream in the Town, it is difficult to separate and collect or recycle residential food wastes through a centralized system. Some reduction in residential food waste is possible through backyard composting. Centralized composting systems might also be utilized for sorted residential food wastes, or from highly concentrated pure commercial/industrial sources such as restaurants or food processing operations. In addition, food wastes can be effectively processed through solid waste composting programs. Batteries and Household Hazardous Waste: These wastes require special treatment. While they typically comprise less than 1% of the waste stream, they may have a relatively greater potential environmental effect than other portions of the waste stream. 6504R/1 1027 ~ 3--9 Substitution for less toxic products, purchase of smaller and more readily depleted containers, and the use of rechargeable batteries can help accomplish waste reduction. The Town currently maintains a S.T.O.P. program and battery drop-off area at the solid waste complex. Technical and ManaGement Options The technical issues associated with the development of a recycling program involve collection, processing, and marketing of materials. Management decisions (requirements, equipment choices, legislative and administrative constraints) are tied to these considerations. The following discussion presents a variety of alternatives for managing a recycling program, not simply those currently in use in the Town. Existing practices are detailed more fully in the CP~. There are several equipment and management options for the technical aspects involving the collection and processing of recyclables. The collection options include: o Stationary, staffed drop-off facilities o Stationary, unstaffed drop-off facilities o Curbside collection of separated materials o Curbside collection of commingled materials The processing options include: o No processing of materials o Simple compacting systems o Simple compacting and sorting systems o Capital intensive processing systems To comparatively analyze the technical issues and options listed above, it is necessary to identify and evaluate the available marketing opportunities for recyclable materials. The end user of the materials will demand certain specific material quality and delivery conditions which are expected to effect the processing system configurations. These options are discussed below in their relation to potential marketing procedures, and discussed in greater detail in the 1990 GEIS. 6504R/I i027 ~ 3-10 Collection Method: The Town could develop a collection system that combines several strategies. Every household in the Town could receive curbside collection, but could also have the opportunity to utilize a recyclable drop-off center. Material separations and collections would be enforced through the adoption of a mandatory recycling ordinance, which was required by the State in 1992 and instituted by the Town. No recyclable materials are allowed in the special bags used for garbage and recycling is mandatory in the Town. Recycling legislation would identify the materials that should be recovered from the waste stream (tires, batteries, glass, newspaper, yard/green waste, corrugated cardboard, major household appliances, metals, household hazardous wastes, and construction and demolition debris). The State's 1997 recycling goal is 50%. Consequently, the Town would aim to meet, or exceed, the State's recycling objectives in the long-term by recycling each of the mandated materials. In 1990, the Town recovered 3.5% of the waste strea~a. In 1992, this figure rose to approximately 11.2% of the waste stream, and at the end of 1994 stood at 34%. While collection of commingled recyclable materials has obvious positive features and drawbacks. The Town's experience shows that a fully source- separated system, with the right incentives, can result in high participation and recovery rates. Cormmingled collection, however, normally requires a combination of mechanical and manual sorting mechanisms, which is more capital intensive than a program where recyclable materials are presorted by the resident. Marketinc Stratecies: The development of a recycling program requires a system capable of providing for the collection, transportation, processing, and marketing of large amounts of materials. The collection, transportation, and processing system, however, is highly contingent upon the ability to move the recovered materials back into the economic mainstream in the form of raw materials. To this end, the Town could deliver materials to market in two ways: 0 Segregated 0 Cormmingled 6504R/i 1027 S~MP 3-11 Cor~ningled materials describes a mixture which might include glass, aluminum, steel, bimetal, and/or plastic containers. Paper grades are kept separate. Segregated materials refers to the separation of each recyclable item on an individual basis. Given the market conditions described in the 1990 GEIS opportunities for regional processing and marketing approaches, options are available for consideration: and potential the following o Direct marketing of segregated materials (The Town currently follows this approach); o Export materials to a privately owned and operated materials recycling facility (MRF); 0 Develop a MRF to be owned and operated by the Town; 0 Participate in an existing or soon to be opened MRF with another town; and o Participate in regional cooperative marketing arrangements. Facility development and operations are most economical after achieving a certain economy of scale. One option would be the development of a materials sorting facility with the other four east end Towns of Riverhead, Shelter Island, Southampton, and East Hampton. The economy of scale created by the east end communities could minimize the cost for each town as compared to the cost of implementing an individual program. It may also be possible for the Town to obtain capacity, if available, at the Islip or Brookhaven materials recovery facility. Alternatively, the Town has the option of developing its own processing system to meet its needs, or to procure contract services from a private contractor through appropriate procurement procedures. Processinc Method: The principal technical objective of all material recycling facilities is to achieve high volume sorting and bulk shipping efficiency. The primary characteristic of simple sorting systems is that most sorting of materials is done by hand. The most co,non equipment utilized in such a system is a conveyor that moves materials from one work station to another. Each station along the conveyor is designed to remove a single material from the conveyor belt. (The Town's current, source-separated recycling program requires only minimal processing in the form of baling certain materials). Use of low cost, or sometimes no cost, labor sources is common to many simple sorting facilities throughout the country. Employing the handicapped, prison 6504R/1 1027 ~ 3-12 work release individuals, job training clients, and disadvantaged youth provides a recycling facility with inexpensive labor and can benefit the specific group as well. Advanced sorting and processing systems combine labor and technology in a manner similar to simple sorting systems. The major difference is that advanced systems utilize mechanical sorters and processors to a greater extent. The use of machinery is employed for four reasons: To achieve high volume sorting and bulk shipping efficiencies; o o To make the material more valuable in the market place; o To increase worker productivity; and o To decrease labor requirements. The general technological approaches used to achieve this objective are comparable in principle to other sorting operations. The variety of commercially available capital or labor intensive recycling technologies depend on the vendor or designer of the operation. The process employed can be loosely visualized as a tree diagram. Materials which are physically similar {e.g., containers or paper products) arrive or are separated into single streams. The material flow, as it progresses through the processing system, is split into branches consisting of specific single material grades that are acceptable to markets. Certain processing steps or functions appear common to all systems since they have no effective alternatives. Some examples are: o Ferrous materials are removed magnetically; o Glass containers are color sorted manually; o Paper products are baled; o Conveyors are used to move materials between processing points in the system; o Large unrecyclable materials are removed manually, usually at picking stations located at the beginning of the processing lines; and o Air classifiers separate light items from heavier materials. The Town has the potential of being part of a regional east end effort or to pursue the development of a system to handle only materials generated in the Town. The Town 6504R/1 1027 ~ 3--13 can also use an existing or proposed facility elsewhere. Materials could be exported out of the Town for processing by another town's facility, or could be processed locally by an in-Town facility. The East End Recycling Association {E2RA) previously investigated the feasibility of a processing center at Westhampton Airport in Southampton. However, this is no longer being pursued. The Towns of Brookhaven and Islip have operating materials recovery facilities. 3.1.4 Collection Options The purpose of a collection system is to accumulate designated materials from a number of sources for delivery to either a storage and processing center or a final user. In order to be effective, the collection system would need to incorporate into its design functions services which would ensure maximum participation by waste generators and conform to the quality and delivery requirements of processing centers or markets. Therefore, the principal strategy for developing collection services in the Town could follow a two pronged approach. Establishment of a collection system which could, rely heavily on the participant to prepare materials and then deliver them to a center, and require the solid waste haulers operating in the Town to provide curbside collection of recyclable materials. This approach, which is currently being followed by the Town, provides residents and businesses with an immediate opportunity to recycle. Developing facilities for receiving materials collected by public or private haulers so that curbside collection services could be made available to all residents and businesses. The evolution of collection services from an interim phase to a long-term mandatory phase would be based on changes that would not significantly alter initial requirements, with the exception of adding new materials when feasible. Collection of materials designated by the marketing plan has been accomplished through the use of the existing recycling drop-off area at the Town's collection center for residents, and the drop-off center for delivery of large quantities of recyclables, as well as curbside collection occurring throughout the Town. These centers, currently located at the Town solid waste complex, could be expanded to accommodate larger quantities of deliveries of sorted materials brought by residents, businesses, and haulers. The Town is in the process of submitting an engineering report and permit application on a new transfer station that would expand this drop-off center. 6504R/1 1027 S~MP 3-14 Another method to achieve collection of recyclables could be to schedule separate collection days for bundled newspapers and a recycling container containing plastics, metals, and glass. Newspapers would be set out the first week, and the recycling container set out the following week. This would limit the amount of on route sorting and compartment requirements needed for collection. The Town could assist the development of these collection systems by supplying or providing at cost: o Set-out containers o Public information materials o Town recycling drop-off centers for receiving and marketing recyclable materials o Technical assistance on equipment selection There are a number of set-out containers which are now commercially available for recyclable collections. Some preliminary research that has been conducted into the effectiveness and user satisfaction of these different containers appears to favor triple stacking containers and single open bins. The former simplifies the collector's task, but is more expensive. The single open bin is less expensive and has worked effectively in a number of Long Island towns, especially where some on route sorting is needed. The experiences of many recyclables collection systems indicate that the scheduling of collection services, with respect to when and how often it occurs, has a great impact on participation. It is possible to schedule collections: o On the same day as solid waste collections o At least two to three times per month The Town could work with the carters in developing and testing innovative approaches to integrating the collection of solid wastes and recyclables. Cooperation and involvement with the private sector can assist in the ease of implementation during the early stages of the program. One approach that can be utilized is a trailer that is attached to a compactor collection vehicle by an overhead gooseneck hitch. This approach is being used successfully in the Village of Potsdam, New York. 6504R/! 1027 · -~!1:~ 3-15 The Town could also conduct a conm~ercial and institutional waste utilization and practices survey which would allow the Town to identify existing recycling activities in the private sector. This research would help the Town formulate an action plan for increasing the recovery of materials from the commercial and institutional sectors in the long-term. In addition, the Town could work directly with companies, which have been identified through a review of commercial and industrial listings as possible generators of large quantities of recyclable or compostable waste materials. One effective form of assistance is an on-site solid waste audit with the plant or facility manager. The objective of this audit would be to identify and characterize all waste sources within the facility, estimate the percentage that is potentially recyctable or compostable, and determine the potential approaches for recovering this material. The audit would aid establishments in complying with the mandatory separation ordinances by identifying the recyclable materials present in their waste stream. The Town could also provide assistance in designing a source separation program for each establishment. This could be done in cooperation with the hauler. High-grade office paper and corrugated cardboard are recovered from commercial and institutional sources in the Town. The recycling drop-off areas have been expanded to receive these materials. The Town has worked with private haulers in developing collection services for these sources in addition to developing their own recovery program for Town offices. Commercial and institutional organizations face a number of potential issues concerning materials recovery which include: 0 Inadequate storage space to accumulate large quantities of source separated materials. 0 Poor access to markets willing to handle small quantities. 0 Limited capital for making structural modifications or equipment purchases which facilitate storage and hauling. 0 Lack of information about the availability of markets, services, or methods for economically recovering recyclable materials. It may be necessary to modify existing collection services or to create new ones to help overcome these issues. Collection systems should be designed to recover small quantities of materials from a dispersed number of sources. This could be accomplished 6504R/1 1027 ~P 3-1~ through collections dedicated to one material, such as high-grade paper, or designed to recover multiple materials using a compartmentalized vehicle or receptacles in shopping areas. Information on the efficiency of these collection approaches would be made available to the public and the private haulers. Finally, the Town could work with haulers in developing effective collection systems for compostable yard/green wastes. The following strategies could be pursued: Information could be distributed, through the assistance of appropriate local agencies and the Cornell Cooperative Extension, on suitable backyard composting methods. The objective of this action would be to reduce the quantity of comDostable materials requiring collection ~rom residential sources and increase the recycling efforts on a more local basis with tangible benefits for the generator. In addition, landscapers and industrial grounds maintenance businesses could be contacted to discuss their interests in providing backyard or on-site composting services to their customers. Developing public education and involvement programs directed toward not collecting grass clippings. By leaving grass clippings on the lawn, nutrients are returned, moisture retention is improved, and the waste stres_m is reduced. (In 1994, the Town implemented a tip fee charge for grass clippings resulting in a 70% reduction in clippings brought to the collection center.) An assessment could be made of collection practices, such as the use of plastic bags, that introduce materials which interfere with the composting process or degrade the quality of the final product. The use of paper bags could be encouraged where bulk collection of yard/green wastes is not practical. An assessment could be made on the value and cost of the collection of yard/green wastes by the Town Highway Department. New opportunities for developing separate collections of yard/green wastes for composting would be identified and developed. An assessment of collection systems within the Town to be used over the long-term would be expected to be guided by the following technical and economic data: o Aggregate and per capita recovery rates o Changes in solid waste and recyclables collection productivities o Pricing trends for collection services o Feedback from haulers, residents, and businesses The analysis of this data would be used ~or determining what changes, if any, 6504R/1 1027 S~MP 3-17 would be warranted in collection procedures, recycling facility designs and operations, or out-of-Town options. These changes could be accomplished through improved collection technologies or procedures, regulatory mechanisms, more effective economic incentives, or a combination of these approaches. 3.1.5 Yard Waste and Source Separated Material ComDostin~ Composting is a biological process in which microorganisms decompose organic materials into a humus-like product. Composting operations can increase the rate at which these microorganisms metabolize by optimizing environmental conditions. The upper limit of the rate is a function of the microbial population. Once optimal environmental conditions are established, key parameters must be monitored to maintain the maximum levels of decomposition. The parameters discussed below are critical to the biological process regardless of the organic matter to be composted. Oxygen: The oxygen level in normal air is 21%. Aerobic microbes require oxygen to metabolize and are responsible for efficient decomDosition. Anaerobic microbes, which function in the absence of oxygen, begin to metabolize when the oxygen level approaches 5%. The end product of anaerobic activity is high in organic acids which lower the pH of the material and generate objectionable odors. If the pH drops low enough, it can cause preservation of the organic material, much like cucumbers that are pickled in vinegar for long-term storage. Monitoring oxygen levels in an active compost process provides necessary information to manage the system in a way that should not allow oxygen levels to drop low enough to drastically slow down the rate of decomposition or create odor problems. Temperature: Decomposition is continual in a temperature range of 70-140oF. Temperatures above this range cause the desired microbes to be killed off. Subsequently, the rate of decomposition drops off rapidly. Each microorganism generates a small quantity of heat. The closer the system is to the ideal environmental condition, ~he faster heat will build up. Maximum decomposition occurs at or just below 140oF. Once temperatures exceed 140oF, heat must be removed. 6504R/1 1027 SWMP 3-18 This is often accomplished through forced aeration or mechanical agitation such as turning of the organic material. Since a large quantity of air is required to control temperatures, a system which aerates sufficiently for cooling purposes will consequently keep oxygen levels high. Moisture: Moisture is required for decomposition. The drying of organic material, s~ch as food or flowers, is an historic method of preservation. A 50% moisture level is considered ideal for decomposition; whereas, a saturated system is undesirable since anaerobic activity will begin to take place when water has filled all the interstitial air spaces. Combustible Gas: Combustible gases, methane in particular, are produced during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. The presence of even minute quantities indicate a depletion of available oxygen and the activation of anaerobic microbes. The careful monitoring of temperature and oxygen levels can prevent the system from degenerating to the point of producing combustible gases, but immediate remedial action is required if any such gases are detected. Below is a discussion of various materials that can be composted as part of an agricultural/yard waste only composting system, or a program expanded to include other materials that have been source separated to reduce or eliminate contaraination of the feed stock. Leaves are the easiest component of the waste stream to incorporate into a composting process. Small quantities of leaves are generated throughout the year, with the bulk being produced in the fall. Leaves are typically estimated to be somewhere between 5% and 20% of the residential waste stream of most communities, with suburban areas producing the largest amount per capita. Some yard waste composting operators prefer that plastic bags not be accepted at a compost facility since opening the bags is a labor intensive process, and activity inside airtight bags rapidly becomes anaerobic, creating odor problems. Biodegradable paper bags are a growing acceptable alternative. This alternative has been used in other Long Island towns. The Town of Brookhaven, for example, has supplied biodegradable paper 6504R/1 1027 ~ 3--19 bags to residents whose yard waste is collected for composting. In addition, residents delivering relatively small quantities of leaves could empty plastic bags themselves when they deliver leaves to a compost facility. The level of technology necessary for the composting of leaves can be quite low. Windrows (piles six feet high and as long as necessary) can be turned according to a schedule with just a front-end loader. This type of system may result in some odor problems if not monitored properly, and can take between twelve months to eighteen months to produce a final compost product. As land becomes less available, the need to speed the process increases. Careful monitoring of oxygen, temperature, combustible gas, and moisture can speed up the process. If a front-end loader is used for turning, this process can take nine months to twelve months. Adding a shredder to the process would improve the uniformity of the final product, as well as remove some of the contaminants and help reach final product within a year. A frond end loader, monitoring, and a shredder/screen would be necessary to obtain a marketable compost in less than eight months time. If the intended use of the material is for landfill cover only, the shredding may not be necessary. If a greenhouse or other similar industry is the targeted market, this additional processing may be required. The effectiveness of the turning is dependent on both the type of equipment used and the care and interest shown by the operator. A front-end loader does not break up all the clumps that can ~orm in a pile, so a leaf turning machine is often recommended to ensure uniformity of the final product for larger operations. This machine is especially useful where the final product must be available in less than a year and be acceptable to the horticulture industry. Leaves are currently being delivered to the Town's solid waste complex by the Highway Department, private carters, landscapers, and residents. The generation of leaves is such that they can easily be kept separate from other segments of the waste streara, making collection at a compost facility relatively 6504R/I 1027 ~ 3-20 easy to accomplish. In May 1990, the To~n received approval from NYSDEC for a small scale yard waste compostinG operation for less than 3,000 cubic yards of leaves annually. A Part 360 Engineering Report and permit Application has been submitted by the Town that describes the compostinG effort for all 9,000 tons per year of yard waste, exclusive of Grass, that will be composted by the Town. Grass Clipp%Bgs In some communities, the volume of grass clippings is almost equal to the volume of leaves. Adding Grass clippings to a compost operation increases the need for monitoring and a higher technology approach to the system. Grass clippings in a pile, or worse in plastic bags, deplete the oxygen supply rapidly. One reason for this is that Grass clippings, unlike leaves, are alive. The natural respiration process of the Grass uses up the available oxygen before aerobic decomposition can get started. Respiration increases as temperatures rise, so on a hot day oxygen depletion requires little time, sometimes only a few hours. Severe odor problems can be generated before the material Gets to the compost site. Once at the compost facility, the clippings must be blended with another material to bulk up the clippings in order to facilitate oxygen penetration and slow down the process. Grass clippings are also high in nitrogen and moisture which speeds up the rate of decomposition. Mixing them uniformly with an organic material that is low in nitrogen and high in carbon, such as chipped brush or leaves, will slow down the rate of decomposition and provide necessary nitrogen for the decomposition process of the woodier materials. The most common bulking materials are leaves and wood chips; however, paper has a similar potential. Since odors can be a serious problem when Grass clippings are brought into a facility, it is suggested that other options be considered. One option might be to ban Grass clippings from the waste stream. This approach could help to achieve a reduction in the Generation of clippings. This could be accomplished by the modification of cultural techniques in lawn care. Clippings can be left on the lawn if they are small enough to filter down to the soil level. This can be accomplished by more frequent mowing, or by the use 6504R/1 1027 ST~4~ 3-21 of a mower that chops the clippings into tiny pieces. TORO sells a machine, called the "Recycler," designed to accomplish this. Altering lawn fertilizer programs can slow down the growth rate of lawns. Heavy fall applications of fertilizer that generate healthy root systems are preferred over spring applications which produce more top growth. Mixing grass clippings with leaves at the point of generation is the best way to avoid the production of odors. This can be done at golf courses, large institutions, corporations, and other locations containing extensive grounds or even in residential backyards. The Town will not compost grass with its other yard waste. A public education program designed to inform the public about the benefits of reducing the generation of grass clippings and promoting on-site or "backyard" composting would help reduce the remaining grass clipping stream. In 1994, the Tow~ levied a tip fee on grass clippings which resulted in a 70% reduction in the quantity of grass handled by the Town. Any grass still brought to the facility is treated as garbage and shipped out of Tow~. Brush and Land Clearinc Debris Prunings from trees and shrubs are generated all year long, but in greater quantity in the spring. Some of this material can be cut into firewood for sale or distribution to the public. Stumps and 10gs and other land clearing debris is similar in nature to the brush only much more dense and larger in nature. By far, the bulk of it must be chipped. Clean wood chips can be used "as is" for landscaping mulch. The rest can be mixed with a material such as grass clippings, sludge, or other waste that supplies nitrogen to speed the decomposition of the high carbon woody material. Partially decomposed wood chips, which have a softer look than raw chips, make an attractive mulch that could be highly marketable to the landscaping industry. Larger limbs and small tree trunks can be sectioned for use as firewood. A part of the collection center could be designated as a distribution point for sectioned wood to be taken away for use as firewood. Wood chips from brush and land clearing debris have been used on-site by the Town for edging and area delineation and distributed free of charge to those who come and pick up the chips. All wood chips generated are used. 6504R/1 1027 ~ 3-22 Acricultuua~ W~ste While only 1.25% of the Town's waste in 1989 was identified as agricultural in nature, this corresponds to over 500 tons per year of potentially source separated compostable materials relatively free of mixed municipal solid wastes. The varying types of vegetable wastes in these loads presents a source separated feed stock with varying properties. Chaff and the woodier type materials could represent a higher carbon/lower nitrogen material, somewhat analogous to leaves, while greener more consumable portions of this waste could be expected to be higher in moisture and nitrogen. Uncontaminated deliveries of these agricultural products could be shredded and incorporated into a yard waste composting operation, or into a higher technology composting operation. Monitoring of the composting process would need to be increased in order to establish the oxygen depletion, temperature, and moisture effects on the composting operation from the varying types of agricultural products incorporated into the process. Sand/sod from commercial sod operations is a large component of the Town's waste stream (approximately 14%). Sod and some dirt could be added to compost operations, and sand could be recovered and used to reclaim the borrow area and as a component of the landfill capping materials. Newsprint Newsprint is an organic waste that can be composted. Ideally, this material could be recycled. Considering the occasional instability in recycling markets, having the capacity to compost newsprint would add flexibility and stability to managing this component of the waste strea/n, even though the Town at present has no plans to add newsprint to its yard waste compost program. Incorporating pure streams of newsprint into a yard waste and/or agricultural waste compost system may produce a product which could fall under stricter application regulations. Extensive monitoring and testing of a compost end product would help to identify the compost product composition. The incorporation of municipal solid waste or sludge into a compost system may affect whether the end product is classified as Class I or Class II compost, based primarily on heavy metal content. Both classes have more restricted applications than compost produced strictly from yard, food processing, or agricultural waste. Markets for this product would depend on how the material is classified. 6504R/1 1027 ~ 3-23 Newspapers are high in carbon and low in both nitrogen and moisture. Blending shredded newsprint with a high nitrogen material would speed the decomposition process. Increasing moisture levels to 50% is necessary for composting to take place. A mixture of newsprint and grass clippings could be a possible successful combination since grass clippings are high in both nitrogen and moisture. The previously discussed collection issues involving grass would still have to be addressed, but composting grass in combination with newsprint would be a way to manage two components of the waste strea/n. Another possibility is the composting of leaves and paper together without grass or agricultural wastes. Leaves have a lower potential for odor formation than grass clippings. The addition of newsprint to a leaf composting operation would not be expected to increase odor formation. The composting of newsprint or low grade paper with leaves would be another method of recycling this material. Should the markets for newsprint decrease in cost or begin to generate revenues, newsprint could be diverted from composting operations for sale to secondary markets. Such an operation could provide flexibility in the management of these recyclable resources. The composting of newsprint would require additional equipment to shred the material. The fineness of the shred will affect the speed of decomposition and, subsequently, the level of supervision necessary to manage the system. Other Paper Mixed, low-grade paper is also compostable, although currently, there is a strong market demand for this grade of paper as is. A high percentage of this paper is glossy coated and more difficult to compost. Research conducted by International Process System (IPS) indicates that very fine shredding of this type of paper is necessary to make composting worthwhile. The fine shredding provides increased uncoated surface area for the microorganisms to utilize. This light, fluffy material requires a mixer to keep it adequately and uniformly moist. The research project by IPS incorporated sludge to provide both moisture and nitrogen. Composting of low-grade paper may be a valid recycling alternative, should market demand for it contract. High-grade office paper can also be composted, but is not recon~nended due to the availability of markets for this material as is. 6504R/1 1027 S~4P 3-24 Sludge Liquid or semiliquid sludge is another source of nitrogen and moisture that may be blended with leaves, newsprint, or woodchips, and then composted. The introduction of sludge into the system would involve regulations governing the uses of the compost material. The heavy metal content could possibly affect whether the product is Class I or Class II compost. Sludge generated at the Greenport wastewater treatment facility would need to be tested prior to, during, and following the composting process. Mixing of the material could also affect the uniformity of decomposition and the quality of the final product. The purchase of shredding and mixing equipment would have to be considered if long-term sludge composting is to be accomplished. In-vessel compost systems may also be desirable in this case depending on volume of material, land availability, and available markets. Food Waste One way in which food waste might be composted would be if it could be collected in a source separated manner that prevents contamination of this component before being incorporated into a composting operation. Source separation of food wastes has been performed in Europe, but may not be easily accomplished in the Town. The incorporation of food waste into a composting program would require the upgrading of the processing and collection program beyond the low technology windrow methods that have been discussed. The highly putrescible nature of this material results in rapid odor formation. Residential collection of food waste as a separate component would be very costly and produce only small quantities of material, largely due to the increased use of prepared foods. The percent of the waste stream estimated to be food waste is approximately 6% by weight. The collection of separated food waste from institutional and commercial sources could be more feasible. This would include restaurants, schools, hospitals, and nursing homes. The composting of this material may require a high technology, housed, in-vessel system to control odors and prevent rodent and insect population increases. Such systems include a trough system such as IPS, a drum system such as Dano or Eweson, or a bin system such as Fairfield Hardy. All but the trough system require additional compost time in a windrow or static pile prior to reaching ~inal product. Advanced composting technologies are 6504R/1 1027 S~'4P 3-25 evaluated further in Section 3.1.9 of this document. 3.1.6 Construction and Demolition Debris (C&D) There are three disposal/processing alternative methodologies to consider concerning construction and demolition debris (C&D). These technology alternatives are: o Recycling o Landfilling o Incineration Recycling of construction and demolition debris can entail some processing of materials or shipment to secondary materials markets. The processing of this material could produce an end product with several uses, including daily landfill cover material. Wood can be chipped and used for landscaping or as a bulking agent in composting operations. Cement, cement block, or concrete can be pulverized to form an aggregate that can be used for roadbed preparation, concrete mixes, and other applications. Metals recovered from C&D debris may be of sufficient quantity and cleanliness to be transported to secondary materials markets. Some metals may need processing, such as the removal of encrusting cement, before they can be recovered. Due to its varied nature, construction and demolition debris lends itself to the recovery of materials as part of a recycling program. Requirements for construction and demolition debris landfills in New York State are not as strict as for municipal solid waste. Clean fill, as construction and demolition debris is sometimes referred to, can be disposed of in a landfill constructed with one composite liner and leachate collection system depending on the hydrogeologic characteristics of the area. This differs from landfills for municipal solid waste where two liner systems and two leachate collection systems are required. Groundwater monitoring, gas venting, and closure requirements are similar for the two types of landfills. It is possible to incinerate some components of the construction and demolition debris waste stream. Energy recovery facilities are discussed more fully in Section 3.1.8 and the 1990 GEIS. Reduction of the weight and volume of construction and demolition debris through incineration, with or without energy recovery, can reduce the amount of waste to be landfilled. However, not all of 6504R/1 1027 ~ 3-26 the construction and demolition debris waste stream is combustible, and other methods discussed in this Section would need to be used in conjunction with this alternative. 3.1.7 LaDd C~earin~ Debris When open land is developed, it is cleared of vegetation and some soils and rocks. Holes are often dug on a site for foundations or other needs. This process generates wastes in the form of dirt, gravel, rocks, trees, stumps, and vegetation. There are three alternatives available for the components of land clearing debris. These alternatives are: o Recycling/composting (Currently practiced in Southold) o Incineration/energy recovery o Landfilling Trees, stumps, and other wood wastes can be recycled by being processed into wood chips, and vegetation and brush can be composted. Screening of vegetation, soils, dirt, rock, and gravel can separate these materials in order to reclaim topsoil and gravel for other uses. It is possible to recycle/compost significant portions of the debris generated by land clearing operations. Land clearing debris, similar to construction and demolition debris, can be placed in a clean fill category. These two components of the waste stream are often grouped together and treated in a similar manner. There are several types of systems for the processing and disposal of land clearing, construction, and demolition debris currently in operation today. A typical system could be capable of processing various types of light waste materials such as wood, sheet metals, and paper. Some systems are designed to process as much as 15 tons per hour of clean scrap wood into three streams: oversize, fines, and desired chip dimensions. Chip size is controlled by the size of the grates installed in the system. Some systems can process over 100 tons per day of scrap wood. Scrap wood up to 22 inches in diameter and 15 feet in length could be accepted. Systems are available to process hard aggregates (e.g., asphalt, concrete, rock mixed with dirt) along with land clearing debris and scrap lumber. These systems are designed to be resistant to the abrasive actions of fine particulate materials, as well as solid heavy materials such as rocks and metal scrap. 6504R/1 i027 SWMP 3-27 Facilities can be designed to incorporate several systems in order to acconm%odate scrap wood and mixed recyclable recovery. At a facility of this type, large amounts of scrap lumber or wood (e.g., branches, tree limbs, etc.) aredirected to a wood processing line. Large quantities of mixed recyclables (e.g., corrugated, glass, metals, etc.) are directed to a recovery line. Materials that appear to be largely unrecoverable are directed to a conveyor leading to a transfer station. Some of the wastes found in land clearing debris are combustible, and can be processed at an energy recovery facility. Additionally, large volumes of chipped or shredded wood resulting from land clearing operations could be used in an industrial boiler as fuel. While energy recovery processing may be feasible, the recycling potential of this element of the waste stream and the State's recycling goals suggest that this may not be the best disposal option available. There are residues from any solid waste operation that will need to be landfilledo These materials can be placed in a construction and demolition debris landfill as clean fill. Wherever possible, reduction of the volume and weight of materials destined for a landfill needs to be maximized. The volume and weight of land clearing debris that must be transferred and will be reduced through recycling in the expanded yard waste composting operations. 3.1.8 Energy Recovery Energy recovery is a technology that could reduce the weight and volume of solid waste by up to 75% and 90%, respectively. This is accomplished through a variety of feed, combustion, and processing technologies that are more thoroughly discussed in the 1990 GEIS. In general, all energy recovery facilities (also referred to as waste-to-energy) receive waste, feed the waste to the combustion process, recover energy in the form of steam for heating and/or electricity, and use emission control equipment to minimize the impact of exiting gases on the environment. Energy recovery of heat from the incineration of solid waste is the most developed and widely practiced technique for resource recovery in the world. On Long Island, there are existing facilities in the Towns of Islip, Hempstead, and Babylon. The Towns of Huntington/Smithtown have an energy recovery facility currently in operation. The Towns of Oyster Bay, North Hempstead and Brookhaven had previously proposed facilities, but they are no longer being pursued by these 6504R/1 !027 S~MP 3-28 Towns . Energy recovery, as a means of municipal solid waste processing, may be pursued by the Town through any one of the following procedures: By independent procurement of a Town facility. By entering into an agreement with a neighboring. Tow~(s) to procure a bi-town or multitown facility. By entering into an agreement with a town in the region which has a facility on-line or proposed which would be willing to commit, on a long-term basis, the required aunount of capacity to process a portion of Southold's waste. Under 6 NYCRR paragraph 360-3.2 (a) (11), "...a solid waste incinerator facility must have at least three separate solid waste process trains capable of being operated independently of each other," unless, "...it can be demonstrated to the department's satisfaction that there would be a significant increase in capital and operating costs that would outweigh the benefits associated with the installation of three process trains..." Accordingly, it is assu/ned here that three trains, each sized to process approximately 10 to 20 tons per day, would be the configuration required if the Town independently developed a facility to meet its own capacity requirements. In this size range (10 to 20 tons per day), it is projected that capital costs per installed ton of processing capacity for a field erected mass-burn stoker-fired water wall, or a refractory furnace processing train, would greatly exceed the corresponding cost for a modular maes-burn stoker-fired unit. As indicated in the initial 1990 SWMP, however, modular units have historically been subject to more frequent operating difficulties than field erected units and incur higher maintenance costs. The lack of complete burnout of combustible material inherent in this technology poses potential environmental problems with respect to residue disposal and, until such systems have demonstrated an ability to meet applicable regulations, a strong recommendation for this technology cannot be made. One point worthy of consideration concerning modular technology is that there is very limited experience in carrying out successful projects utilizing these systems to generate high enthalpy steam and electric power. Therefore, less assurance exists than in the case of a field erected unit that certain elements of system design required to recover marketable energy are adequately developed. SWMP 3-29 In order to determine whether or not a suitable market for low pressure steam exists in the Town, further research would be required. If the Town were to enter into a long-term agreement with a neighboring town(s} to develop an energy recovery project, the added capacity requirements would make the economics of a field-erected mass-burn facility more viable. As discussed in the initial SWMP, this technology has a demonstrated history of reliability in Europe and the U.S., and has th~ proven ability to produce a marketable product. Furthermore, existing facilities utilizing this technology in the U.S. and abroad have shown a consistent ability to operate within the requirements established by governmental agencies concerning air and water emissions, odor and noise control, and ash characteristics. 3.1.9 Municipal Solid Waste Comoostina The intent of composting operations, whether applied to yard waste, agricultural waste, or the mixed municipal solid waste stream, is to biologically transform the waste into an innocuous, useful product in an environmentally acceptable manner. Regardless of the waste, the biological process remains fundamentally the same. However, the composting of mixed municipal solid wastes (MSW) presents three unique obstacles to the process: (1) MSW is a heterogeneous mixture of organic and inorganic materials; (2) the composition of MSW varies from municipality to municipality and over time; and (3) MSW may contain household hazardous materials. The heterogeneity of MSW contrasts sharply with the characteristics of typical yard waste or other source separated feed stocks. Ordinarily, leaves and grass wastes are generated separately and are easily collected and composted individually. Mixed MSW contains numerous organic materials {e.g., yard waste, food waste, textiles, paper products) which are biodegradable to varying degrees, and numerous nondegradable inorganic materials as well. The inorganics (e.g., glass, metals, certain plastics) are not compostable and must be removed along with unacceptable conta/ninants, such as batteries, prior to (preprocessing) or following (postprocessing) the actual biological decomposition of the organic 6504R/1 1027 S~4P 3-30 material in order to provide a useful product. Consequently, as discussed in the initial 1990 SWMp, municipal solid waste composting systems are significantly more complex than homogenous, or source separated waste composting systems, and usually include three major steps: (1) preprocessing; (2) microbial decomposition {composting); and (3} postprocessing. Preprocessing is performed to remove bulky, hazardous, and nondegradable materials in the waste stream. It can recover recyclable constituents, achieve desired particle size reduction and distribution, and effect thorough mixing of the wastes. Separations may be accomplished by hand picking, magnetic removal of ferrous metals, air classification, and screening. Particle size reduction can be accomplished by tumbling the wastes in rotating drums or by shredding the waste using han~aer mills or shear shredders. The composting process itself may be conducted in a specially designed chamber (in-vessel), or by the windrow or aerated static pile methods. These composting technologies were discussed in detail in the initial 1990 SWMP. Post processing in MSW composting systems typically includes the use of screens, grinders, separators, or any corabination of this equipment that would remove inert materials from the organic composted fraction. Postprocessing may also include a final curing step in which microbial activity continues at a slower rate than during actual composting to produce a more stable product. MSW composting is still an emerging technology in this country and there is not a great deal of data available on operating experience, envirorunental impacts, and economic viability of these systems. Although European operating experience is more extensive, differences in waste stream composition make it difficult to draw direct comparisons. In any case, there are currently a number of vendors and equipment suppliers actively marketing MSW composting systems in the U.S. Vendor-by-vendor descriptions detailing the systems offered by several companies were presented in the initial SWMP. If the Town were to decide to develop a plan utilizing this technology, a demonstration project may provide a cost acceptable means of determining the viability of this application to the Town's mixed municipal solid waste. One potential limitation on the development or use of an MSW composting 6504R/1 1027 S~4P 3-31 system is the concern expressed by the Suffolk County Department of Health Services to the siting of MSW composting facilities and the use of the end product on Long Island. SCDHS has expressed concern regarding the application of the end product to land located in deep flow recharge areas, which would be subject'to Article 7 of the County's health ordinances. Pending the resolution of these concerns, it is uncertain at this time whether development of potential local markets for the end product of an MSW composting operation is possible. 3.1.10 Landfill Dismosal The State's 1990 Long Island Landfill Law effectively bans landfilling of raw waste on Long Island. Consequently, landfilling of the Town's residual portion of its waste on Long Island is not an option. 3.1.11 Alternative Methods of Processina/DisDosal of Other Wastes Certain components of the waste stream for the Town require special attention due to the unique characteristics of the type of waste, regulations pertaining to a particular waste, or the unique characteristics of the Town itself. These wastes may not fit conveniently into previously evaluated methodologies and technologies assessed earlier in this Section. M~ior Household Appliances Major household appliances, often referred to as "white goods", are currently stockpiled at the Town's solid waste complex and removed by a private hauler. Alternatives for the processing or handling of these items are: o Stockpiling and removal by an outside private recycling or disposal firm, (i.e., continuing existing practices). o Recycling in conjunction with operations of a materials recycling facility, either in-Town, out-of-Town, or at a local or regional facility, for sale to a secondary market. o Scavenging, stockpiling, crushing, and selling for scrap metals and parts. o Designating an "open market" or exchange system for residents to either purchase, exchange, or remove appliances that are usable. Any 6504R/1 1027 of these alternatives can be implemented. 3-32 Recycling at a local in-Town or regional recycling facility for a secondary market would be dependent on such a facility being constructed. None of the alternatives presented here have high capital, operation, or maintenance costs solely attributable to major household appliances. A materials recycling facility could entail comparatively high capital costs, but would not be exclusively used to process major household appliances. I~pacts associated with these alternatives are few. Should a recyclable or reusable method for dealing with these wastes be implemented, beneficial impacts associated with reuse or recycling would be expected. Any form of disposal, landfilling, or energy recovery would be expected to present the same impacts as the disposal option. It should be noted that old major household appliances could contain a capacitor with a small amount of polychlorinated byphenyl (PCB). Safe removal of this capacitor can be performed by the recycling firm that processes the appliances. Tires Tires present an interesting challenge to waste management. Either recycling of the rubber or the tire (retreading) can occur. Preprocessing facilities that shred tires in preparation for shipment to a secondary materials market generate considerable araounts of noise and require significant buffers for the noise levels to be in compliance with acceptable limits. Tires are currently stockpiled at the Town solid waste complex and removed by a private hauler. Alternatives to process/handle this waste are: Continue to stockpile and ship tires to corresponding facilities for: rubber reclamation, retreading, sludge composting, pyrolysis, cryogenics, and fuel additive facilities ior tire derived fuel (TDF) Construct and operate one of the aforementioned facilities Preprocess/shred tires for a secondary materials market Use waste tires for in-Town roadway/erosion barriers, or artificial reefs Landfill out-of-Town The landfilling alternative is not considered an acceptable alternative since it contravenes the NYS law and hierarchy for solid waste management. Further, 6504R/1 1027 S~H4P 3-33 landfilled tires present compaction problems which can create voids in the landfill that cause settling and reshifting, affecting the density of the fill. Stockpiling and shipping to a facility should not entail high capital or operation and maintenance costs. The drawbacks to this alternative are that stockpiled tires could provide habitats for mosquitos, and that storing of more than 1,000 tires requires a permit to operate a solid waste facility under 6 NYCRR Part 360-13. None of these drawbacks, however, are considered insurmountable or a constraint to implementing this alternative. One advantage of this alternative is that the tires may be sold to different markets for a variety of different processing options. Shellfish and Fish Waste Fish waste generated in the Town by restaurants, small processors, bay~en, and small retailers had been disposed of with mixed municipal solid waste at the Town landfill. There are several alternatives available for processing or disposal of this material. These alternatives include: o Transfer with garbage; o Low technology composting; and o Resource recovery through municipal solid waste composting or processing at an energy recovery facility. Due in part to its high nitrogen content, fish waste can be composted alone. However, the potential for the generation of odors would be greater than the composting of other materials due to the high concentration of amines present in fish waste; therefore an in-vessel system may be desirable. A demonstration composting operation for fish waste undertaken by the New York State Sea Grant Institute has indicated that the odor problems can be overcome. The project utilizes a static pile which circulates air underneath the decomposing material, and maximizes drainage through the installation of a drainage pipe in the underlying bed. This project has composted approximately 15 tons of fish waste without generating significant odors. Historically, fish wastes have been incorporated into some backyard composting operations. The end product of fish waste composting is potentially more valuable than that of yard waste composting operations by itself. In 6504R/1 1027 S~4P 3-34 addition to good water and nutrient retention qualities, fish waste compost is rich in nutrients which make it an excellent soil additive similar to organic fertilizers. The feasibility of fish waste composting will depend to a great extent on available quantities, ease of segregation, and future NYSDEC regulations regarding use of the end product. Resource recovery through municipal solid waste composting or processing at an energy recovery facility is another alternative. This option would involve composting or processing of fish waste with the Town's mixed municipal solid waste, and therefore would depend on the technical alternative chosen by the Shellfish waste, primarily shells, can be crushed for a calcium source in gardens. Alternatively, shells can be placed in potholes on dirt and gravel roads for road maintenance. Small, undeveloped parking areas near seafood establishments have been known to fill potholes in this manner. This could provide a means of recycling this material and reducing the Town's waste stream. The Town received approximately 300 tons of shellfish debris at its landfill in 1994. Sludge The Town is served by the Southold scavenger waste treatment and Village of Greenport sewage treatment plants. As part of the treatment processes, one of the end products is sludge. Approximately 300 tons of sludge from the treatment plants was landfilled in 1992, the last full year in which sludge was accepted for disposal. Sludge from wastewater treatment plants can be either a benign residue of biological wastes or a contaminated waste. The sludge from the Southold treatment plants is considered to have relatively acceptable levels of heavy metals and other contaminants. Municipal sewage sludge is normally not a hazardous waste; it is a solid waste for which there are several alternative technologies available for handling, processing, or disposal. These alternatives include: o Incineration or cocombustion o Out-of-Town disposal or processing o Landspreading/application o Composting 65048/1 1027 ~ 3-35 Building an incinerator exclusively for this waste is an option, but would be expensive. This may be a long-term solution for the scavenger wastewater plants, but the decision should be made as part of facilities planning efforts performed by the plants. An incinerator for sludge would be less expensive, however, than a mass-burn or modular incinerator would be for municipal solid waste. If an energy recovery facility were to be built by the Town, then the cocombustion of sludge with MSW should be considered. Use of the cocombustion facility in Glen Cove, for Southold's sludge, would not be possible since this facility is not in operation at this time. Landspreading and land application of sludge is a possible option. Regulations governing this practice are found in 6 NYCRR Part 360-4. However, the Town would need to acquire a substantial piece, or pieces, of property in order to provide for the 300 to 400 tons per year of sludge. Composting of sludge is another possibility. Com~osting of sewage sludge has been implemented with success in this country. One of the best known cases is the City of Milwaukee's composting operation for sludge which produces a viable, marketable end product that is sold nationally. Composting of sludge can be done in the following ways: o The cost of be much product would require more extensive regulated in 6 NYCRR Part 360-5. Sludge with a bulking agent in windrows. Sludge with yard waste, woodchips, and/or shredded paper as the bulking agent in windrows. Sludge and MSW in an in-vessel composting system. Sludge with yard waste with or without an in-vessel composting system. Town currently has a windrow composting operation for yard waste. The low technology windrow composting of sludge with yard waste should not higher than those discussed earlier in Section 3. Marketing of the end testing to classify the product, as The generators of the sludge in the Town can obtain disposal locations at a larger sewage treatment plant or contract with a private vendor to handle liquid sludge or sludge cake thereby relieving the Town from directly handling this material. 6504R/i 1027 ~ 3-36 Medical Wastes Handling and processing of regulated medical wastes are typically regulated at the Federal, State, and County levels of government. In the Town, regulated medical wastes are handled by licensed private sector services. With regard to disposal and treatment, there are two basic options for processing medical wastes o Sterilization, such as that performed in an autoclave, or chemically with residual disposal in a landfill. o Incineration with residual disposal in an out-of-Town landfill. Sterilization is the prgcess of destroying or eliminating bacterial and viral entities. Normally this is accomplished in an autoclave where stea/n is introduced and the pressure increased to multiples of atmospheric air pressure. The pressure increase assists the permeating of the material by the steam. Steam, which is water vapor in excess of 212oF at normal atmospheric pressure, will, most notably under pressure, act as the sterilizing agent. This process can be performed on most medical wastes, but is less effective on certain wastes such as whole body parts. One problem with this technique is that the treated material is often recognizable and landfilling could be misinterpreted as an incomplete treatment process. However, this is a proven technology for this waste component. Chemical sterilization is also an effective means for treating medical wastes. Sodium hypochlorite, liquid chlorine, or other disinfectants applied at adequate doses can permeate the waste and destroy pathogens. This process is better suited for a regional facility, where economies of scale would assist in controlling the cost of such a facility. Special incineration is usually associated with larger amounts of medical wastes. Currently, some Long Island hospitals use their own private incineration facilities. Private collection and disposal of regulated medical waste is currently used in Southold and elsewhere on Long Island. These wastes, which are not part of the normal municipal waste strea/n handled by the Town, should not enter the waste stream going to Town facilities. 6504R/i 1027 ~ 3--37 4 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION ALTERNATIVES A variety of implementation alternatives for various processing methods described in Section 3 have been reviewed for the update to the SWMP for the Tow~. These implementation alternatives and an analysis of their application to the Town's needs are presented in this Section along with the features of each. Final cost estimates will be determined as a result of detailed engineering design, supplemental analysis, responses to formal procurement procedures, and the terms of final intermunicipal/contractual agreements. This Section presents the initial SW/4P discussion with some revieions where appropriate. 4.1 Total Out-of-Town Processing and Disposal Under this alternative, after reduction, recycling, and reuse, the remaining portion of the Town's waste stream would be exported and processed or disposed of outside of the Town. A program of roandatory source separation of recyclables is required by State and Town Law. The collected source separated recyclables could be transported to out-of-Town facilities to be processed together or separate from other elements of the waste stream. The household hazardous waste removal prograra would continue to be used for the removal of household hazardous wastes from the waste stream and transported to suitable disposal facilities. Construction and demolition debris and land clearing debris could either be received at Town facilities and then transported out-of-Tow~, or be processed or disposed of in or outside of the Town by the private sector if the Town chooses not to handle it. It would be necessary under this alternative to operate a transfer station or facilities within the Town to receive the various waste stream components in preparation for transfer elsewhere. Positive features of this alternative would include the following: O O Town would avoid planning, design, permitting, construction, operation, and closure expense for solid waste facilities not related to transfer. Potential environmental impacts within the Town from the facilities would be minimized or totally avoided. 6486R/3 !027 SWMP 4-1 o o o Drawbacks of this alternative would include: The high cost of transferring solid waste to facilities outside of the solid Possible uncertainty and unreliability of long-term disposal of waste at facilities outside of the Town. Loss of control by the Town with respect to solid waste disposal. In 1990, the long haul costs of wastes from the Town, for processing or disposal off Long Island were estimated to be in the range of $100 to $200 per ton, depending on bids received. In 1994 the Town received bids for out of state haul and disposal ranging from $60 - $80 per ton. 4.2 Waste Reduction The reduction in the voltune of the waste stream results in less waste that needs to be managed, therefore, less planning, money, effort, and infrastructure construction would be necessary. In order for waste reduction efforts to be effective, actions for reduction must be directed to industries, businesses, or other enterprises that are national, international, or regional in nature. For this reason, the State's SWMP recor~nends that initiatives for waste reduction be implemented under Federal and State actions. However, there are some alternatives the Town could consider implementing that would support waste reduction efforts. Actively supporting State and Federal initiatives aimed at waste reduction is an alternative. While the Town could support all or some of these initiatives, the following have the potential to affect the generation of waste: o Supporting an expansion of the deposit law to include more categories of containers. o Supporting legislation for deposits on batteries and tires. o Supporting the State and the publishing industry's effort to attract paper mills to produce more recycled newspaper. o Supporting legislation to decrease the amount and composition of packaging. 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-2 The Town could consider banning the handling, processing, or disposal of certain components of the waste stream. If bans were enacted, alternative processing or disposal options would need to be in place. Possible waste strea/n components that might be banned from the municipal waste strea~n (and the possible alternative processing or disposal option) include: o Construction and demolition debris - o Major household appliances o Tires o Grass clippings o Batteries o Waste oil Private recyclers Appliance retailers/scrap metal dealers Tire retailers/recyclers Homeowners or landscapers Retail outlets or auto parts retailers Gas stations or service centers With respect to C&D, tires, waste oil, grass clippings, and automobile batteries, processing or disposal options through the private sector exist. However, to protect itself from improper disposal of waste oil, the Town should continue its voluntary drop-off arrangements to recycle oil. The public could be encouraged or required to leave grass clippings on the lawn or put into small backyard or on-lot compost piles. Landscapers could be encouraged or required to develop compost piles on large individual properties. Since a deposit law for vehicle batteries has been enacted, vehicle batteries could be banned from the Town's waste stream. Tires are recyclable and easily separated so consideration could be given to a ban or to instituting a private recycling program for tires. While no appliance retailer could take back all appliances, they could be required to implement an operation similar to the bottle return/deposit law requiring retailers to accept returned bottles. However, the Town could continue to handle major household appliances as i~ currently does. Construction and demolition debris can also be directed to existing private recycling operations in nearby areas. Another initiative towards waste reduction could be the development of a fee structure that has higher fees for nonrecyclable or noncompostable wastes and lower fees for uncontaminated acceptable deliveries of recyclables or compostables. This two tier fee system could encourage those who bring wastes to the Town for processing or disposal 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-3 to increase separation efforts to recover recyclable materials. This would reduce the amount of wastes that would be processed or landfilled by other elements in the Town's solid waste management plan. Additionally, the commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors would have an incentive to participate in the Towl%'s recycling effort. To be effective, however, this two tier system would need to be applied to both residential drop-off and private haulers. Other economic incentives for the commercial and industrial sectors can be developed that encourage waste reduction. One example might be a To%rn sponsored incentive progroma, whereby a business or industry that effectively demonstrates to the Town a reduction in the generation of waste by a certain percentage, would be eligible for financial incentives. Programs for the Town that recover newspaper, office paper, cans, bottles, and corrugated for its own departments and offices would reduce the amount of waste for processing or disposal, while increasing the recycling practices of the Town. Additionally, waste reduction can be achieved by extending the useful life of office equipment and vehicles used by the Town, and also cox~ercial, institutional, and industrial sectors. When new equipment or vehicles are purchased, the old, useful equipment could be passed on to charitable organizations, private schools, day care facilities, community service programs, or similar organizations who may not be able to purchase new equipment. This practice could be incorporated into the Town or the private sector procurement practices. Extending the useful life of a product in this manner is one form of waste reduction. The state has identified a goal of 8% to 10% reduction by 1997. In recognition of actions that the State has coranitted to undertake, and in order to maximize reduction efforts, the Town adopts the 10% level. 4.3 Household Hazardous Waste Removal The environmental and waste reducing benefits of removing household hazardous waste from the waste stream, in addition to the economics of this reduction/recycling option, were identified in Section 3. Two implementation alternatives for the management of this component are discussed below. 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-4 Scheduled Periodic Collection of Household Hazardous Waste Since 1984, Long Island towns have been providing household hazardous waste collection days under the acronym S.T.O.P. (Stop Throwing Out Pollutants). The Town is a~ong those that held collection "events" in the past in order to remove household hazardous waste from the waste strea~no Scheduling the periodic collection of household hazardous wastes would help to achieve the goal of this management option. Once or twice each month, on a weekend, the Town could schedule a S.T.O.P. event to receive household hazardous wastes. Public education and involvement programs would be necessary to initiate and maintain public participation in this type of program. This alternative would not be necessary for the Tow~ since a permanent, facility has already been established at the solid waste complex. However, a program consisting of a minimum of two collection events per year would be practical for a community such as Fishers Island, where the development of a permanent program would be both impractical and unnecessary. The main drawback to this alternative is that while the S.T.O.P. events would be regularly scheduled, there is no way to assure that the program would be convenient and accessible to all. Although the scheduling could be designed to maximize participation, the convenience could be affected over the long-term. A long-term household hazardous waste program should take convenience to the participant into account. In the spring of 1988, the Town opened New York State's (and possibly the east coast's) first permanent, household hazardous waste containment facility at the Town solid waste complex. The implementation of this facility enabled the Town to expand its S.T.O.P. program to a full-time basis. A permanent program can maximize participation by providing collection during normal hours of operation of the complex. Public education and involvement efforts are necessary to inform residents of this program and to maintain participation. High rates of participation, however, should exist in a permanent program since residents are offered a greater opportunity to drop off their materials. 6486R/3 SWMP 4-5 4.4 Recycling Alternatives The technological and management aspects of waste reduction, recycling, and collection were discussed in Section 3. A revised comprehensive recycling analysis is presented as an Appendix A to this document. 4.5 Yard Waste ComDosting Alternatives Recycling through yard waste composting and wood chipping was discussed in Section 3. The composting of yard waste would be relatively simple and less expensive than other methods since the Town has already developed a yard waste composting operation and land is available for future expansion of the operation. The recycling of yard waste by composting is also consistent with the New York State Solid Waste Management Plan, and could be an integral part of the Town's efforts to achieve, or better, the State's 1997 goal of 50% reduction/recycling/reuse of the waste stream as proposed by the NYSDEC. The recycling of yard waste through the Town's windrow composting operation could also provide an opportunity to evaluate an alternative means of recycling low-grade paper, and possibly newspaper. Implementation alternatives for the recycling of yard waste for the Town include: o o o o 4.5.1 Expansion of the Town's existing small scale yard waste compost operations to include all the leaves, brush, and land clearing debris in the Town. Use of a private sector yard waste compost facility. The encouragement of backyard and on-site composting. Regional or cooperative yard waste composting effort outside of the Town with another town. Encouragement of leaving grass clippings on lawns. Expansion of Existing OPeration The Town's current composting operation is on a 2.5 acre parcel of land at the Town solid waste complex. The Town began the segregation of leaves and brush from the waste stream after receiving approval from NYSDEC. In April 1990, the Town submitted an 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-6 engineering report to the NYSDEC for site development and small scale compost operations for less than 3,000 cubic yards of leaves annually. Approval was received in early May 1990. The Town plans to compost all of the approximately 9,000 tons per year of leaves, mulch, brush, wood chips and land clearing debris generated in the Town. The Town could and is expected to use the compost for capping and closing the landfill. Expansion of the yard waste composting operation is needed in order to process all of Southold's yard waste strea/n. Considering the agricultural nature of the Town, and of the east end area, the production of an acceptable end product could make yard waste compost a useful product. 4.5.2 p~%vate Sector Yard Waste Compost Facititv It is also possible to procure private sector services for the development of a yard waste compost facility. In this case, however, the Town would be paying for a service that it has already developed for its use. Consequently, this is not recormmended at this time. However, following the closure and capping of the landfill, this option could be re-evaluated. 4.5.3 Backvard or On-Lot Comoostin~ of Yard Waste An important solid waste management technique is to reduce the amount of waste that requires disposal. Backyard and on-lot composting systems can be an effective method to reduce yard waste requiring disposal by the Town. Through effective public education and promotional programs, the Town could encourage residents, landscapers, and grounds keepers to: o Leave grass clippings on lawns o Start and maintain small backyard or on-lot compost piles o Use limbs and large brush in fire places o Chip brush for ground cover and other landscaping activities o Increase individual use of end products from backyard and Town compost operations 64869/3 1027 SWMP 4-7 The return of natural products to the environment in agricultural areas such as the Town, is viable and should be developed in such a manner that would maximize participation and efficiency. 4.5.4 Regional or Coomerative Yard Waste Commostin~ Effort Out-o~-Town The Town has requested a NYSDEC permit for a yard waste composting facility with capacity up to 9000 tons per year. The Town has purchased a new tub grinder and associated equipment to process this yard waste. Experience to date indicates that brush and leaves brought to this facility total less than 9000 tons per year, much of it in the spring and fall months as part of the Town Highway free pickups. Grass cuttings are explicitly prohibited. The product of this operation is essentially shredded wood chips and shredded leaves. Town residents are allowed to take the material at no cost, and they have done so at rates that keep the backlog of product to a minimum. The Town is examining the possibility of selling the product to commercial yard-waste facilities on LI which would turn it into finished compost. The Town of Southold is considering putting out an RFP for a joint venture with one or more private firms that would assist the Town in operating a compost plant on the premises of the Cutchoque Landfill, using as raw material the Town's yard waste. A decision on this option hinges on the likely costs and returns to the project and a response from NYSDEC regarding a revised yard-waste facility operating permit. The Town will also consider agreements with other towns that would bring additional yard waste to the facility from those towns, subject to strict quality control on the raw material. Decisions on these possibilities will be based on likely costs and returns to the Town. 4.6 Construction, and Demolition Debris Recycling of construction and demolition debris {C&D) is also a viable implementation alternative available to the Town. The potential alternatives for the disposal and/or recycling of this material are discussed below. Town Sponsored Clean Fill Site It is possible to develop a clsan fill for all C&D debris in the Town in accordance with the 1990 Long Island Landfill Law. This alternative would not 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4- 8 recover any recyclable materials, and is not considered to be a preferred alternative compared to other options that include recycling. The cost of this facility was estimated in 1990 to be approximately $400,000 to $800,000 per acre. Project development time could be two to three years, including SEQP~A procedures and the time necessary to obtain permits and construction~ Assuming the Town could obtain the permits, expected to be operational for two to three years, disposal measures. the facility would not be therefore requiring interim Clean fill generated on a particular site might be disposed of on the sa_me site, without a permit, utilizing the clean fill procedures contained in Part 360-8.6. A clean fill two acres or less in size could be developed with an approval from NYSDEC. However, a clean fill of this size, in which clean fill 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-9 generated on or off-site is placed for disposal or land reclamation purposes, regardless of location, would not require a liner or a leachate collection and removal system as long as the engineering requirements contained in 6 NYCRR Part 360-8°6 are met. If allowed to accept C&D debris from commercial sources, a facility of this size would reach capacity in a short period of time. Therefore, this option is considered possible for residentially generated clean materials (see Section 4.9). Town Develomment of a Recvclina Operation and a Clean Fill The development of processing capabilities to recover recyclable materials from C&D debris is consistent with both the New York State Solid Waste Management Plan (1987) and the New York State Solid Waste Management Act (1988). This is considered an integral part of the Town's effort to achieve a maximum level of reduction, recycling, and reuse of the waste stream. Equipment costs for the processing of C&D debris could be capital intensive. Many of the units described in Section 3 could be required. Concrete crushers, tub grinders, and/or a processing system could cost between $250,000 and $600,000. The development of a clean fill required by this alternative would cost an additional $400,000 to $800,000 per acre, as described above. This would be an expensive option for the Town. The intensive capital cost of processing equipment combined with the high cost of interim residual disposal resulting from the development time required by a clean fill cause this alternative to be more expensive than private disposal options° Therefore, this alternative is not considered viable. Processina By Private Facilities With Residual Disposal in a Town-owned Clean Fill Existing private recycling/processing facilities currently manage the disposal of residuals as part of the fee. Providing a clean fill in the Town for these residuals may not affect the cost paid to private recycling/processing operations. Accordingly, the same would hold true if Fishers Island chose to pursue this option. 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-10 Existing and Planned Private Processina and Disposal Current recycling, processing, and disposal options for construction and demolition debris were discussed in Sections 2 and 3. As indicated, there are existing and planned facilities that should be able to accommodate this waste if the Town chooses not to handle it. It may be more costly to process these materials at existing private recycling operations. However, this is what is occurring through the temporary transfer operations while the Tow~n implements the Plan elements for components of the waste stream for which private sector options do not exist. This may be the preferred long-term alternative as well, unless the Town decides to develop its own or complementary recycling systems to augment the private sector services. The Town could assist the private sector by buying and using some of the end products of the recycling process. The Town may be able to assist in the marketing of products in the region as well. This approach is expected to help achieve higher levels of recycling for the Town. 4.7 Solid Waste Composting/Energy Recovery Processing Cooperative/regional solid waste management efforts with other towns were evaluated as part of the Town's Solid Waste Management Plan Update. The processing of a portion of the municipal solid waste and the recycling o~ materials are considered suitable for practical regional cooperative management. A number of Long Island towns were explored as to their potential willingness in entering into a cooperative effort by providing processing or disposal capacity for the Town. In addition, several private sector MSW composting proposals had been considered originally in the initial SWMP. The towns considered for a potential cooperative MSW processing/disposal effort were Babylon, Hempstead, Islip, Huntington, Brookhaven, and Southampton. The potential opportunities for cooperative recycling efforts included the Towns of Islip, Brookhaven, and Southampton. 4.7.1 Use of Existing Solid Waste Processing Facilities After reduction, recycling, and reuse the Town would need to provide for the processing and/or disposal of a portion of municipal solid waste. This Section presents information obtained from the various tow/is that responded to the initial inquiry for providing available processing or disposal capacity, as well as available information. The Towns and Cities on Long Island which contain existing processing facilities include the 1027 SWMP 4-11 Towns of Huntington/Smithtown, Babylon, Hempstead, and Islip, and the Cities of Glen Cove and Long Beach. These facilities were evaluated in terms of facility location, type and size, available capacity, contractual arrangements, and projected costs to the Town. Huntincton/Smithtown The Towns of Huntington and Smithtown have joined in a cooperative effort to manage their waste on a bi-town level. The towns jointly operate an energy recovery facility that currently has available capacity. Some of this available capacity has been on occasion used by Islip and Babylon. This alternative would involve agreements with both Huntington and Smithtown to allow the handling/disposal of the nonrecyclable portion of Southold's waste and has been pursued by the Town through intermunicipal agreement. Positive features of this alternative include: o Conforms with NYSDEC promotion of regional cooperation on Long Island. o Intermunicipal Agreements are often more quickly negotiated than a private sector service contract that must be publicly procured. o Costs shared between three Towns could reduce the economic impact of solid waste facilities to those Towns. Discussions between the three Towns were held as to the possibility of transfer/processing the residual waste from Southold at the Huntington/Smithtown facility and to the possibility of composting Huntington and Smithtown's yard waste in Southold. This alternative was not implementable. Space at the Southold landfill proved to be insufficient to accommodate the volume of yard waste to be shipped by Smithtown/Huntington. In-depth examination of associated costs also indicated that the scenario was not fiscally viable. In the future, either of the alternatives may be reconsidered. Town of Babylon Previously capacity, however, Hempstead as part receives both the waste. 6486R/3 1027 the Town of Babylon's energy recovery facility had available this capacity is now being utilized by the Town of North of a long-term intermunicipal arrangement whereby Babylon recyclable and nonrecyclable portion of North Hempstead's SWMP 4-12 To~n of HemDstead Previously, the Town of Hempstead's energy recovery facility located in East Garden City had available capacity. However, the Town of Brookhaven has entered into a long-term intermunicipal agreement with the Town of Hempstead whereby Brookhaven MSW is transported to the Hempstead facility for incineration and the ash from the Hempstead ERF is transported to the Brookhaven Landfill for disposal. As a result little or no excess capacity is available at the Hempstead ERF for use by other towns. Town of IsliD The Town of Islip processes its mixed municipal solid waste at a 518 tons per day energy recovery facility located southwest of the Long Island McArthur Airport. The capacity of the plant is approximately 189,000 tons per year. Islip currently generates approximately 175,000 to 200,000 tons per year of processible waste after recycling, which exceeds the current capacity of the plant. Therefore, capacity is not available to process any portion of the Town's mixed municipal solid waste. Some of Islip's waste has been processed at the Huntington/Smithtown energy recovery facility. City of Glen Cove The City of Glen Cove operated a cocombustion waste-to-energy facility with a capacity of 250 tons per day for processing garbage and sludge. Currently, the facility is not in operation. Therefore, capacity is not available to process a portion of Southold's solid waste. The City of Long Beach owns and operates an incinerator with a processing capacity of 200 tons per day. Currently, the City operates the facility at full capacity and would be unable to process a portion of Southold's solid waste. Oyster Bay The Town of Oyster Bay currently long hauls solid waste off Long Island. Previously, the Town was planning an energy recovery facility, however, this is no longer being considered. The Town is evaluating other long-term options. 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-13 4.7.2 Proposed MSW ComDostina by the Town In January of 1989, Southold completed a final environmental impact statement for a 120 ton per day MSW composting facility to be built by DANECO on behalf of the Town. The proposed operation was to produce compost for public works projects and nonagricultural land application. However, a $9 million public bond referendum designed to finance this project was subsequently defeated. An evaluation of the size of that facility in the Town's 1990 GEIS indicated that it was oversized. Assuming that approximately 30% of the waste stream will require processing after reduction/recycling/reuse and yard waste composting, only one third of the originally planned capacity would be required. If only 50% of the remaining waste is compostahle, only one sixth of the originally planned capacity would be required in 1991, and only one quarter of the planned capacity in the year 2010. Consequently, this facility (as previously proposed) is not considered viable. These uncertainties pose severe financial risks to a rural community with a small population such as Southold. This, however, is not to preclude the utilization of this technolo9%z in the future following NYSDEC or SCDHS' assessment of pilot efforts and successful demonstration by private sector or other municipal ventures. 4.7.3 Enerc~; Recovery Processin~ in the Town In the initial SWMP, it was estimated, based on available data, that if the Town were to consider its own energy recovery facility, initially it would require approximately 30 to 60 tons per day ener~ recovery facility capacity, depending on the waste stream volttmes and the level of recycling. Under 6 NYCRR Part 360-3.2 (a) (11), "...a solid waste incinerator facility must have at least three separate solid waste process trains capable of being operated independently of each other," unless, "...it can be demonstrated to the department's satisfaction that there would be a significant increase in capital and operating costs that would outweigh the benefits associated with the installation of three process trains...". Accordingly, it was assumed that three trains would be required if the Town independently developed a facility to meet its own capacity requirements and that this would not be feasible. 4.7.4 Other Local Plannin~ Efforts 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-14 Other to~ns on Long Island that have completed generic EISs for solid waste management plans include the Towns of Shelter Island, Riverhead, and Southampton. These towns, however, do not have their own existing municipal solid waste processing facility or the ability to provide an interim municipal solid waste processing alternative to the Town of Southold. 4.7.5 Private Sector MSW ComDostin~ Promosals In the past, several private sector conceptual proposals (of varying degrees of specificity) involving possible MSW composting facilities were presented to the east end towns. These proposed facilities, unsolicited with regard to formal requests for proposals under State law, could have been designed with sufficient capacity to process compostable waste (and recyclables for some) from all or some of the east end towns. In 1993 East End Recycling and Composting Co., L.P. ("East End"), an affiliate of Omni Technical Services, received renewal of the permit to construct a 500 tpd MSW composting facility in Riverhead. Construction of this facility has not been initiated to date. Recently, the Town of Riverhead and East End entered into an agreement for the processing of Riverhead's waste at the proposed Facility. Previous proposals included a 300 ton per day MSW sludge composting facility to be designed by Bedminster Bioconversion Corporation, a 600 ton per day facility proposed by Bio Comp, Incorporated and the MSW composting facility proposed by the Italian-based compost company Daneco for Southold. However, none of these have been implemented. 4.8 Tires Over 240 million tires are discarded throughout the nation each year; an estimated 12 million per year in New York State, and 3.1 million annually on Long Island alone. Tires are generated nationally at the rate of approximately 1 tire per person per year. At this rate, the Town could generate approximately 20,000 to 25,000 tires each year. Scrap tires are currently stockpiled for removal by Innovative Methods, Inc. of Floral Park, NY. Tires are removed in 110 cubic yard open-top trailers at a cost of $1,095 per load. The Town shipped approximately 275 tons of scrap tires in 1994. 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-15 4.9 Residentially Generated Clean Material A category of clean fill similar in nature to construction and demolition debris is residentially generated clean materials. This inert component partially consists of nonrecyclable, noncombustible, and noncompostable waste generated in the home. This material, such as wood and metal furniture and waste from small homeowner renovations, repairs, and landscaping, is generated in small enough quantities to make private disposal impracticable in most instances. The most feasible options that exist for the disposal of this material would be delivery at the Town's transfer station for haul to a private construction and demolition debris landfill or C&D recycling facility, similar to the existing temporary arrangement. 4.10 Long Haul of Solid Waste The alternative of long haul of approximately 30% of the waste stream for land fill is currently the least expensive acceptable method of diposal. It does not involve construction of expensive processing facilities. Cost of long haul/land fill are between $62 to $70 per ton depending on the contract year. 4.11 Technical Conclusions As part of the evaluation of processing/disposal alternatives for the waste remaining after reduction, recycling, reuse, and yard waste composting, basic criteria were used to identify the preferred option to be included as part of a solid waste management plan for the Town. A major component of this evaluation was an alternative cost analysis· performed for the long-term options for processing/disposal of approximately 30% of the waste stream. 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-16 The evaluation of alternatives contained in Section 4 of the initial SWMP resulted in three viable options. These options were included in the cost analysis previously performed and are: o Processing at Runtington/Smithtown Energy Recovery Facility o Total private sector sponsored processing/disposal o Off Island long haul 4.12 Procurement Options Three major procurement options available to the Town, full-service procurement, architect/engineer (A/E), and turnkey are discussed below. Full-Service Procurement Full-service procurement includes a contract for the design, construction and start-up of a facility, and a separate contract for the operation of the facility. The term of the contract is usually specified to coincide with the term of the bonds issued to finance the facility. As part of the Request for Proposals (RFP), the municipality describes the background, purpose, and need for the facility and stipulates the technical, engineering, environmental, and financial data that the proposer should include in their response to the RFP. After a careful review process, the municipality selects a vendor(s}. The major advantage of full-service procurement is that it focuses responsibility for the design, construction, and operation of the facility on the vendor(s), thereby removing some of the risks of waste management ~rom the municipal government. 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-17 Architect/Encineer (A/E) In the Architect/Engineer (A/E) approach to procurement, the municipality retains an A/E firm to design a facility or system and prepare plans, specifications, and contracts. The municipality then requests bids for construction of the facility. Equipment specifications would be prepared before the general construction contract. This enables the facility design to be compatible with the particular equipment supplier's specific requirements. 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-18 The contracting municipality funds the preliminary expenses under A/E procurement. These expenses can include fees for preparing documents, surveys, subsurface exploration, and site acquisition. Following construction, the municipality takes over the operation of the facility, thereby assuming full control, responsibility, and risks of the facility. The A/E procurement method is often compatible with public ownership. Turnkey In turnkey procurement, the municipality does not provide specific design details, only operational parameters. Turnkey arrangements include design, construction, and start-up of the facilities. Also included is acceptance testing. After selecting equipment, performing the work, and completing the acceptance testing, the vendor turns the operation over to the municipality. The vendor's only subsequent responsibilities are any performance guarantees in the original contract. The municipality has the option of procuring an operations contract as well, but this is not related to the turnkey contract. The Town's Plan should be implemented with careful consideration to procurement options. The preferred procurement approach must address the economic, political, regulatory, and management environment as well as the performance record and reputation of the competing vendors. Also to be considered is the permitting requirements which follow successful procurement of the construction and service contracts. 6486R/3 1027 SWMP 4-19 1-20-95 Southold Town Solid Waste Management Orgamzation Solid Policy Station Admin. & Stuff Equipment Ope~ton (6) Town Board Town Supervisor Solid Waste Coordinator Transfer Staff Fon~en (2) Data Entry Clerk (p/t) (3 Solid VVast~ Task Force 5.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE In recognition of the need to continue to develop and implement a program that provides long-term, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible strategies for the collection, processing, and disposal of solid waste, the Tow~ of Southold has developed this Solid Waste Management Plan Update. The existing solid waste collection and disposal practices in the Town were discussed in Section 2 while Section 3 provided an assessment of solid waste methodologies and management alternatives, and Section 4 presented an evaluation of various implementation alternatives. Based upon these analyses, the updated Plan described in this Section presents elements that are considered best suited to the needs and characteristics of the Town. With regard to costs, it should be noted that cost estimates contained in this Section are preliminary for the purpose of conducting a comparative analysis between alternatives, as is appropriate for a planning effort. Actual costs associated with Plan implementation will be determined as a result of detailed engineering design, supplemental environmental analyses, responses to formal procurement procedures, and the terms of final intermunicipal/contractual agreements. This Section presents the Plan Update for the Town. The key features of the updated Plan include recommended elements, proposed implementation strategies, involvement of private sector, involvement of regional/neighboring jurisdictions, and provisions for public education, information, and involvement. 5.1 Proposed Resource Recovery System The updated Plan contains a number of elements comprising a resource recovery system that could reduce/recycle/reuse up to 70% of the total waste stream over the life of the Plan. The proposed resource recovery system includes waste reduction, intensive household and commercial/institutional recycling, major household appliances recycling, tire recycling, household hazardous waste recovery, construction and demolition debris recycling, and composting of yard waste and most land clearing debris. The specific materials addressed in the Plan's resource recovery system include: 6518R/5 1027 SWMP 5-1 Newspaper o Three Colors of Glass Magazines o Wood and Lumber Corrugated/Brown Bags o Asphalt Other Paperboard o Concrete/Brick Office Paper o Tires PET, HDPE, o Dirt and Other Plastics o Textiles Yard Waste o Household Hazardous Wastes Sand/Sod o Batteries (Vehicle and Household) Ferrous Metals o Used Motor Oil Nonferrous Metals o The following sections (5.1.1 through 5.1.8) describe the components of the Town's resource recovery system. 5.1.1 Waste Reduct~oB Waste reduction refers to the reduction of solid waste prior to disposal. This is an important consideration since it may affect the sizing or magnitude of individual operations and facilities described in the Plan. Reduction of the volurae of waste will be achieved through Town support of legislation and other initiatives that aim to encourage residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional establishments to reduce waste generation at the source or point of packaging. This will effectively reduce the volume of waste that the Town will need to make provisions for with regard to collection, processing, disposal, administration, and financing. Regarding the legislative aspects of waste reduction, the Town will support existing and proposed laws by the County, State, and Federal governments that strive to: Reduce the volume and type of packaging materials, especially those constituted of plastics, which are essentially nonbiodeGradable, nonreusable, and nonrecyclable. 6518R/5 1027 SWMP 5-2 Expand the current beverage container deposit law to include a wider array of containers. o Encourage greater use of recycled materials, or products packaged in recycled or recyclable materials. o Promote the development of household hazardous waste removal progra~ns. o Assist and encourage industrial, commercial, and institutional generators to undertake reduction and recycling progra/ns. o Assist and encourage homeowners to undertake backyard composting. The Town will also support legislative efforts to establish deposits on batteries as a means of reducing the concentration of metals in various products and residues of solid waste processing. Batteries constitute an easily removable source of potential contamination from the waste strean%. In addition to legislative actions, all sectors of the Town (public, commercial, industrial, and institutional establishments) will be encouraged by the Town to reduce the generation of waste which will ultimately become the responsibility of the Town to handle and dispose. This can be accomplished through local and regional public education programs coordinated by the State. For example, homeowners and landscapers now must pay to dispose of grass clippings to offset the cost of disposal by the Town. This is an incentive to either leave grass clippings on the lawns or to compost them on site. On October 9, 1993, townwide use of special bags was initiated for disposal of the residual waste in the Town. The special bags are expected to reduce the amount of waste for transfer out-of-Town, and increase the recovery of recyclable materials from the waste stream° The NYSDEC estimates that implementation of statewide and local waste reduction efforts, along with continued and expanded voluntary programs and other legislative actions, could reduce solid waste generation by approximately 8% to 10%. This estimate is contained in the State's 1987 Solid Waste Management Plan (and updates) as a statewide goal and is incorporated as one of the goals of the Town's proposed Plan. It is estimated that over the long-term approximately 10% of the Town's waste stream will be reduced by this element of the proposed Plan. 65i8R/5 1027 SWMP 5- 3 5.1.2 Household and Commercial/Institutional Recvclin~ Pro~ra~ A major component of the updated Plan is still a comprehensive recycling program which provides for the recovery and utilization of reusable "waste" resources. The updated Plan proposes continuing the mandatory source separation program for recyclable materials generated in the residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors of the Town. Currently, recyclable materials must be source separated and collected, or privately dropped off, in a segregated manner in the Town. Collection and transfer of recyclables has proven to be more cost-effective when source separated. The comprehensive recycling analysis and discussion of recycling activities for the Town that was presented in the 1990 GEIS has been revised and is presented as Appendix A to this document° The materials targeted for source separation, curbside collection, and marketing include paper (newspaper and corrugated cardboard), color segregated glass, plastics (PET and HDPE), and ferrous and nonferrous metal containers. Leaves, brush, and land clearing debris are to be separated for the purpose of composting. In addition, separation is required for construction and demolition debris, white goods (major household appliances), tires, and household hazardous waste. As previously discussed, commercial/industrial toxic or hazardous waste is currently regulated for proper handling and disposal by Federal and State law. These materials will not be handled by the Town and will be recycled or processed at private sector facilities. 5.1.3 Recvclinc: Major Household Appliances Another aspect of the updated Plan's resource recovery system recommends that discarded major household appliances (also referred to as "white goods") continue to be temporarily stockpiled and transferred on a regular basis to private recycling facilities. White goods, comprising approximately 1% of the waste stream, include discarded refrigerators, washing machines, dryers, stoves, etc. The 1990 preliminary cost estimates indicate that this Plan element could cost up to $10 per ton. Depending on markets, revenues could be generated from this material. 6518R/5 1027 SWMP 5- 4 5.1.4 Recvclina: Tires The updated Plan also includes discarded tire recycling. It is recommended that a designated portion of the solid waste complex continue to be used to temporarily stockpile tires for shipment to appropriate reprocessing or recycling facilities. The temporary stockpile operations should be sized to stockpile up to 1,000 tires at any given time. Using an assumed, generally accepted generation rate of one tire per person per year for the Town's population of 20,002, approximately 20,000 tires per year could require disposal. Alternatively, using an estimated factor for tires in the residential waste stream of 0.64 tons per day (based on 1990 scale house data), with an assumed weight of 25 pounds per tire, an average of approxiraately 19,000 tires per year could require proper disposal. Based on these estimates, it may be necessary to size a tire stockpile and transfer operation to handle between 19,000 and 20,000 tires per year. This would correspond to an average annual transfer arrangement of approximately 20 shipments per year (1,000 tires per shipment), or approximately one shipment every 2 and 1/2 weeks, with allowances for more frequent shipments during certain peak periods. As discussed in Section 3, there are private processing markets available that accept the tires for recycling. Scrap tires are currently stockpiled for removal by Innovative Methods, Inc., of Floral Park, NY. Tires are removed in 110 cu. yd. open-top trailers at a cost of $1,095 per load. The Town shipped approximately 275 tons of scrap tires in 1994. Approximately 1% of the total waste stream is covered by this Plan element. 5.1.5 ~¥~ina: Household Hazardous Waste Successful and effective household hazardous waste removal programs, known by the acronym S.T.O.P. (Stop Throwing Out Pollutants), have been shown to be environmentally sound elements of solid waste management systems. A S.T.O.P. program allows for convenient and safe disposal of hazardous chemical wastes found in homes. Although household hazardous wastes typically comprise less than 1% of a municipality's total waste streara, the removal of these materials from the waste stream is important and recommended as part of the Town's solid waste Plan. It is recommended that these wastes be removed to prevent them from entering, and potentially impacting, the environment. Removal of these wastes also reduces the risks and hazards associated with processing or 6518R/5 1027 SWMP 5-5 disposing these wastes at solid waste management facilities. Continued operation of the Town's permanent S.T.O.P. program will provide residents with a continuous, environmentally safe disposal alternative for unwanted chemical products originating in the home. The permanent facility, centrally located in the Town, provides residents with a convenient drop-off site for these materials. The S.T.O.P. program will allow for the collection of such household hazardous wastes as: o Adhesives o Paint Removers o Alcohol o Paint Thinners o Antifreeze o Pesticides o Brake Fluid o Petroleum Based Solvents o Charcoal Lighter Fluid o Photographic Chemicals and Supplies o Cleaning Solvents o Plant and Insect Spray o Degreasers o Pool Chemicals o Fertilizers o Solvents o Gasoline o Spot Removers o Herbicides o Stain and Varnishes o Kerosene o Wood Preservatives o Paints o Unknown/Unlabeled Containers The resource recovery system proposed in the Town's updated Plan recommends that the Town continue their public awareness, participation, and education program designed to provide information on the importance of properly disposing hazardous materials and the procedures to be followed. The Town's S.T.O.P. program is consistent with the New York State Solid Waste Management Plan guidelines since it can effectively help reduce the quantity of hazardous wastes entering the waste stream. Additionally, the S.T.O.P. program is expected to increase environmental consciousness and encourage residents to segregate and recycle wastes rather than discard them. It is estimated that approximately 1% of the waste stream will be covered by this Plan element. The Tow%~ currently pays $200 to $540 per 6518R/5 1027 SWMP 5-6 55-gallon drum for disposal of this waste, depending on whether or not the drum contains pesticides or aerosol products. 5.1.6 Recycling: Construction and Demolition Debris The development, planning, permitting, and capital cost of a construction and demolition debris processing facility is more cost-effective if it is handled by the private sector rather than the Town. Consequently, it is recorm~ended in the updated Plan that this waste no longer be accepted at Town disposal facilities once the temporary transfer arrangements cease operation. At that time, recycling/processing of this waste will become the responsibility of the private sector, as is the case in most Towns on Long 5.1.7 Recvclinc: Land Clearin~ Debris It is estimated that 5% of the Town's waste stream is comprised of commercially generated land clearing debris that could be recovered under this portion of the updated Plan. The 1990 estimated cost for private sector processing/recycling of this component of the waste stream was in the range of $55 to $115 per ton. However, as part of the Town's yard waste composting effort, land clearing debris will be inspected and to the extent possible, incorporated into the composting operations. This is expected to be more cost-effective over the long-term. Portions of the land clearing debris would be shredded for a marketable or on-site usable wood chip product. 6518R/5 1027 SWMP 5-7 Most of the remainder would be processed through the yard waste composting operations and any residual would be recovered, if possible. 5.1.8 Recycling: Yard Waste ComDostin~ According to the New York State Solid Waste Management Plan guidelines and the New York State Solid Waste Management Act, composting is one of a variety of methods to reduce the waste stream and promote recycling of resources. The Town currently has space to handle its entire brush, leaf, and landclearing waste stream, which is estimated to be 40,000 cubic yards in 1994o The capacity of the proposed yard waste composting facility is 46,600 cubic yards per year. The estimated cost of the proposed facility is $30 per ton. The Town's 1994 costs for composting leaves only and volume reduction of brush and landclearing was approximately $20 per ton overall. Grass has not been banned from the transfer station. However, in May 1994, the Town levied a tip fee on grass of $70 per ton. Up to that point grass had been accepted free of charge. The result was a 70% reduction of grass delivered to the facility, to an estimated 275 tons in 1994. All incoming grass is now shipped out with garbage. Consistent with the goals of the proposed Plan, landscapers are to be encouraged by the Tow~ to maintain their own compost piles, or perform this service on-site for their customers. Larger landscaping or land clearing operations should chip brush for ground cover and other uses. It is further recommended that the Town implement a public education program to increase the local demand for end products from both backyard and Town compost operations. The 1990 cost estimates ranged between $20 and $30 per ton. Brush, leaves, mulch and wood chips account for approximately 20% of the Town's waste stream. Overall, approximately 25% of the Town's total waste stream could be recovered as part of this Plan element with the inclusion of land clearing debris. 5.2 Proposed Residual Waste Management The recommended resource recovery system portion of the updated Plan is expected to effectively reduce/recycle/reuse (including composting) approximately 6518R/5 i027 SWMP 5-8 70% of the Town's total waste stream, provided that relatively high participation rates are achieved and markets are available. The updated SWMP recommends private sector hauling and processing and/or disposal of the 30% residual waste remaining after implementation of the proposed resource recovery system in 5 year steps with each stage preceded by a SWMP reanalysis and update to determine whether more cost-effective options are available. 5.2.1 Joint Activities with Other Towns The Town of Southold believes that substantial economies can be achieved by joining together with one or more other towns in managing its solid waste stream. Specifically, the Town has explicitly provided scope for including Shelter Island's MSW in its current long-haul contracts. The Town is exploring on a continual basis options for jointly managing other waste fractions such as several categories of recyclables. The Town has also examined, carefully, participation in the MSW composting plant in Calverton, proposed in association with the Town of Riverhead, and has conveyed to the principals and to Riverhead Town a maximum tipping fee that would make that participation possible. The Town has coordinated its solid waste policies closely with the towns of East Hampton and Southampton with a view to responsible disposal of MSW at least cost. Experience over the past two years reflects considerably greater common ground among these towns than previously. Southold will actively develop such plans as soon as it becomes likely that they will result in a more favorable cost/return picture. The Town of Southold believes that successful regional models will follow from individual initiatives between Southold and one or more other towns, and not from a global regional plan imposed on the Town. 5.3 Consistency with State Policies 5.3.1 State Solid Waste Manaoement plan The updated Plan addresses the issues that are covered in the State's Solid Waste Management Plan prepared by NYSDEC. The Plan for the Town of Southold is consistent with the State's Plan regarding the need to reduce the 6518R/5 1027 SWMP 5-9 generation of waste, recycle and compost as much of the waste stream as possible, and maximize the reuse of waste materials. In identifying recycling and reuse in its hierarchy of solid waste management strategies, the State's Plan presents a waste reduction/recycling goal of 50% to be achieved by 1997. The Town's updated Plan identifies a potential reduction/recycling/reuse goal of 70% to be targeted for achievement by 1997. The proposed goal is higher than the proposed State goal. The Town's waste strea/u was reduced between 1989 and 1992 by approximately 13%~ This decrease was concentrated in items particularly susceptible to local economic conditions, namely landclearing and excavated fill material. These items, which are generated as the result of home building, fell from 5,056 tons and 5,965 tons to 1,609 tons and 1,279 tons respectively -- a combined decrease of 8,132 tons or over 22 tons per day. Other portions of the waste stream not tied so closely to the economy actually went up slightly, including household garbage and yard waste. Achievement of these goals, however, is clearly linked to a number of State actions, particularly on 10% waste reduction and timely approvals of permits. These goals are also linked to high levels of public participation and strict enforcement of mandatory programs as well as consistent markets. State achievement of its goals would make the attainment of the proposed Plan's high levels of waste reduction/recycling more likely. ~518R/5 1027 SWMP 5-10 5.3.2 State Solid Waste Manaaement Act In 1980, the Legislature directed NYSDEC to prepare a solid waste management plan for the State, and to update this plan annually. The first plan was completed in 1987, and identified a hierarchy of solid waste management alternatives that placed waste reduction first, followed by recycling, energy recovery, and landfilling. The updated Solid Waste Management Plan for the Town of Southold complies with the State's Solid Waste Management Act by including all key features and provisions of the Act. 5.3.3 State Recvclina Goals The State has identified a waste reduction goal of 8% to 10% of the waste stream, and a recycling goal of 40% to 42%. The State's policy, however, is waste reduction and recycling "maximization'. Solid waste management plans must reflect a concept which maximizes the total reduction of the waste stream. The Town of Southold intends to achieve the goals by 1997. The Town's Plan is consistent with the maximization goals as demonstrated in the CRA presented in Appendix A of this document. Therefore, the updated Plan complies with the goals set by the State. 5.4 Proposed Implementation Schedule and Associated Actions As part of the initial Plan, a timetable was developed for the initial SW~4P actions and presented on Table 5.4.1-1. It is expected that reduction/recycling/reuse through implementation of the Town's resource recovery system will accommodate up to 70% of the waste stream by the end of 1997~ This table reflected the recommendations identified in Section 5.2 of the initial SWMP for the disposal/processing of the 30% of the waste stream remaining after implementation of the resource recovery system. Most of the goals identified for the interim period were achieved between the issuance of the initial SWMP and this update. An updated implementation timetable summarizing the updated Plan is presented as Table 5-1. 6518R/5 1027 SWMP 5-11 Table 5-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD Solid Waste Management Plan - 1993 Update Revised Implementation Schedule Solid Waste Plannina Action Adoption of special bag ordinance Cessation of landfill operations State authorization to initiate temporary transfer operations Implementation of special bag ordinance Implementation of temporary transfer operations Part 360 Engineering Report and Permit Application for the permanent transfer station submitted to NYSDEC Part 360 Engineering Report and Permit Application for full-scale yard waste composting operations submitted to NYSDEC 1993 SWMp Update and revised CPJ~ submitted to NYSDEC Prepare and receive bids for hauling residual waste to existing permitted facility with available capacity for the first 5-year period State approval of SWI~p Update and revised CRA Initiate closure investigations and activities for Receive NYSDEC permit for construction and operation of permanent transfer station Receive NYSDEC permit for construction and operation of full-scale yard waste composting facility Construct permanent transfer station Construct and begin operation of full-scale yard waste composting operations Submit annual reports to NYSDEC for the yard waste composting operations Date Suzamer 1993 October 8, 1993 October 8, 1993 October 9, 1993 October 9, 1993 November 1993 November 1993 December 1993 Spring 1994 Spring/Summer Spring ~ Annually beginning Spring 6518R/5 1027 SWMP 5-12 Table 5-1 (continued) TOWN OF SOUTHOLD Solid Waste Management Plan - 1993 Update Revised ImPlementation Schedule Solid Waste Planning Action Negotiate and finalize contract for hauling residual waste to existing permitted facility with available capacity for the first 5 year period Initiate 5 year "long-term" hauling of residual wastes from the permanent transfer station Submit annual reports to NYSDEC for the transfer station Methane gas investigation Groundwater investlgatlon Submit Closure Investigation Report (CIR) Perform Fishers Island metal dump investigation Submit closure plan for Fishers Island metal dump Reclamation of mined areas Submit ConceDtuai Closure Plan {CCP) Submit Final Closure Plan (FCP) Implement closure activities Submit Closure Certification Report (CCR) Submit postclosure registration forms Perform operation and maintenance activities and annual reporting First Compliance Report sent to NYSDEC ~ar updates of SWMP {or as required) Bid and award contract for private services or enter into intermunicipal agreement for residual waste for additional 5 year periods Date Summer 1994 Suramer 1994 Annually beginning Summer 1995 Summer/Fall 1994 Summer/Fall 1994 Fall/Winter 1994 Summer/Fall 1994 Fall~Winter 1994 Spring/Summer 1995 Spring 1995 Winter 1995 Spring/Summer 1996 Winter 1997 Summer 1997 Annually beginning Fall 1997 March 1995 (Everz/ 2 years thereafter) 2000,2005,2010,2015 1027 SWMP 5-13 5.5 Private Sector Involvement There are opportunities for the private sector to assist the Town in managing solid wastes, or to manage the waste on behalf of the Town. Areas of possible private sector involvement and participation include: o Collection of source separated recyclables and residual wastes for delivery to the transfer station. o Collection of yard wastes separately from source separated solid waste. o Development and expansion of private recycling in-house efforts in commercial, industrial, and retail establishments in the Town. o Development and expansion of recycling and processing options for construction and demolition debris. o Provide materials and/or services for the transfer hauling operations. o Provide financing and/or full-service vendor arrangements for any or all of the facilities presented in the updated Plan. o Obtain and use compost and wood chips for local landscaping or nursery operations. 5.6 Landfill Closure and Related Actions Closure of the landfill will be performed in accordance with 6 NYCRR Part 360 regulations and working with NYSDEC. Closure activities expected to be performed include: o Methane and groundwater investigations o Submittal of a Closure Investigation Report o Submittal of a Conceptual Closure Plan o Submittal of a Final Closure Plan o Capping activities o Submittal of a Closure Certification Report o Submittal of postclosure registration forms 1027 SWMP 5-14 Perform operation and maintenance activities on an as scheduled and as needed basis o Submit annual reports An investigation of the metal dump on Fishers Island will be undertaken, and a closure plan will be submitted to NYSDEC. The sand mining area north of the landfill will be reclaimed in accordance with NYSDEC direction. Possible waste stream components to be used in reclaiming this area include sand, sod, yard waste composting materials and/or residuals, and possibly residentially generated clean fill, if acceptable to NYSDEC. Every two years the Town will submit compliance reports required by 6 NYCRR Part 360. The first report is required to be submitted by March 1, 1995. Review of the SWMP will be ongoing. Every five years the SWMP will be updated. Updates may be submitted more frequently as needed to comply with 6 NYCRR Part 360 15.11. The Town will continue to evaluate private sector opportunities as well as those involving developing intermunicipal agreements. Every five years, the Town will bid contract(s) for private hauling/disposal services or enter into an intermunicipal agreement for disposal/processing of the Town's residual waste. 6518R/5 1027 SWMP 5-15 SECTION 6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND POTENTIAL MITIGATION MEASURES This Section presents a discussion of potential short and long-term generic impacts, unavoidable impacts, and mitigation measures for the updated Plan. Where appropriate, irreversible/irretrievable commitments of resources, growth inducing aspects, use and conservation of energy, and coastal impacts are discussed. This Section is organized to follow the sa/ne general organization as found in Section 1. Because of the broad scope inherent in the Solid Waste Management Plan Update for the Town, the impacts and mitigation measures are presented in a general or generic manner. If necessary, site and/or technology specific impacts and mitigation measures will be addressed in site specific environmental documents in accordance with SEQRA. 6.1 Town Setting (Sites) Impacts associated with the updated Plan may affect local settings or sites associated with a solid waste facility or activity. These sites are expected to be priraarily at the To~rn's solid waste complex depending upon the portion of the waste strea/n to be handled by a particular facility. 6.1.1 Impacts Short-term from Construction Site preparation for actions such as the expansion of yard waste composting operations, and the construction and operation of the transfer station may require some earthwork that could result in minor increases vehicle and equipment exhaust and fugitive dust in the area of these activities, as well as possible erosion conditions associated with earth work. Erosion of soils resulting from the removal of vegetative cover may occur because of the actions of wind and precipitation. This is not expected to result in impacts on water resources and aquatic life in the area of construction activities. In addition, construction activities may increase noise levels and traffic at the site. From an economic point of view, construction impacts may result in both direct and indirect benefits 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-1 involving increased employment and business opportunities for local contractors, support services, and equipment suppliers. Use of the land for development, recreational, recharge, or agricultural uses could be lost if solid waste facilities were not located at the Town's solid waste complex. The impacts from construction would be short-term, most likely intermittent in nature, and largely contained on-site. Mitigative measures for these short-term impacts related to construction are discussed in Section 6.1.3 of this document. ~onc-term from Operations No significant, adverse, long-term environmental impacts, beyond the original commitment of land resources, are expected to result from the operation of the proposed facilities. However, the commitment of land is possible. With regard to delivery and processing of municipal solid waste, there exists the possibility that windblown debris could collect on the grounds. Litter may result from spillage from trucks delivering wastes to the site, residents using a drop-off area, poor site maintenance procedures, or from illegal dumping. Trucks may have debris or litter fall from them along the route of travel if the wastes are not properly placed, stored, or covered. Some dust or mud from the facilities with unpaved on-site roads may be transported off-site by the departing vehicles. Possible mitigation measures for the impacts are discussed in Section 6.1.3. In addition, the possible opportunity could exist for the breeding and manifestation of nuisance animals or vectors at the site. These potential impacts could be minimized through the expeditious covering and/or processing of solid waste, proper housekeeping, and careful site maintenance. It may be necessary to employ licensed exterminators or control specialists that may use animal traps, insecticides or rodenticides approved by Federal and State authorities. There could be some impacts resulting from runoff, percolation, or wind transport of materials. Most of these impacts are expected to be contained on-site, and are not expected to be significant since these products are designed for use in the environment and approved by Federal and State authorities. Good housekeeping and site maintenance can limit the need for the services of a licensed control specialist. Nuisance animals 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-2 such as seagulls, indigenous to eastern Long Island and frequent scavengers at solid waste facilities, are a possibility. Other than being a nuisance, seagulls and other such animals would not be expected to have a significant impact. 6.1.2 Unavoidable ImpacTs The construction activities in relation to the Plan elements would consist of some excavation for foundations, footings, subgrade structures, and trenching. These activities could involve the use of earth moving equipment such as bulldozers, cranes, trucks, and Graders. Short-term from Construction It is possible that there could be short-term impacts from construction of the transfer station. These unavoidable impacts could include erosion, storm water runoff, fugitive dust, and off-site litter. The State will review the final design for any of the Plan elements and in the permitting document(s), the extent of the construction and the resulting impacts would be more fully evaluated. However, the impacts associated with construction are expected to be minimal and of a short-term nature. The impacts would mostly be due to the truck traffic and construction equipment which could generate fugitive dust and exhaust emissions. Another short-term potentially unavoidable impact would be the visual impact resulting from construction, possible steel or masonry structures, construction materials, scaffolding, holes and/or mounds of material from earth moving present on-site. Short-term unavoidable impacts could result from traffic in the area such as concrete transport vehicles, material delivery trucks, dump trucks hauling material off-site, and trucks carting in gravel, sand, and construction supplies. Transferring wastes or recyclables to out-of-town facilities would shift the impacts to these sites which have already been evaluated or are to undergo review as part of their permit process. LonG-Term from Onerations The long-term impacts associated with sites are related to the long-term commitment of the solid waste complex to solid waste management. The use of a 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-3 site for a solid waste facility precludes the use of that site for other possibilities such as recreation, agriculture, or natural open space. This is an unavoidable impact resulting from siting solid waste management facilities~ Under the alternatives that incorporate solid waste facilities at or adjacent to the existing solid waste complex, the impact of the new facilities in the vicinity of the complex would be much less when compared to developing a new all-inclusive site or individual sites for individual facilities. Further, it is possible to manage the impacts and mitigation measures associated with all of the aspects concerning the implementation of the Plan at one area of the Town. Additionally, initiation of new solid waste operations at or adjacent to the existing solid waste complex would facilitate Plan implementation, and be consistent with current land use patterns at and near the complex. 6.1.3 Potential Mitigation Measures This Section describes various mitigation measures to lessen or eliminate impacts arising from the facility sites. Detailed site specific mitigation measures would be presented in any supplemental SEQRA or permitting documents for the elements of the Plan. Short-term from Cons~io~ There are a variety of impacts on sites or land that are unique to construction activities and short-term in nature. Construction activities that result in short-term impacts may be mitigated or eliminated by various measures. The period of time in which construction activities occur could be minimized by proper scheduling and management. A well formulated program for scheduling and coordinating the activities of contractors, personnel, vendors, and tradespeople should be implemented. The contractors are to be encouraged to make maximum utilization of the work force in order to expedite the construction phase. If a portion of the work is delayed or found to be falling behind schedule due to unforeseen circumstances or the fault of others, crews may be reinforced to bring the task back on schedule. The construction of a facility can be a complex undertaking, subject to factors that may lead to delay. For this reason, the Town would receive assurances or guarantees from the contractors that the construction schedule would be met. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-4 During the excavation phases of construction, existing topography at the site(s) are expected to be disturbed. Construction activities could cut, fill, grade, modify, and remove existing land. Existing plantings, fencing, and barriers could be removed in the process. Disturbance of limited areas would be encouraged through proper construction planning. Measures would be taken to diminish topographic disturbance, erosion, and sedimentation occurring from the construction activities. Paved and vegetated areas could be designed based on currently recormmended soil erosion and sedimentation control practices. A storm water collection/retention system could be installed to prevent runoff from damaging newly installed surface and subsurface materials. Measures could be taken to forestall and minimize the impact of any erosion or storm water runoff including the construction of berms, barriers, silt fences, and temporary retaining walls and terraces cut into the sides of slopes. Topsoil could be stockpiled for future use, and seeded for temporary stabilization. Storm water collection and retention/recharge could also mitigate impacts at a potentially developed site. Dust and mud can be prevented or mitigated from off-site transport through truck washing and exit/entrance aprons designed to current standards for construction sites. Measures are available to avoid possible effects on the character of adjacent land, such as the use of compatible architectural designs. Barriers may be installed to prevent visual disturbances. These would include high fences, berms, plantings, and wooden or metal barricades which would act as screening to the activities and structures on a site. Construction machinery and vehicles could be fueled or maintained on-site which creates the potential for spills during refueling or lubrication maintenance. A conm~on method used in spill prevention is to designate a specific area on-site, separate from actual construction activities, for refueling or maintenance of all equipment and machinery. This area could be paved, curbed, and maintained as a containment point in the event of a spill. In addition, all fuels and lubricants would be transported in appropriately regulated tanker trucks or containers. Refueling should also be limited to actual hours of operations to ensure that a full complement of "clean up" personnel is available. Alternatively, fueling and maintenance could occur off-site at an appropriate maintenance or fuel supplier. Should a spill occur on-site, it would be contained in the refueling area by the curbing. Cleanup, removal, and disposal would then be carried out under NYSDEC regulation or supervision. At the conclusion of construction activities at each site, final grading, 6487R/2 !027 SWMP 6-5 planting, and erosion/storm water control measures could be installed to control sedimentation or spills to streams and wetlands. Restoration and cleanup activities could also be undertaken for inadvertent off-site impacts. LonG-term from OoeratiQ~s Impacts on site(s) or land are expected to be reduced upon completion of construction activities. During the operational period, control of erosion and sediment would be implemented and maintained. This might include the care of plantings and the cleaning and repair of storm water collection basins. The sites themselves would have litter periodically removed and may utilize fencing in order to prevent litter from blowing off the site. Licensing provisions for carters and other delivery vehicles could include provisions designed to avoid the littering of streets by requiring all delivery vehicles either to have a covering over the wastes or to take other appropriate measures. Open vehicles that deliver waste could be required to have tarpaulin covers. There could be regular cleanup of litter and spillage at and around the facilities by maintenance crews. Carters could be required to carry equipment to clean up litter or debris that falls off the truck enroute to a site. It may be necessary to ensure that impacts of nighttime lighting are mitigated. This might require limiting lighting to essential areas, directing lighting to specific locations, and screening lighting from other areas in order to avoid intrusion onto other properties. Other visual impacts could be reduced through the use of proper cover, screening, vegetation, grading and buffers, and by confining operations to the minimum number of acres. The expeditious covering and/or processing of the solid waste in transfer trailers, proper housekeeping, and site maintenance would deter vector manifestation and breeding and the propagation of transient nuisance animals. To inhibit animal pests and insect vectors, several measures could be designed and instituted at a facility site. These measures would be expected to produce an environment that would inhibit the proliferation of vectors in the area. Ail facilities would be expected to have proper housekeeping programs in effect ~or internal and external areas. This could include clearing the area of 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6- 6 all stagnant water or potential areas of insect infestation. This would be particularly important at a temporary tire handling site, where uncovered or exposed tires could provide numerous small breeding locations for insects. Any spilled material would be expected to be promptly removed to preclude any source of breeding. Benign vector control methods, such as introducing dragon flies, encouraging purple martin nesting, and other biological control methods including bacteria rings could be used. If necessary, professional, licensed extermination and control services could be provided to supplement other mitigation measures for vector control. The application and use of pesticides and insecticides, if necessary, would be expected to follow all applicable Federal, State, County, and Town regulations. Additionally, it is expected that nuisance animals should be less of a factor for enclosed facilities. The buildings or land used by the Town could be capable of being converted to other uses if and when the proposed facilities are no longer needed. The transfer of wastes, whether it be recyclables, compostables, and/or residual waste, for disposal/processing in another town is not considered a mitigation measure. Impacts resulting from any or all of these operations are shifted to the out-of-town facility in which the materials are handled. The Town's contribution to these impacts would depend on the tonnage of material sent by the Town and the overall tonnage handled by that facility. 6.1.4 Irreversible/Irretrievable Commitments of Resources This Section deals with the irreversible/irretrievable commitments involved in implementing solid waste facilities at a selected site(s). These resources may consist of land, water, energy, materials, and economics. Land Use Land is one of the resources that would be committed by the development of the Plan elements. The long-term commitment of land is not totally irreversible, in that, after use the facilities could be dismantled or the building reused, and the acreage made available for another function. Additional land may also be purchased for buffering. The land acquired for buffering would be expected to remain unused and retain its original character, or be upgraded by plantings and 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-7 landscaping. The land acquired for buffering could be expected to be readily reclaimed for use once the solid waste activity has ceased operation. Water During the proposed construction period, water usage would be limited to human consumption, concrete preparations, pipe pressure tests, equipment maintenance, and sanitary purposes. The irreversible and irretrievable commitment of water during the construction period is expected to be minimal. While the proposed Plan elements are in operation, groundwater quality is not expected to be irreversibly impacted. However, there could be the potential for groundwater impacts resulting from yard waste composting. Mitigation of these impacts are discussed in other areas of this Section. The consumptive use of water for composting is expected to be required for maintenance of the moisture content of the composting material. Much of this moisture may be lost through evaporation or gained through precipitation onto the windrows. Quantification of the consumptive water use would depend on the amount and frequency of precipitation. Any other in-Town facilities are not expected to require process water for operations beyond water for cleaning, mitigation of fugitive dust, and equipment maintenance. The consumptive use of water may be necessary at the out-of-town facilities. The quantification of that volume of water would have been determined for the facilities as part of their SEQR3% review or permitting process. Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of water resources should not be significant at in-town facilities, but may be at out-of-town facilities. Monitoring of the groundwater is expected to continue for 30 years after closure of the landfill. During the period of construction, fuels would be required to operate machinery. These may involve fuel oil, diesel oil, gasoline, kerosene, and alcohol utilized for the earth moving machines, hoists, heaters, pumps, and trucks. The use of these fuels would be irretrievable. The construction period may also require electricity for the temporary lighting of structures and the power to run hand tools and equipment. Long-term operation of the various Plan elements recommended would involve the consumption of a combination of fossil fuels and electricity. Materials 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-8 Construction of some of the Plan facilities could involve the irreversible and irretrievable conTaitment of various construction materials. Some materials that may be used include steel, wood, copper, tar, plastic, Glass, natural and synthetic fibers, paint, and plaster. The conu~itment of these resources are considered typical for the development of transfer stations, and other construction projects related to solid waste management. Economics Financial commitment to the Plan may include the sale of bonds. These bonds may or may not be used for the purchase of land for any of the facilities. In addition, small business assistance programs (i.e., development loans) in the Town may be utilized to assist solid waste collectors/haulers in acquiring equipment necessary to collect, transfer, and haul solid waste and recyclable materials to any of the facilities, in or out of the Town. Therefore, bonds and loan funds used for this program would represent a commitment of financial resources. The extent and definition of the economic sources required to implement the Plan are subject to decisions by the Town, NYSDEC, costs associated with the use of existing facilities, costs associated with facilities under development or proposed, and design and site specific features. These impacts would be determined in future SEQRA review procedures needed to implement portions of the Plan. 6.1.5 Growth Inducing Aspects The Town's proposed Plan is not expected to include significant Growth inducing aspects in the Town. During the construction of solid waste management facilities there may be an increase in local employment opportunities, depending on the phase of construction. Personnel would also be required at any in-Tow~ facility that is developed. Most of the skills required for this work should be available in the Town's work force. This would produce a positive effect on the area's economy for a period of time. The potential exists for an increase in employment opportunities in the solid waste management field on a regional basis. Privately operated processing/disposal operations for construction, demolition, and land clearing debris have a strong growth potential largely due to the recent trend on Long 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-9 Island toward diverting these materials from municipal facilities. Additionally, inclusion of curbside collection of recyclable materials might lead to increased employment related to collection or handling of portions of the waste stream. Larger, regional solid waste facilities may also provide growth in this field. 6.1o6 Coastal Impacts Adverse impacts are not expected on any coastal area in the Town. One possible beneficial impact of the yard waste composting program, and possibly other composting projects, would be the production of the humus-like end product that could be an inexpensive soil enhancer for possible use in coastal areas to promote the growth of vegetation. This vegetation would assist in the natural process of dune stabilization and erosion control. On a regional basis, the stabilization of dunes by natural vegetation with the use of a natural compost product could be a benefit of the Plan. 6.2 Geology, Topography, and Soils It is possible that impacts associated with the Plan could affect localized site geology, topography, or soils as a result of construction or implementation of elements of the Plan. These impacts are expected to be minor and can, to a great extent, be mitigated to further reduce the effects upon local resources. 6.2.1 Impacts Impacts related to the geology of the Town are presented in this Section. Impacts related to private sector or out-of-Town facilities would be evaluated in the SEQRA and permitting review procedures for those facilities. Short-term from Construction It is anticipated that the elements of the Plan as updated would not have significant impacts on the subsurface conditions. Construction is not expected to affect the current soils other than to cause localized disturbances or moving of the soils to accommodate construction activities. During construction, impacts may include some localized soil erosion and changes in topography. The construction area may be regraded and the slope changed in areas. Other areas may be recontoured for planting and pavement. Potential measures to reduce soil erosion are similar to those discussed in Sections 6.1.3 and 6.2.3. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-10 Soils may be removed or displaced due to construction activities. There may be some minor on-site erosion of surface materials caused by storm water runoff. The strata underlying proposed sites may be affected somewhat by excavation. Localized areas on a site for the proposed construction of a facility would be cleared of vegetation and upper soils. After construction, newly vegetated areas would be expected to be developed to reduce soil erosion on the reshaped and recontoured areas. Lon~-term from Operations Once facilities are constructed and all potential mitigation measures are established, no significant long-term alterations to the soils or geology are expected. Reclaiming some or all of the borrow area can alter the local topography by filling in a depression and bringing it up to grade. Should reclamation of the borrow area be undertaken, then the topography would be brought up to grade. When compared to the value of the reclaimed land to be used for solid waste management, the impact on the local topography could be considered positive. Capping of the inactive landfill may have some effect on the local soils, topography, and geology~ However, this impact could also be considered beneficial due to stabilization of on-site soils, final grading, and reduction of possible hydrogeologic impacts. Soils could be transported off-site by the actions of wind, precipitation, or truck traffic. The loss of this soil through fugitive dust generation or erosion has the potential to cause some off-site impacts if normally accepted erosion control practices are not developed and maintained. Dust and soil could cause sedimentation in nearby water bodies or impair wetlands. Silt loadings in water bodies could cause oxygen depletion or inhibit respiration in aquatic life. One aspect of the facility siting analyses was that all surface waters and wetlands were provided a buffer that would mitigate this potential impact if a facility were situated in the vicinity of a water body or wetland. Topography is not expected to be radically altered. Construction or other solid waste operations may cause some minor local topographic changes that are not expected to be significant. No significant geologic alterations or impacts are expected as a result of Plan implementation. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-11 6.2.2 Unavoidable Impacts No significant unavoidable adverse effects on geology, topography, and soils are anticipated based upon the preceding discussion. 6.2.3 Potential MitiGation Measures Erosion control procedures during construction and during operations of the facilities could include: o Disturbing the smallest area needed for construction o Using site specific characteristics to minimize erosion and direct storm water runoff to other mitigation measures Using entrance/exit aprons at construction sites and facility sites o o Using silt fences and hay bales o Covering of mounded exposed soils o Using swales, retention/recharge basins, and culverts as needed for storm water runoff control o Implementing maintenance procedures for erosion control measures o Grading of the construction site and the finished site to minimize erosion o Using temporary vegetation as a cover on exposed soils and landscaping/revegetation of the completed site o Developing artificial wetlands for storm water runoff control, erosion control, water recharge, and even grey water treatment Areas for proposed construction that would be cleared of vegetation and upper soils are the specific local areas at a site for an individual facility upon which construction would occur. Site specific features should be considered for developing an erosion control plan. This would be addressed in a site specific EIS or environmental assessment for a planned facility. Suppression of on-site fugitive dust generation can be reduced by wetting exposed soils, dirt, and pavement, or by using benign dust suppressing chemicals. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-12 6~2.4 Irreversible/Irretrievable Commitments of ResQ~Ce~ This Section addresses the irreversible/irretrievable commitments involved with implementing any of the Plan elements at a location. With respect to geology, topography and soils, no irreversible or irretrievable commitments of resources are expected. No significant alternations of geologic conditions or topography are anticipated as a result of Plan implementation. Use of appropriate erosion and storm water control measures will minimize losses of surface soils during construction and operation. 6.3 Water Resources Water resources on Long Island are extensive and valuable. Some potential impacts associated with the Plan on these water resources could result from Plan implementation by the Town. Capping of the landfill and implementing the other Plan elements should result in lower potential impacts to water resources in the 6.3.1 Imoacts Short-term from Construction Uses of water during construction include sanitary water uses (showers, toilets, sinks) for administrative, construction, and management personnel, dust control, preparation of concrete, equipment maintenance, wash down water, and drinking water for workers. Portable lavatories could be provided for the construction crews and later removed from the site. No significant adverse impacts are anticipated on groundwater quality during the construction of a facility. Sanitary wastewater could be discharged through an on-site septic system or through a public system. An on-site septic system may involve some processing of the wastewater before discharge into the system. Holding tanks could be provided with off-site disposal. This would preclude groundwater impacts from the use of cesspools or other on-site wastewater disposal systems. Construction is not expected to produce discharge which could adversely affect water quality since sanitary wastes would be collected in portable toilets and removed from the site, or go to the on-site septic 6487R/2 1C27 SWMP 6-13 system or public waste water collection system. This would be done if site specific or construction conditions precluded the use of portable lavatories. During construction of some facilities it might be necessary to pump groundwater. This dewatering process may lower localized water tables temporarily. This impact would be short term in nature, lasting only during necessary construction activity, and would not be expected to affect off-site locations. Due to the groundwater at the existing solid waste complex site, dewatering would not be considered likely at this site for any of the facilities that are finally located there. Upon completion of the pumping, the water table would be expected to restore itself unless otherwise constrained. Potential impacts to surface waters would include the siltation of streams by runoff due to temporary stripping of vegetation and topsoil during construction. This runoff could be controlled through berms, silt fencing, hay bales, retention/recharge basins, land grading, and other erosion control procedures (see Sections 6.1 and 6.2). Lon~-term from Operations The source of water to be used at the site(s), and impacts on the system providing the water, is presented in the Part 360 documents for the project. The opportunity may exist to utilize public water supplies for facility operation at the site(s). Further, groundwater supplies and water systems in the Town are expected to be able to supply the needed flow rate without significant impact. Sand and salt could be stored on site for the maintenance of passable roads on site during the wintertime. These stores could be kept covered to prevent runoff from contaminating ground and surface waters. Use of these materials should be kept to a minimum to limit the effect on groundwater or runoff to off-site locations. Another potential adverse impact to both ground and surface water could be from any application of pesticides and insecticides required to control vectors at a facility should that be necessary. Should pesticides or insecticides be used, the potential does exist for misapplication or spills. Only licensed professional applicators should be used for the application of those pesticides and insecticides that are allowed by Federal, State and 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-14 County law. The need for application should be minimal if certain potential mitigation measures, such as the following, are instituted where practical: o Good housekeeping procedures are developed at a facility o Litter and debris, on and off-site, are cleaned up daily o Facilities and some portions of sites are regularly washed down o Solid waste is covered and/or contained properly o Benign vector control measures are developed and maintained Other actions may also be developed to minimize or eliminate the pesticides or insecticides. need for Site and technology specific impacts associated with individual facilities and/or Plan elements would be expected to be addressed in future environmental documents and/or permit applications. 6.3.2 Unavoidable Impacts The anticipated unavoidable water use is expected to be primarily for yard waste compost operations, sanitary facilities, washing down of equipment and vehicles, construction purposes (mixing concrete, mortar), wash down of masonry, site and equipment maintenance. Water may also be used to suppress fugitive dust generation. During construction, certain fuels and oils may be kept on-site. Correct and safe use of these materials by trained personnel would prevent or minimize groundwater contamination. Potable water and process water may be supplied from the local groundwater supply or municipal water supply. Sanitary wastewater at the sites could be discharged into an on-site treatment system or a sanitary hookup to the municipal system if available. The use of portable lavatories may also limit discharges. There is expected to be some runoff from the yard waste composting operations, and the runoff could contain materials that could potentially affect surface water and groundwater. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-15 6.3.3 Potential Mitioation Measures Mitigation measures would be carried out to reduce and avoid impacts on water quality, aquatic ecology, and water supply on both a short and long-term basis for surface and groundwater. Short-term ~om Construction Soil erosion control techniques would be implemented during construction, thereby reducing potential impacts from the silt carried by storm water runoff. For example, the placement of hay bales and/or silt fences along drainage channels adjacent to areas of construction would serve to reduce sediment transport. Temporary retaining walls, terraces cut into the slopes, and proper grading and mulching of exposed slopes would minimize runoff and erosion, reducing the amount of solids contained in storm water runoff. Construction personnel could be expected to utilize portable toilets which would be removed from the sites for discharge and treatment of sewage in approved facilities. Holding tanks for grey water used in showers and hand washing could be used. The infiltration of groundwater into excavations would be minimized, as applicable, by the use of steel curtain walls surrounding an excavation, cement slurry wall construction, and if necessary, dewatering operations. LonG-term from Onerations Water is expected to be available for operations from public water supplies or, depending on location or intended use, an on-site well. Water is required in composting to maintain a moisture content between 50% and 60%. Groundwater in the vicinity of the yard waste composting operation would be monitored as per Part 360 regulations. Other water uses include domestic water, miscellaneous process water, washup and spill control, and as a dust suppressant. To reduce the amount of water consumed, process water could be recycled and reused depending on nature of usewherever possible. Water lost during a process might need to be replenished through withdrawal from the on-site well or public supplies, dependent on availability. This withdrawal could be less than what would be required if 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-16 the process water were discharged to the wastewater disposal system after each use. Process water from miscellaneous process losses and from in-house use for washup and spills may be directed to a reserve storage tank and fed to areas to be used as needed. To reduce impacts from runoff at facilities, a storm water collection system and retention or recharge basins could be constructed. Land grading, benches and berms, diversions, vegetation, and sediment basins could be used at the sites to control erosion and sediment runoff. Roadway cleaning programs could be implemented and reliance on fertilizers and pesticides for landscaping and maintenance could be kept to a minimum. The composting operations are expected to be performed on a crushed stone pad that is 8 to 12 inches above grade thereby preventing run on or runoff. Use of compost end products could enhance landscaping efforts at the facilities and reduce purchases of other soil enhancers. Also, inert abrasives, such as sand or cinders, could be substituted for chemical salts wherever possible during snow or icy conditions to reduce the amount of chemicals in the runoff. Materials that are to be placed on-site (sand and/or salt) could be placed in salt domes or covered areas to reduce runoff transport. Practices that would interfere with the natural revegetation of open land and recharge basins would be avoided when possible. Any use of pesticides and insecticides is expected to be minimized. Containers and covers for solid wastes, good housekeeping and site maintenance practices, daily elimination of standing water, and benign biological control measures could be incorporated into daily operations and facility design. Additionally, the expeditious handling and processing of wastes, along with limiting storage time of raw wastes before processing, handling, and shipping, can also reduce the need for pesticides and insecticides. Other mitigation measures would include the capping of the inactive landfill. Additionally, the recycling and processing elements of the Plan would reduce the volume of wastes ultimately destined for processing and/or disposal. This would be a potential beneficial impact on groundwater resulting from implementation of the Plan. In addition to minimizing water demand at the facilities, potential impacts on local groundwater supplies and levels could be avoided by the use of public water supplies where available. Disposal and/or treatment of wastewater would be expected to meet all requirements and regulations applicable from Federal, State, and County authorities. 6.3.4 Irreversible/Irretrievable Commitments of Resources 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-17 During the construction period for the Plan facilities, water usage would be for potable use, sanitary facilities, equipment maintenance, construction requirements (such as concrete mixing), and as a dust suppressant. While the Plan elements are in operation, groundwater quality is not expected to be irreversibly impacted. However, there is a potential for groundwater impacts resulting from composting. Mitigation of these impacts were discussed earlier° Water for composting is expected to be used for maintenance of moisture content of the composting material. Most of this moisture may be lost through evaporation or gained through precipitation onto the windrows. The remaining facilities are not expected to require 9rocess water for operations beyond water for cleaning, the mitigation of fugitive dust generation, and equipment maintenance. Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of water resources should not be significant. Monitoring of the groundwater is expected to continue for 30 years after closure of the landfill. 6.3.5 Coastal Impacts Finished yard waste compost might be used in the coastal areas to enhance the propagation of indigenous vegetation. This could allow for erosion control and possibly enhance dune stabilization. This might lessen the adverse impacts on coastal waters from storm water runoff and nonpoint source pollution. 6.4 Air Resources The Plan's various proposed elements may impact air quality on a short-term basis during construction and over the long-terra during operation. This Section will describe the general nature of the various impacts. 6.4.1 This Section discusses short and long-term generic air quality impacts resulting from the Plan elements. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-18 Short-term from Construction Site preparation and construction of the transfer station is expected to result in the generation of some pollutants or materials which might affect local air quality for short periods. Site preparation and construction related emissions from vehicles and other construction equipment are expected to occur at the site(s) during construction of the facilities. The effects of the preparation and construction on air quality can be evaluated independently of operational impacts. Impacts during the construction phases are expected to be from particulates {fugitive dust) suspended in the air by the movement of vehicles over paved and unpaved areas. A certain a~aount of dust can be generated in this manner. Much of the dust usually consists of fine particles. "Fugitive dust" would pose a concern if there was significant exposure over a long period of time. Off-site impacts are usually nonexistent or minor as long as mitigation measures are implemented. Off-site air impacts from collection vehicles should not be any greater than when compared to existing conditions. The operation of construction equipment could result in some disturbances of surface materials. Throughout construction, some excavation material may either be stockpiled for later use or removed for use elsewhere. Grading activities required for site preparation can also be a source of fugitive dust. These activities can be generators of airborne particulates since earthwork operations remove pavement and/or vegetation that normally anchor the topsoil and provide protection from the wind. Such exposed ground creates a potential for wind erosion and particulate emissions. This material could consist of topsoil, rock, gravel, and other material. Storage of the material in uncovered piles can cause the surface materials to be dispersed by wind action. Construction activities may also generate exhaust emissions from various vehicles and construction equipment such as generators. The combined emissions from vehicle exhaust and other on-site equipment during construction would be expected to be relatively minor. The emissions from each vehicle are governed by State and Federal vehicle requirements. During construction, employees would be discouraged from idling the vehicles. The total impact of construction on air quality is expected to be negligible and temporary. Mitigative measures described in this Section are designed to minimize the anticipated impacts from construction activities. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-19 Lon~-tsrm from Site Operations There would be emissions from the exhaust of facility vehicles and those delivering, transporting, or removing solid wastes, fill, supplies, or recyclable materials. There is expected to be some localized dust generated at all facilities. The possibility exists for some odor from yard waste composting. Odors from composting can be reduced through proper operational control and proper maintenance of the windrows as detailed in the Part 360 permit application and engineering report. The air impacts associated with the transfer station are expected to be primarily associated with the arrival and departure of vehicles. Wastes in the trailer will be covered nightly and enclosed in the station. Few, if any, odors are expected to result in impacts of any significance from the transfer operations. 6.4.2 Unavoidable Impacts The unavoidable impacts related to air are the emissions from the operation of the Plan elements along with dust and vehicle impacts associated with construction or waste hauling activities. The compost facility could have the potential for air emissions and odors. Through proper design and operation, as discussed in permitting and engineering reports, these impacts can be minimized. Further discussions of mitigation measures are found in Section 6.4.3. 6.4.3 Mitication Measures This Section has identified air impacts associated with various activities that may affect the local ambient air quality. This Section evaluates mitigation measures for these air quality impacts. Short-teu~ ~om Construction The short-term emissions associated with the construction of the Plan facilities could include mobile and fugitive dust sources; however, mobile source or vehicle impacts are not expected to be significant, and impacts could be mitigated with common construction practices. Construction vehicles can be maintained to minimize air pollutant emissions. Engine idling can be restricted when vehicles are not directly in use during 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-20 construction. Alternating staging areas and minimizing the use of vehicles within the construction area can help in lowering vehicle emissions. Entrance and egress routes can be limited, and delivery schedules for materials can be arranged to reduce queue lengths/backups for vehicles serving the facilities. Fugitive dusts can also be reduced, in part, by good housekeeping and controlled material handling practices. On-site sources of fugitive dust may include the following: vehicular traffic on unpaved and paved areas; material conveyance; transfer and dumping operations; exposed land; and storage areas. Water and benign chemical dust suppressants can help control dust generation. During construction, some impacts can be expected from vehicle traffic on unpaved roads. These can be mitigated by minimizing traffic in unpaved areas, limiting vehicle speeds, and applying dust suppressants° Water can be used for an effective control of fugitive dust generation, if applied regularly. Acceptable chemical dust suppressants can also provide more consistent control for longer periods, but could be expensive and are useful only for designated roadways of limited surface area. Impacts from dust due to material handling could be mitigated by enclosing or covering truck beds and handling operations, such as transfer stations, where practical. Depending on the permanence of on-site material handling equipment, spray systems or dust suppression may also be viable control options. Controlling handling operations to reduce material disruption (e.g., reducing drop height from a front-end loader bucket) is also another available mitigative measure. Impacts from dust generated by wind erosion can be limited by minimizing exposed areas, seeding or using hydromulch on exposed piles, covering storage piles when not accessed, and limiting the disturbance of open areas and piles. With or without control, wind erosion is expected to represent a small fraction of the fugitive dust generated on-site. Lon~-term from Site Operations The Town would ensure the proper design, construction, and operation of their various facilities and are presented in engineering and permitting documents. Requirements specify obligations to achieve proper operations and have provisions b487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-21 for contractors failure. An additional measure of ensuring proper controls is the NYSDEC overseeing solid waste management facilities with the right of unscheduled visits and testing. This would enhance the expectation that efforts would be made to ensure the facilities are operating within all standards. Effective restrictions and inspection programs on the acceptance of hazardous or toxic materials by the Town should be enacted to reduce and minimize contamination of the various elements of the waste stream. Training and policy requirements to monitor incoming waste and segregate hazardous materials when found could be implemented° Any such instances of unacceptable deliveries would be reported to NYSDEC in accordance with applicable regulations. The Town could ensure that the design and operational features necessary to control and mitigate the potential impacts of air pollutant emissions are incorporated into any project by means of the procurement, contracting, and oversight steps it intends to implement. Any formal Request for Proposals issued under New York State procedures to procure a contractor or vendor services for the transfer station would be expected to contain requirements for proposers to provide detailed descriptions of design features and a management approach for construction or operation. These proposals would be reviewed in order tc determine if they are capable of meeting the Town's design and performance requirements. In addition, proposers would be required to demonstrate that they have the financial resources necessary to successfully undertake the construction and/or operation. This is one way to mitigate the impacts of services of facilities that are procured by the Town. This would not be applicable to facilities owned, operated, or constructed solely by the Town. Nonpoint source impacts from the operation of the Plan elements could arise from dust generation and vehicle exhausts. The design of the facilities would be expected to incorporate features to prevent dust escaping from the receiving and storage areas and to control dust from loading and transport activities. One example of this is the maintenance of a slight negative air pressure within an enclosed facility. It is anticipated that design measures could result in reduced nonpoint source or fugitive air impacts from enclosed facilities. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-22 The site would be expected to have paved areas and that dirt roads be wet down to minimize dust associated with on-site operations. Possible location of most or all of the facilities on one site could simplify and localize the task of dust suppression. Vehicle exhaust, most notably from public vehicles and private collection vehicles going to and from the facilities, cannot be directly regulated by the Town. However, by providing assistance for efficient collection routes and encouraging compliance with State motor vehicle laws, some of the impacts from these sources might be mitigated° Odors associated with municipal solid waste can result from the partial decay of organic material. The packer and the compactor trucks are by design totally enclosed, while "open" trucks (i.e., dump, roll-off container, transfer trailers, and pickups) can have their cargoes covered. The licensing procedures that could be established as part of the program could require the covering of all open top trucks and prompt delivery of collected materials. Vehicles violating cover requirements would be turned away. These procedures would help to reduce odors from trucks or containers. All spillages from vehicles would be excepted to be cleaned up expeditiously, by the owner or operator, and owners would be encouraged to periodically wash out their vehicles to dislodge any decaying refuse. If necessary, other measures may be developed to reduce the potential odor problems associated with vehicles. Truck routes could be established to restrict these vehicles from solely using residentially populated streets. Also, during peak hours when refuse vehicles arrive at the facilities, dual scales at the landfill could reduce truck standing time and thus lessen impacts to the air from solid waste and idling engines. To mitigate odors from collected yard waste, the Town would encourage either use of backyard or on-lot compost pile or same day/next day delivery to the Town's specified facility. Grass will not be accepted for composting at this time. Frequent turnings of the pile or windrow would be needed to aerate piles. Where necessary, wood chips would be used as a bulking agent that would held to maintain aerobic conditions and lower the potential for odor formation from potential anaerobic conditions. Proper monitoring and operation of the compost operations is a key factor in mitigating the formation of odors. The transfer station has been designed to minimize odors. Odor could be 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-23 contained within the confines of the enclosed receiving area and storage/receiving bins (pits). Maintenance of a negative air pressure and odor control systems could also be used to control interior odors. Alternately, transfer trailers in an open air system are to be covered daily and removed as filled. In accordance with 6 NYCRR Part 360-11.4 (m), removal of all putrescible solid waste would be performed whenever transfer containers are full, or within 72 hours, whichever comes first. During the SEQR review and/or permitting procedures, these issues would be expected to be addressed in further detail. 6.5 Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecology would be related, to a great extent, to the specific site(s) and technology(ies} implemented as part of the Plan. A detailed site specific analysis {as contrasted to this generic analysis) would be conducted as part of any supplemental site/technology specific environmental impact statement or assessment for a facility. 6.5.1 Impacts and MitiGation Impacts related to terrestrial and aquatic ecology are discussed in this Section. It should be noted that the potential impacts to the terrestrial and aquatic systems of the Town are not expected to be significant. Short-term from Construction Short-term environmental impacts from construction depend on the site and technologies to be selected. Construction on an undeveloped site would remove those lands from use by animals and plant species. While eliminating those areas from the natural environment, the local ecology, habitats, and niches for a given site could be subject to some impact. The removal of vegetative cover during construction may increase erosion of soils and impact nearby habitats. Mitigative measures to reduce erosion and surface water runoff were discussed in Sections 6.1.3 and 6.2.3. Use of the Town's solid waste complex to site Plan elements is not expected to impact terrestrial or aquatic ecology over the short-term. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-24 Lone-term from Operations Since no surface discharge of process water effluents is expected and runoff/erosion impacts can be mitigated, and the nearest water body is well over 1,000 feet from the complex, impacts to aquatic or wetland ecosystems are not expected. The preferred location at the Town's existing solid waste complex for the facilities is well outside of the groundwater and storm water runoff contributing areas of the Peconic system. Therefore, construction and operation activities are not expected to have a significant impact on the Peconic system. It is over 5,000 feet from the site to Long Island Sound, so no impact to the Sound is expected. As it pertains to the Plan, no emissions that may have a significant impact are expected to result from vehicular traffic] or are expected to have an adverse affect on the local ecology. Vectors and nuisance animals can have an impact. Good housekeeping practices at all facilities can work to control these impacts. Vector control with traps, rodenticides and insecticides can also reduce the influence of these impacts. Covering or enclosing exposed wastes and capping the landfill could reduce the sea gull population at a site. The actions of insecticides and rodenticides on local transient species may have an impact. Local nuisance animals near a solid waste facility can be transient in nature. Pesticides, rodenticides, and insecticides, if used, may be transported off-site within or adhering to the bodies of these animals. This is not expected to have a significant impact on the local terrestrial and aquatic ecology due to the usually dilute or small amounts or concentrations transported off-site by these animals. However, misapplied or over applied vector control materials could have a relatively greater impact if transported with storm water runoff, heavy winds, or excessive fugitive dust generation. Use of benign control measures as those discussed in Section 6.1.3 could mitigate this impact. In conclusion, no significant adverse ecological impacts either to natural vegetation, cropland, or indigenous animal life within the area are anticipated from construction or operation of the proposed Plan elements. This would be expected to be more fully evaluated in the site specific, supplemental environmental impact statements, environmental assessments, or permitting activities as appropriate. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-25 6.6 Transportation This Section discusses impacts, unavoidable adverse impacts, mitigation measures, growth inducing aspects, and use and conservation of energy in relation to transportation. 6.6.1 Impacts The changes in waste disposal, collection, and delivery patterns as a result of the siting of facilities could create minor traffic impacts. The extent of these impacts and the need for mitigation measures would be determined by consideration of access road capacities, existing and future load projections, intersection designs, and noise. Short-term from Construction During construction, additional traffic activity would arise as a result of trips made to and from the construction sites by the construction workers and vehicles delivering materials. Typically, the construction workday could be arranged so that traffic associated with workers would arrive and depart at off peak times. It is expected that construction activities could draw construction workers, depending on the phase of construction, from a wide geographical region producing an increase in morning and evening traffic on roads servicing the site(s). The delivery of construction materials and equipment would occur throughout the day, during hours of operation. It is difficult to predict the number of delivery vehicles, although they are expected to be fairly evenly distributed throughout the day. Construction of the transfer station is expected to take only a few months to complete once it is started. Throughout the construction phase, short-term unavoidable impacts could result from the traffic generated. These impacts are not expected to be significant and may be lessened or controlled by the implementation of mitigation measures. Long-term from Onerations Traffic impacts could occur at the facilities or on the access routes serving the facilities. The sources of traffic could be: o o 6487R/2 1027 Delivery of residual waste, mixed recyclable materials, and yard waste Removal of recyclable materials and/or compost and wood chips SWMP 6-26 o Employee and maintenance vehicles o Visitor vehicles Traffic impacts could result from the operation of the transfer station. Traffic volumes to the transfer station or other facilities may or may not be altered as the recycling program is increased. The Part 360 report and application addresses these issues in greater detail. As a result of operation of a transfer station, one to two (possibly higher in summer) trailer loads could be sent daily to an ERF or CERF or other out-of-Town waste processing facility. One or less trailers per day may be needed to transfer recyclables during off-peak times. The nut, her of trailers needed would depend on the requirements for delivered materials at either of the receiving facilities, or other in or out-of-Town processing facility, the size of the trailers that any of the receiving facilities could handle, the degree of compaction of the materials in the containers, and the actual arrangements between the Town and the hauling, waste or recyclables processing operators. However, the impact on the traffic in the Town or on the region is not expected to be significant in terms of individual or cumulative impacts. When compared to long hauling all of the Town's waste out-of-town and off Long Island, the traffic impacts associated with implementing the Plan could be positive in minimizing regional traffic impacts and contributing to metropolitan New York City traffic. 6.6.2 Unavoidable Impacts Some traffic impacts as a result of Plan implementation may result in unavoidable impacts. However, as discussed in Section 6.6.3, these impacts could be minimized with proper mitigation measures and planning. Using a relatively central location for solid waste drop-off and transfer could limit impacts to one site and make mitigation measures more manageable than if sites are located throughout the Town. This is another reason facilities will remain located at the complex. On the other hand, multiple sites could reduce the magnitude of individual traffic impacts below the level of significance at a particular site(s). Existing traffic patterns could be changed by the implementation of the Plan elements, but it is expected that the new traffic patterns that may be established would not cause any adverse impacts. 6.6.3 MitiGation Measuues 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-27 Mitigation measures for possible short-term or long-term traffic impacts are discussed in this Section. Short-term from ConstructiQB The normal volume of traffic generated by construction workers arriving at and departing from project sites is not expected to be of a magnitude to require extensive mitigation measures. The delivery of materials and equipment to the sites, however, may require some mitigation. These may include providing warnings regarding slow moving or oversized vehicles, and/or incorporating such measures as accompanying vehicles with flashing lights and warning signs, and assistance from local police to stop or delay traffic on certain roads for short periods of time. Maintenance of entrances and exits at construction sites can mitigate the effects of litter and mud/dirt being transported off-site. Traffic impacts could be mitigated by restricting access by private vehicles, improving access roads and signs, regulating refuse vehicle routes, or reducing traffic. Road improvements, if necessary, could consist of widening roads near a site, modifying intersections to allow adequate turning radii for large trucks, adding signs or signals at key nearby intersections, or adding turning lanes at vicinity intersections. Specific impacts and mitigation measures, such as improved signs, control signals, and increased clearance or underpass width, would be evaluated and addressed in site specific environmental impact statements or assessments. Few, if any, of the measures would be necessary for plan elements located at the complex. Lone-term from Operations Improving road conditions, signs, intersections, and routing may be needed during operations of the transfer station. The need for these improvements would depend on the size and number of transfer trailers leaving the station. 6.6.4 Growth Inducin~ Aspects Improvements to the transportation system that may be necessary to mitigate potential traffic impacts could result in making some locations in the Town more 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-28 accessible and, therefore, more desirable for residential or commercial development. This could have a slight or negligible affect on growth, but is not considered likely at this time. 6.6.5 Use and Conservation of Energy Implementation of the Town's Plan might result in diversion of waste deliveries from numerous private vehicles carrying small a_mounts of household wastes to a smaller number of larger capacity cor~nercial vehicles. In this case, significant savings of energy, in terms of vehicle fuel consu/nption, could result. Improvements to the transportation system that result in smoother traffic flow could also result in energy conservation due to decreased vehicle fuel consumption. The decision to use commercial carters is the decision of each homeow/ler or b~siness at this time. The Plan recognizes that enroute collection could be expected to increase recovery rates, but discontinuation of existing public drop-off arrangements is not recommended at this time. 6.7 Land Use and Zoning This Section discusses impacts, irreversible/irretrievable commitments of resources, coastal impacts related to land use and zoning. mitigation measures, growth inducing aspects, and 6.7.1 Impacts The proposed Plan is not expected to have a significant impact on the overall zoning and land use in the Town. The overall impact of this Plan should not be significant because of the relatively small area required as compared to the total area of the Town. Land would be needed for the yard waste compost facilities and transfer system. The capping and closing of the existing landfill could allow for future additional expansion of composting operations without acquiring additional land. 6.7.2 Mitigation Measures Mitigation of negative impacts on land use and zoning may be accomplished through the selection of suitable sites for the Plan elements which would attempt to minimize possible negative effects on property values, existing agricultural 6487R/2 i027 SWMP 6-29 activities, adjacent land uses, and local historical features. The design of the facilities would be oriented toward making them attractive and aesthetically compatible with their surroundings. The design and operational requirements expected to be established by the Town during the procurement or design process for each facility could assure that the appearance of operational characteristics of the projects do not create negative impacts in this regard. Use of the Town's existing complex to site Plan elements eliminates any impacts to other areas of the Town, and is in keeping with historic land use and existing zoninG. The Town's continuing public information activities may help to avoid or correct any misinformation concerning transfer or compostinG operations, or other activities, thereby minimizing any misconceptions that could negatively affect property values. 6.7.3 Irreversible/Irretrievable Commitments of Resources Land is one of the most basic resources to be committed by the development of the Plan elements. This lonG-term commitment of land is not totally irreversible, in that, after use the facilities can be removed or reclaimed and the acreage made available for another function. As an example, the inactive landfill when capped and closed to NYSDEC satisfaction might be used for further expansion of the yard waste composting effort or some other operation or activity. 6.7.4 Growth Inducing Aspects The Plan is not expected to result in relocation of residences or businesses. However, there is the possibility of companies which use or process recycled Goods to relocate and settle within the Town. As part of its recycling efforts, the Town could consider it desirable to encourage companies involved in recycling activities to operate within the Town. 6.7.5 Coastal Immacts Land use and zoning should not be adversely impacted along the coastal regions as a result of implementing the Plan. No coastal areas are expected to be used as a result of the actions proposed in this Plan. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-30 6.8 Community Services This Section deals with potential impacts upon community services and possible mitigation measures. 6.8.1 Impacts and MitiGation Measures The proposed Plan is not expected to result in any adverse impacts on either cormmunity services or facilities. It is expected that it would positively affect solid waste disposal services and improve refuse handling along with reducing the environmental impacts of solid waste disposal. To the extent that some limited community services may be needed, it is anticipated that agreements could be negotiated to provide assistance. Police Protection Police protection in the Town is not expected to be significantly affected by the proposed Plan elements. Facilities would be expected to utilize security measures such as chain link fencing, nighttime lighting, and on-site security guards if necessary. Most access would be limited to authorized personnel and visitors. It may be necessary for police to enforce any additional or expanded ordinances, such as the special bay program, that are implemented in support of the Plan, but this additional effort would not be expected to be significant. Fire Protection The provision of fire protection to the proposed facilities should not cause an undue burden on existing volunteer fire companies. Facility fire prevention and protection systems could be installed. These fire protection systems, along with fire training programs for the facility employees, would guard against potential facility fires. Capping the landfill, incorporating a methane venting and/or recovery system, separate tire recycling practices, and other features of the Plan may reduce the possibility of a fire. Facilities would be equipped with automatic fire detection systems where necessary. A sprinkler system in certain facilities, and fire extinguishers, would be available. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-31 Safety and First Aid Worker safety training, compliance with OSHA regulations, and following operational procedures in engineering reports for the facilities would minimize the need for emergency medical services. Safety equipment (hard hats, goggles, gloves, protective clothing, hearing protection devices, etc.} would minimize the need for emergency outside health care. Training of personnel in safe work procedures, accident avoidance, personal hygiene and safety procedures may mitigate some of the need for emergency health care. With the exception of unusual medical emergencies, the Plan is not expected to adversely impact the availability of local health care services. 6.9 Demography The Plan would not result in any significant impacts on the localized or regional demographics or employment. The majority of skills required for the construction and operation of the proposed component facilities could be available from the Town's work force. Workers may be needed to fully staff, operate, and administer the various management facilities. It is not anticipated that the Plan would cause significant population growth or shifts. Operations might require a slightly greater total number of persons than are currently employed at present operations. Additional personnel in the private sector could be required for the collection of recyclable materials at the source. Consequently, there could be some increase in employment; however, it should not create a significant impact on the work force in the area. 6.10 Cultural, Archaeological, and Historical Resources The Town has many valuable cultural and historical resources such as sites of archaeological significance and historical structures dating back to the period of colonial settlement. No current or proposed Plan facilities are expected to have an impact on the Town's cultural, archaeological, and historical resources. 6.11 Noise Noise impacts and associated mitigation measures are discussed in this Section. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-32 6.11.1 Impacts Noise generated by the construction and operation of the facilities would be expected from various combinations of sources that operate both continuously and intermittently. Although it is difficult to predict noise patterns when the final site conditions and equipment layouts are unavailable, it is possible to estimate the generated noise in generic terms. Noise would be generated by vehicular traffic delivering and moving refuse and residue to and from the facilities. Short-term from Construction It is expected that noise will be generated during construction of the facilities. Traffic, construction equipment, and manual labor noise is expected to have an impact during normal working hours. These impacts are not anticipated to be serious. LonG-term from Onerations Equipment, vehicles, and traffic from operations at the facilities are expected to have some impact relating to noise. However, this is a site specific impact as far as the quantification of an expected increase in a location. Any quantification of the noise impact for a facility would be addressed in a site/technology specific EIS or environmental assessment as appropriate. Handling and processing equipment, such as shredders and moving equipment, will generate noise during operations. Through proper design and noise reducing efforts, much of this impact can be minimized. Hours of operation, buffer zones, vegetation, and the use of berms can further minimize the travel of noise off-site. 6.11.2 Mitiaation Measures Mitigation of noise impacts which have been identified are discussed in this Section. 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-33 Short-term from Construction Construction noise could be generated intermittently during the construction period. However, to reduce the noise emanating from a construction site, the following sound abatement procedures could be implemented: o o o o o Major construction activity could be limited to normal working hours on weekdays. Major construction would include such operations as site preparation, pouring foundations, jack ha/nmering, etc. Light construction such as equipment setting, painting, etc., and operations would take place within the structures and thus would not cause outside noise impacts. Should pneumatic hammers be used, they would be required to operate with muffler attenuation devices. Other construction equipment would be required to comply with applicable noise standards issued by the USEPA. Air compressors would be required to limit emission to 76 dB(A) measured at 25 feet in compliance with EPA standards. Combustion-engine powered construction equipment would be equipped with properly maintained exhaust mufflers. Off-site construction vehicles, such as gravel trucks and concrete mixers, would be required to comply with NYS motor vehicle noise limits. Steam venting and the testing of safety valves would be performed through permanently installed silencers and only during normal working hours. LonG-term from Operations The facilities and site layouts can be designed to minimize noise emissions and comply with OSHA standards to protect on-site personnel. Property line noise levels would be expected to be equal to or less than those presented in the NYSDEC guidelines for noise generated from waste management facilities. Operational noise could be controlled by acoustical attenuation, noise suppressors, equipment placement, and isolation. Facility and Ecruimment Related Noise Operational noise from the facilities, exclusive of vehicular traffic, would be only during days of operation. The following abatement techniques could be implemented: 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-34 o Limit waste delivery to normal daytime operating hours for the various facilities. o Use acoustical construction materials on structures which contain uncontrollable noise emitting equipment. o Use of low noise generating equipment. o Provide screens or silencers on fans. o Plant trees and shrubbery as screening. o Maximize distances of the component elements from existing structures through the use of a buffer zone. o Conform with the NYSDEC recommended buffer zone. Traffic Related No~$e On-site traf.fic noise control measures include: o Properly maintain engine exhaust systems and mufflers. o Require truck operators fo comply with NYS vehicle noise emission limit. o Keep on-site speeds to 20 mph or less o Design and operate the facilities such that truck stopping and queuing are minimized and vehicle access roads on-site are kept away from existing structures and prohibit idling o Prohibit or minimize unnecessary idling of vehicles at the facilities 6.11.3 Unavoidable Adverse Impacts Unavoidable noise will be generated during construction and operation of the various facilities, though mitigation measures described in 6.11.2 could lessen this impact. 6.12 Visual Aspects Visually, some aspects of the proposed Plan may have an impact. Impacts and mitigation measures are discussed for the various Plan elements where appropriate. 6.12.1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures Visual impacts may be expected during both the construction and operation of the facility. Mitigation for these impacts are also discussed here. Short-term from Const~gs~ion 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-35 Visual impacts during the construction phase would include such items as construction materials, exposed earth and stockpiles of excavated soil, removal of vegetation and screening, partially completed structures, unsightly construction equipment, and other similar construction related impacts. These impacts would be of short-term duration. Most of them, could be mitigated by some form of screening. Further, construction site maintenance and effectively maintained erosion control procedures would assist in lessening the visual disturbances during construction. Lon~-term from Construction Visual impacts after the construction phase is completed could result from the physical aspects of the facilities or the actual operations. Unsightly garbage'trucks and other equipment may have an impact. Structures such as an administration building, maintenance building, transfer station, etc., may also have a visual impact. These visual impacts may be mitigated by such measures as aesthetically pleasing structure design, compatibility with the local neighborhood, vegetative or other screening, thoughtful layout of facilities, etc. 6.12.2 Unavoidable Immacts The construction of a building, considered an unavoidable impact construction aesthetically pleasing. facility, or fence on open space can be despite the best efforts to make the 6.13 Economics 6.13.1 Impacts Economic impacts from implementing the proposed Plan are expected. Capital costs for facilities will be considered in future design and permitting activities. The compost facility and transfer station are examples of alternatives that keep these costs to a minirmAm. Wherever economically feasible, the Town is expected to encourage, participate in, and assist in the planning of joint Town or regional efforts of waste management. However, until these regional alternatives are available, the Town needs to be in a position to implement their Plan elements. The same reasoning applies to proposed private sector processing facilities. The private sector opportunities are to be monitored, and cost comparisons between permitted, existing, planned, and private 6487R/2 1027 SWMP 6-36 sector facilities can be made in order to reidentify the most attractive and environmentally responsible alternatives that the Town could pursue. 6.13.2 Potential Mitiaation Measures Economic impacts associated with implementation of the Plan are expected to be reduced through the implementation of the most cost-effective measures available to the Town. These mitigation measures address the economic attributes of the Plan update. Greater fiscal and economic management of the Plan has been maintained as Plan elements have been identified and finalized. 6.13.3 Irretrievable/~eveus~ Commitments of Resources The economic resources committed to the implementation of the initial Plan depended, to a great extent, on the regulatory/legislative issues raised in Section 4 of the initial SWMP. Development of disposal solutions in the Town would be expected to result in a much larger portion of solid waste management funds remaining in the Town. These economic resources would not be considered irretrievably lost since Town owned land and facilities could be reclaimed for future use. Long-term solutions considered to be best suited for implementation by the Town have been presented in Section 5. Solid waste management facilities located outside of the Town could result in the irretrievable commitment of resources, but could minimize expenditures required by the Town. This would depend largely on the type of arrangement negotiated between the Town of Southold and the other involved agency. Final decisions by the Town relating to the operation of the proposed facilities are to be made once project specific planning, design and implementation of the Plan elements begin. Further SEQRA review and permitting procedures may be necessary in order to address site, technology, and facility specific issues. The decisions are expected to provide the Town with flexibility in its continuing planning efforts and to minimize the economic impact of procuring services for each of the Plan elements in the most cost-effective manner. SWMP 6-37 7,0 GLOSSARY, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS 7.1 Glossary of Technical Terms Active Fill Area Admixture Adsorption Aggregate Altitude Ambient Ambient Air Quality Ambient Concentration Annual Throughput Aquifer Ashfill The part of a landfill where waste is currently being deposited. Something added by mixing; the product of mixing. The adhesion or attraction of an extremely thin layer of molecules to the surfaces of solid bodies or liquids with which they are in contact. A collection of soil grains or particles gathered into a mass; natural sands, gravels, and crushed stone used for mixing with cementing material in making mortars and concretes. (See also Base Course Aggregate) The vertical elevation of an object above sea level, height. Surrounding; of or pertaining to the basic condition of the environment independent of any specific pollution source. The state or condition of the surrounding atmosphere to which the general public has access, expressed in terms of pollutant concentration. The concentration of a substance in the surrounding environment. Total annual capacity of a plant less scheduled and unscheduled downtime. A saturated permeable geologic formation capable of yielding significant quantities of groundwater to wells and springs. A landfill which may accept ash or other residue from resource recovery, incineration or other approved treatment processes. 6690R/1 i027 SWMP 7-1 Ash Residue Attainment Area Background Concentration Base Course Aggregate Baseline Data Basic Below Grade Biogasification Bulk Wastes Bypass Waste Chlorides Clean Air Act Ail solid materials remaining after incineration of municipal solid waste, consisting of bottom and fly ash and including but not limited to metal, glass, ceramics, and unburned organic substances. Under the Clean Air Act, an Air Quality Control Region (or portion thereof) that is meeting the standard set for a given criteria pollutant. The existing pollutant level in an area. The layer of a paved road lying directly beneath the wearing surface course and above the subbase course. Usually stabilized with a material such as Portland cement, lime, or asphalt. Information on the conditions existing before an action, project, or experiment begins. Having a pH greater than 7. (See also Alkaline) Below the general ground level at a site. Organic fraction output of a front-end processing system is mixed with water from liquid sewage sludge and placed in an aerobic digester where fermentation will produce methane gas. Included in this category are large chairs, sofas, tree stumps, some appliances, some debris, and tires. Any processible waste delivered to the facility but not processed due to scheduled or unscheduled maintenance period (downtime or to capacity limitations. Compounds containing chlorine. The national legislation under which ambient air quality is regulated. The compression of solid waste and cover material into a smaller space, generally by driving specially designed heavy equipment over it. 6690R/1 1027 SWMP 7-2 Composting Conductivity Consent Order Criteria Pollutants Critical Habitat Decibel Deep Flow Recharge Area Demographic Demolition Wastes Dioxin Double-lined Downgradient Downtime 6690R/1 1027 A controlled process of organic breakdown of matter. The ability of a material to accommodate the flow of electricity (electrical conductivity) or heat (thermal conductivity). A binding agreement between the parties to a lawsuit, made with the approval of a court. It is not a judicial decree in the proper sense. Those pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act for which the specific "criteria" or basis for the ambient standards has been delineated in the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 40. An area essential for the survival of an endangered or threatened species of plant or animal. A unit of relative sound or power measurement. An area from which surface water and precipitation penetrate beyond the shallow aquifer to the deeper aquifers. Defined geographically by hydrogeologic zones developed in the Long Island Comprehensive Waste Treatment Plan of 1978. Relating to the dynamic balance of a population, especially with regard to density and capacity for expansion or decline. Waste material generated from building, highway, and redevelopment sites. This includes lumber, pipes, masonry, concrete, and other related construction by products. Also known as construction and demolition debris (C&D) . Shortened term for the organic compounds, dibenzo-p-dioxins, a group of toxic organic compounds. Equipped at all points with two liners, one under or beyond the other. Down slope; further along the line of movement; at a point of lower hydraulic pressure. Period of suspended operation of a plant due to maintenance or repairs. SWMP 7-3 Draft Generic Environmental Impact Statement (DGEIS) Ecosystem Emissions Endangered Species Energy Recovery Facility {ERF) Environmental Assessment Form (EAF) Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) A type of GEIS that is a Dreliminary statement that is used for public review and comment. It is conceptual in nature. The complex of a community and its environment functioning as an ecologic unit in nature. Material produced at and leaving a specific place. Generally used with reference to pollutants released into the air or water. Any species which meet one of the following criteria: 1) any native species in imminent danger of extirpation or extinction and 2) any species listed as endangered by the United States Department of the Interior, as enumerated in the Code of Federal Regulations 50 CFR. An incinerator or similar system that recovers energy from the heat generated to make electricity. A form used by an agency to assist it in determining the environmental significance or nonsignificance of an action. A completed EAF should contain information to describe the proposed action, the environmental setting, and the potential impacts of the action on the environment. A document required of federal and state agencies by the National Environmental Policy Act and parallel state laws for major projects or legislative proposals. Used in making decisions about the positive and negative effects of a proposed project and its alternatives. A report containing the description of a proposed action, its environmental setting, potential environmental impacts, ways to minimize the impacts, and reasonable alternatives. It serves as a public disclosure of the record used by an agency in its environmental decision making. 6690R/1 1057 SWMP 7-~ Extraction Procedure (EP Toxicity) Test Federal Federal Aviation Administration Final Generic Environmental Impact Statement (FGEIS) Flood Plain Frequency Fugitive Dust Garbage Generic EIS A laboratory test procedure in which acetic acid is passed through the sa/~ple material and the material that dissolves into the acid and leaves the sample with it is tested for toxicity. The purpose is to determine the tendency of the sample material to generate toxic leachate under mildly acidic conditions. Government of the United States of America. U.S. regulatory agency with review authority over all structures affecting air traffic activities, e.g., stacks and structures. Containing a high percentage of iron. A type of Generic Environmental Impact Statement which is the completed document consisting of the Draft GEIS plus any revisions, public comments, and lead agency responses to the substantive Lowland and relatively flat areas adjoining inland and coastal waters that are subject to flooding during storm periods. The number of sound waves per second produced by a sounding body; the number of complete oscillations per second of a sound wave. Dust that is uncontained and can be blown about by the wind. Emissions other than those released through a stack, vent, or equivalent opening. A group of organic compounds similar in structure to the dioxins. Solid waste usually generated in a kitchen. This includes waste that results from the preparation and serving of food (e.g., wrappers and containers) as well as waste food. This is a type of EIS that deals in a broad or conceptual way with a number of related actions or a single group of physical actions with many phases or stages. 6690R/i 1027 SWMP 7- 5 Gradient Groundwater Inflow Hazardous Waste Health Risk Assessment Heavy Metals Hydraulic Conductivity Hydrocarbons Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogeologic Impermeable Incinerator Waste Inert Infiltration Land Clearing Debris 6690R/1 1027 The rate of regular or graded ascent or descent. Flow of groundwater into a surface water body such as a lake or stream, or into an excavation. Waste materials which by their nature are inherently dangerous to handle or dispose of, such as explosives, radioactive material, toxic chemicals, and some biological wastes, usually produced in industrial operations and classified by County, State or Federal regulation. Analyzes the potential risks to public health from the inhalation, dermal absorption or ingestion through soil or food of emissions from a facility. Any of a class of metals of high atomic weight and density, such as mercury, lead, zinc and cadmium, that are known to be toxic to living organisms. The ability of gravel, sand, silt, clay, or other material to transmit water through the spaces between particles. Any one of a very large class of chemical compounds composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen. A gas composed of hydrogen and sulfur ions which is associated with decaying materials and has a characteristic rotten egg odor. Pertaining to the behavior of surface water and groundwater with respect to soil and rock formations. Lacking passages through which other materials can pass. End products resulting from the combustion processes of an incinerator. These include residue, siftings, and fly ash. Unreactive, and therefore unable to burn degrade, compost or oxidize. The movement of water (precipitation) down through the soil. Wastes in the form of dirt, gravel, rocks, soil, trees, stumps, and SWMP 7-6 Landfill Leachate Lead Agency Methane Recovery Mitigation (Mitigating Measures) Moraine Municipal Solid Waste National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Environmental Policy Act vegetation generated when open land is developed. An area where municipal solid waste or other wastes are disposed by burial methods. Water that has been contauninated through contact with solid waste, usually by moving through a landfill (percolation). Lead agency is the term used to identify the one agency from among all involved agencies, that has the responsibility under NYSDEC to coordinate the environmental review of a proposed action. The techniques that allow a landfill the productive use of methane, a gas produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. A measure to cause something to be less adverse or severe. Steps taken to eliminate or lessen the severity of an impact. A row of hills formed when a glacier melts, releasing the soil and rock previously trapped within the moving wall of ice. Residential, nonchemical, industrial, commercial, and institutional solid waste generated within a municipality. Maximum concentrations of criteria pollutants allowed in the ambient air under the Clean Air Act. Primary standards are established to ensure public health; secondary standards protect the public welfare. National Environmental Policy Act of 1970, PL 91-190 mandates an environmental impact statement for any major federal project or legislative proposal for the purpose of determining the negative and positive aspects of the project and to examine alternatives and mitigating measures. 6690R/1 1027 SWMP 7-7 National Historic Preservation Act National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Nitrates Nonattainment Area Noncriteria Pollutants Nonferrous Metals Nonprocessible Waste (Untreatable} Organic (Organic Matter) Particulates Percolation Permeable An act that expands considerably the federal government's role in historic preservation by directing the Secretary of the Interior to maintain a list of buildings, sites and districts, structures and objects of local, state, or national significance in American history, architecture, archaeology and culture. This institute conducts research aimed at reducing health and safety hazards in the workplace. Compounds formed by replacing the hydrogen ion in nitric acid. Nitrates contain nitrogen and oxygen and are used in fertilizer. A designated area where each stated pollutant is not in compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Air pollutants for which no NAAQS has been established. Metals that contain no iron, e.g., aluminum, bronze, zinc, etc. Large noncombustible or decomposable items, such as refrigerators, washing machines, engine blocks, etc. Chemical compounds of carbon combined with other chemical elements and generally manufactured in the life processes of plants and animals. Most organic compounds ("organics") are a source of food for bacteria and are usually compostable or combustible. Any of a set of physical properties whose values determine the characteristics of behavior. Fine, solid particles which remain individually dispersed in a gas or the atmosphere. Gravity flow of groundwater through the pore spaces in rock or soil. Having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass-through. 6690R/1 1027 SWMP 7-8 pH Plan Plume Point-Source Conta/nination Pollutant Pollution Postclosure Potable Precipitation Processible Waste Promulgate Public Scoping A term used to express relative hydrogen ion activity, and thus relative acidity and alkalinity. In practice, this nu/nber ranges from 1 (extremely acidic) to 14 (extremely alkaline). A pH of 7 is neutral. The Solid Waste Management Plan for the Town of Southold. An area or volu/ne occupied by material entering the environment from a specific source, so called because it tends to have the general shape of a large feather. Geometric dimensions of a gas, liquid or solid emitted from a point source that moves downgradient. Pollution from one specific, identifiable source. that conta~ninates air, soil or water. The contamination of soil, water, or atmosphere by the discharge of noxious substances. The period after a solid waste disposal facility stops receiving waste and is capped (covered with impermeable material} and/or closed. Suitable for drinking. A deposit on the earth of hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow; the quantity of water deposited. That portion of the waste stream, excluding hazardous waste, which can be incinerated composted or otherwise treated at or by a solid waste facility. Those items too bulky to be handled by a resource recovery system (demolition debris, refrigerators, etc.) are termed nonprocessible or untreatable. To make known by open declaration. Public identification of the important environmental issues, alternatives, and mitigation measures that should be addressed in an Environmental Impact Statement. 6690R/i i027 SWMP 7-9 Putrescible Qualitative Recyclable Waste Refuse Remote Disposal Residue Resource Recovery Facility Sanitary Landfill Saturated Zone Sediment Control Structures Sedimentation Basin 6690R/i 1027 Subject to decomposition, decay, or odorousness. Relating to or involving quality (degree of excellence) or kind. That fraction of waste which has been removed from a Town, County or region's municipal solid waste streaxn through source separation and delivered to a materials recovery facility or other recycling facilities by or on behalf of the Counties, municipalities or local businesses. The composted fractions of a waste stream are considered recyclable materials. That portion of the solid waste that consists of ordinary nonsegregated domestic, commercial, and industrial garbage and rubbish. Waste disposal technique in which waste is transferred out of one area to be ultimately discarded in another. The byproducts of an energy recovery facility, materials recovery facility, compost facility or other processes which must be removed for disposal or further utilization. The separation, extraction, and recovery of usable materials and/or energy from solid waste. Any place, equipment, device, or plant designed and/or operated to separate or process solid or liquid waste into usable secondary materials, including fuel and energy. An engineering method of disposing of waste on land by spreading the waste in layers, compacting it, and covering it with soil. The part of a geologic formation in which all of the spaces between soil particles and the fissures in any rock in the formation are completely filled with water. Storm water collection channels, sedimentation basins, retention/recharge basins, and other erosion control measures. A pool or pondlike structure in which SWMP 7-10 Segregation Silt Siltation Slope Sludge Sole-Source Aquifer Solid Waste Source Separation Special Concern Species State Pollution Discharge Elimination System {SPDES) storm water is collected so that the solid material caught up in the water can settle out before the water enters a lake or stream, or other water body. Further division of recyclables into categories of materials for processing after initial separation. Soil particles smaller than fine sand, but larger than clay particles, often carried and deposited by water runoff. The deposition of fine particles by water, called sediment after settling or deposit. A comparison of horizontal (sideways) movement to vertical {upward or dow%~ward) movement. On a 3:1 {or 1 on 3) slope, water travels 3 feet horizontally for every 1 foot it drops vertically. On a 2:1 slope, which is steeper, water travels only 2 feet horizontally for each 1-foot drop. Semiliquid waste resulting from water or wastewater treatment. An aquifer that is the sole source of drinking water for an area. Discarded solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material which is considered the "end product" of an extraction, production or consuumption process and for which there is no perceived further use. Note, however, that in this report "solid waste" often refers only to municipal solid waste, defined elsewhere in this glossary. Separating recyclable materials from the waste stream before the solid waste is collected. Those native species which are not yet recognized as endangered or threatened, but for which documented concern exists for their continued welfare in New York. The New York State permit program that regulates point source discharges of wastewater and storm water. 6690R/i 1027 SWMP 7-11 State-of-the-Art Superfund Site Federal) Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) Surfactant Suspended Particulates Swale Terminal Moraine Threatened Species Threshold Limit Value Till Tipping Fee(s) Incorporating the latest advancements in the field. A site placed on the USEPA's National Priorities List because USEPA believes it contains hazardous material that poses a threat to human health or to the environment. A specific EIS dealing with an individual project that has been addressed, at least conceptually, in a previous Generic EIS. The scope of such an EIS is usually limited to those issues not adequately addressed in the Generic EIS. A chemical agent that lowers the surface tension of water to improve the contact of solids with water droplets and thus improve dust suppression. Particles of solid material in a body of water that are so small that they tend to remain dispersed in the water rather than settling to the bottom. A wide, shallow depression in the ground, either planted with grass or paved, that is capable of carrying water in a specific direction. Used in erosion control. The moraine created by the furthest advance of a glacier (see moraine). Any species that meets one of the following criteria: 1) any native species likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future in New York, and 2) any species listed as threatened by the United States Department of Interior, as enumerated in the Code of Federal Regulations, 50 CFR. Critical value of pollutant concentration above which health effects are first observed. An unsorted mixture of glacially deposited boulders, gravel, sand, and clay. silt Weight basis charge for municipal solid waste processing or disposal services. 6690R/1 1027 SWMP 7-12 Total Dissolved Solids Trace Metals Trash 208 Plan Unacceptable Waste Vector Volatile Organic Compounds {VOC} Waste Minimization Waste Reduction Waste Stream Waste Stream Control 6690R/1 1027 A wastewater characteristic defining the amount of solid material in solution, which would remain as residue after evaporation. Metals in very small amounts. Nongarbage waste generated from commercial and industrial sources which includes paper, paint cans, cartons, insulation, steel drums, building signs, etc. Abbreviated name for the 1978 report issued by the Long Island Regional Planning Board entitled The Lona Island Comprehensive Waste Treatment Manaaement Plan. The plan was prepared pursuant to Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500). In the plan, Long Island is divided into 8 hydrogeologic zones. The fraction of municipal solid waste which is not acceptable at a facility because of its nature, such as hazardous An organism (such as an insect or rodent) that can transmit a pathogen. Also used in conjunction with nuisance animals. Organic materials that vaporize readily. Gasoline and paint thinner are primarily composed of volatile organics. The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is subsequently treated, stored or disposed of. Includes source reduction and recycling that results in the reduction of the volume or toxicity. Reduction or decrease in the volume and toxicity of waste. Treating, emitting, discharging or disposing of wastes after they have been generated is not waste reduction. The process of eliminating part of the waste before it is generated. Includes using fewer materials in manufacturing and packaging, switching to reusable items and prolonging product life. A general term for the total waste output of a geographic area. The ability to direct the flow of solid waste to specific facilities within a SWMP 7-13 White Goods Working Face jurisdiction. (Waste Flow Control). Discarded major household appliances that can be recycled. The area on the sloping side of a landfill or ashfill where waste is currently being deposited. 6690E/i 1027 SWMP 7-14 7.2 Abbreviations and Acronyms AADT AAL ACFM ACGIH ACRS ACT AMT ANSI APC AQCR AQS BACT BAT Btu C C&D CERF CFR CO CO: COD CR CY dB dB {A) D&B Average Annual Daily Traffic Acceptable Ambient Level Air Cubic Feet Per Minute American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Accelerated Cost Recovery System 1988 New York State Solid Waste Management Act Alternative Minimum Tax American National Standards Institute Air Pollution Control Air Quality Control Region Air Quality Standards Best Available Control Technology Best Available Technology British Thermal Unit Celsius Construction and Demolition Debris Composting/Energy Recovery Facility Code o~ Federal Regulations Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Chemical Oxygen Demand Country Road Cubic Yards Decibel Decibel with A-weighted Characteristics Dvirka and Bartilucci 6693R/1 1027 SWMP 7-15 DEC DED DEIS DGEIS DO DOT DU E2RA EAF ECL EIS EMT EQBA ERF ESP FAA FEIS FEMA FGEIS FIRM GEIS GML gm/sec GO GPD GPM New York State Department of Environmental Conservation New York State Department of Economic Development Draft Environmental Impact Statement Draft Generic Environmental Impact Statement Dissolved Oxygen Department of Transportation Dwelling Unit East End Recycling Association Environmental Assessment Form Environmental Conservation Law Environmental Impact Statement Emergency Medical Technician Environmental Quality Bond Act Energy Recovery Facility Electrostatic Precipitator Fahrenheit Federal Aviation Administration Final Environmental Impact Statement Federal Energy Management Act Final Generic Environmental Impact Statement Flood Insurance Rate Map Generic Environmental Impact Statement General Municipal Law (New York State) Gra/ns per Second General Obligation (Bond) Gallons per Day Gallons per Minute (New York State) (New York State) 6690R/1 1027 SWMP 7-16 GRC gr/dscf HC1 HDPE HF HHV hfs IDB ISC ISO km kwh LAER lb L.I. LIE LILCO LIRPB m m3 mg mg/1 MGD mph MRF MSL MSW MW Gross Rated CaDacity Grains per Dry Standard Cubic Foot Hydrogen Chloride High Density Polyethylene Hydrogen Fluoride Higher Heating Value Hours Industrial Development Bond(s) (PAB) Industrial Source Complex International Standards Organization Kilometer Kilowatt-hour Lowest Achievable Emission Rate Pound Long Island Long Island Expressway Long Island Lighting Company Long Island Regional Planning Board Meter Cubic meter Milligram Milligrams per Liter Million Gallons per Day Miles per Hour Materials Recycling Facility Mean Sea Level Municipal Solid Waste Megawatt 6690R/I 1027 SWMP 7-17 NA NAAQS NEC NEPA NFPA ng/m~ NHPA NIWE NOAA NO2 NO× NYCRR NYNH P NYSDEC NYSDOC NYSDOH NYSDOT NYSEFC NYSGML NYSM NYSSWMP NYSUPA O&M OSHA ?AB PAH Not Available or Not Applicable National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Electric Code National Environment Policy Act National Fire Protection Association Nanograms Per Cubic Meter National Historic Preservation Act Northeast Industrial Waste Exchange National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides New York State Code of Rules and Regulations New York Natural Heritage Program New York State Department of Environmental Conservation New York State Department of Commerce New York State Department of Health New York State Department of Transportation New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation New York State General Municipal Law New York State Musenm New York State Solid Waste Management Plan New York State Uniform Procedures Act Ozone Operations and Maintenance Occupational Safety and Health Administration Private Activity Bonds (IDB) Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons 6690R/1 1027 SWMP 7-18 Pb PCB PCDF PDA PDCC PET Plan PM-10 #/cap/day ppb ppm PSD PSI PSI PURPA RCRA RDF RDF RFP ROW RRF RRS SCS SCDHS SCSC SEQRA SIP Lead Polychlorinated Biphenyls Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furans Public Drop-off Area Polychlorinated Dibenzo Dioxins Polyethylene Terephthalate Town of Southold Solid Waste Management Plan Particulate Matter less than 10 microns Pounds per Capita per Day Parts per Billion Parts per Million Prevention of Significant Deterioration Pounds Per Square Inch Pollution Standards Index Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (U.S.) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Refuse Derived Facility Refuse Derived Fuel Request for Proposals Right-of-Way Resource Recovery Facility Resource Recovery Systems Soil Conservation Service Suffolk County, Department of Health Services Suffolk County Sanitary Code State Environmental Quality Review Act State Implementation Plan 6690R/i 1027 SWMP 7-19 SO2 SPDES SUNY SWMA SWMP TCDD TDS TLV TPD TPY TPS TS TSP ug/m U.S. USEPA USGS Sulfur Dioxide State Pollution Discharge Elimination System Stop Throwing Out Pollutants Program State University of New York New York State Solid Waste Management Act New York State Solid Waste Management Plan Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins Total Dissolved Solids Threshold Limit Value Tons per Day Tons per Year Tin-Plated Steel Transfer Station Total Suspended Particulates Micrograms Per Cubic Meter United States United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Geological Survey 6690R/1 1027 SWMP 7-20 I~III. II~ING COl~I'l'l:~,/tC? (ttOLIl) ItI~A~TE) APPENDIX A.1 THIS AGREEMENT, made on the 1st day off July , 199~, by and between the Town off Southold, a municipal co~p~cation off the State off New York having its principal place o~ business at 530~5 Main Road, Southold, New York hereinafter called the "Town" and Tully Construction Co., Inc., having its principal place of business at 127-50 Northern Blvd., Flushing, New York 11368 hereinafter called the "Contractor. W I T N E S S E T H: WHEREAS, Contractor has submitted t~ the Town a bid dated May 26, , 1~ ("Bid") in response to the Town's Bid Solicitation Eot HaulinD-Oisposa 1 Services dated April 29, 1994 ,("Solicitation"); and WHERE~S, ~he To~n Boamd o~ ~he Town off Sou~hold bw cesolu~ion ~ 31 adopted June 14, 1994 , au~homized ~he ~own Supecvisoc ~o en~em in~o an aOmeemen~ with ~he Con~mao~om ~o pem~omm oem~ain semvices in connection wi~h ~he handlin~ o~ solid waste, NOW, THEREFORE, i~ is mu~uallw covenanted and agmeed bW and between ~he pac~ies heme~o as ~ollows: I. DEFINITIONS - Tm~ms defined in the Bid Solicitation shall have the same meaninD as i~ defined hemein. II. SCOP~ OF SERVICES ~he Con~cac~oc shall pec~ocm ~he secvices in accocdance mi~h ~he desccip~ion o~ ~hose secvices as se~ ~oc~h in ~he Solicitation. ARPENO I X A-1 III. TERM OF AGREEMENT The term of this Agreement shall be Three (3) years commencing on July ~, 1SS~. I~ the Town enters into an intermunioipal solid waste haul/disposal agreement the Town may terminate the agreement at any time two (2) and three (3) by giving six (6) the Contractor. The Town, at its sole the option of renewing the Agreement for two (2) additional one (1) year terms by giving Contractor written notice of its intention at least thirtg (30) days prior to the expiration of the term. during Agreement wears months written notice to discretion, shall have IV. PRICE SCHEDULE/COMPENSATION The unit bid price schedule for the services to be furnished bw Contractor is found in Section C - 3.1, Contractor's bid which is incorporated into this Agreement. V. PAYMENTS A. The Contractor shall receive monthly payments for services performed during the prior calendar month. The Contractor shall submit a request for payment on a Town approved voucher form along with Contractor's invoice which shall include a daily summary of tonnage hauled bW Contractor to a Oisposal Sits and disposed bW Contractor at a Disposal Sits as applicable. Such payments shall be made within sixty (60) days of the Town's approval of Contractor's invoice. The Town shall be entitled to deduct from any paument owning to Contractor any sums expended bW the Town to cure any default or other Agreement non-compliance bw APPENDIX A-2 Contractor claims filed or or to protect the Town £rom loss on account o~ anu reasonablw anticipated to be filed. VI. Contractor representations: A. no commitment under solid waste to Agreement. CONTRACTOR'S WARRANTIES AND REPRESENTATIONS makes the following warranties and be handled bw Contractor during Contractor represents that the Town has made this Agreement with respect to the volume of the term of this Contractor warrants that Contractor shall complw with all federal, state regulations applicable to all of Contractor. and local laws, ordinances or the services to be performed bg C. Contractor represents that the information furnished bw Contractor in the equipment schedules included in the bid is accurate and complete and Contmaotor acknowledges that Town has relied upon the accuracw and completeness of that information in the selection of Contractor as the lowest responsible bidder. O. The Contractor represents that Contractor shall utilize its best efforts to insure that Minoritw and Women Owned Businesses (MBE's and WBE's) have the opportunitg to participate as subcontractors under this Agreement. In the event the contractor subcontracts twentg-five percent (~5%) or more of its work hereunder, Contractor shall submit to the Town an MBE APPENDIX A-3 and a WBE is unable reason (including failure or licenses), Contractor Utilization Plan, prior to execution of this Agreement. E. In the event the Contractor's Disposal Site to receive and-dispose of the Town's waste for anu to obtain or maintain necessarw permits shall be responsible for providing to the Town an alternate additional cost to the anu additional hauling Disposal Site for the Town's use at no Town, and shall indemni~w the Town against cost bw the Town or its agent because of the location of the alternate Disposal Site. Under no circumstances shall a change in Oisposal Site(s) or failure or inabilitg to obtain or maintain necessaru permits bw the Contractor be considered a change in conditions. In the event the Contractor is unable to find an alternate Oisposal Site(s), he shall be deemed to be in default of this Agreement and liable forfeitures and other expenses as provided in fcc damages, bond the Agreement. VII. INDEMNIFICATION INSURANCE/BONOS A. Contractor agrees to defend, indemnifw and save harmless the Town of Southold against anw and all liabilitg, loss, damage, detriment, suit. claim, demand, cost, charge, attorneu's fees and expenses of what ever kind or nature which the Town maW directlu or indirectlw incur, suffer or be required to paw bu reason of or in consequence of the Contractor carrwing out or performing under the terms of this Agreement, or failure to caccU out any o~ the provisions, duties, services or requirements of this Agreement, whether such losses and damages APPENDIX A-~ are suE£ered os ~u~ta~ned b~ the employees, licensees, agents, engineers, citizens or by other persons or corporations, including any of Contractor's employees or agents who maW seek to hold the Town liable therefore. This obligation shall be ongoing, shall survive the term cE this Agreement and include, but not be limited to, claims concerning non-sudden environmental impairments. The Contractor shall join in the commencement of any action or proceeding or in the defense of ang action or proceeding which in the opinion of the Town constitutes actual or threatened interEerence or intemruption with the Town's rights hereunder, including all appeals which, in the opinion o~ the Town, maw be necessary. B. Contractor shall procure and maintain the insurance described in Section A o~ the Solicitation Cur a period commencing on the date o~ Chis Agreement and terminating no earlier than one wear Eollowing termination of services under this Agreement. Ail such insurance coverage shall name the Town as an additional insured and shall provide that the coverage shall not be changed or canceled until thirty (30) daws written notice has been given to the Town Ail such insurance shall be issued by a company duly authorized to transact business in the State o¢ New York and acceptable to the Town and shall include all riders and additional coverage necessary to insure that Eontractor will be ~inanciallw able to meet its obligations under the foregoing indemnification. APPENDIX A-S fulfilling anW act, event Contractor, Contractor's extent that C. Contractor shall, For the period of the performance of services hereunder, maintain a Performance Bond in the amount of one million--(~l,O00,O00.O0) dollars wherein named obligee is Town of Southold. The Bond shall be in a form acceptable to the Town Attornew and issued by a suretw licensed to do business in New York as a suretW. VIII. FORCE MAJEURE If either partw is delaged or prevented from of its obligations under this Agreement due to anw or condition, whether affecting the Town, the the Oisposal Site or ang of the Town's or the respective subcontractors or suppliers, to the it materiallW and adverselw affects the abilitu of partW to perform anW obligation hereunder (except for either Paument obligations), and if such act, event or condition is beyond the reasonable control and is not also the result of the willful or negligent action, inaction, or fault of the partw relwing thereon as Justification for not performing an obligation or complwing with anW condition required of such partw under the Agreement, the time for fulfilling that obligation shall be extended dag-bw-dag for the period of the uncontrollable faith or the action shall not be construed as willful lack of reasonable diligence of either foregoing, provided, however, that the contesting in good failure in good faith to contest such action or in or negligent action or a partu. Subject to the such acts or events shall include the following: APPENDIX A-6 antioipated weather Town or Disposal earthquake, fire, ooourmenoe, acts of insumreotion, state, county, town or God (but not including reasonablw area of the lightning, or similar blockade or conditions for the geographic Site)T hurricane, landslide, explosion, flood, sabotage a public enemu, extortion, war, riot om civil disturbance; (B) the failure of cnw appropriate federal, local public agencW or private wtilitw having Jurisdiction in the areas in which the Tmansfer Station or 0isposal Site is located to provide and maintain utilities, services, water and sewer lines and power transmission lines which are required for the operation Transfem Station om Oisposal Site; (3) governmental services in connection with condemnation or other taking bw or maintenance of the pre-emption of materials or a public emergencw or anW eminent domain of ang portion of the Transfem Station om Disposal Site; and (~) the presence of hazardous waste upon, beneath or migmating fmom the Transfem Station. It is specificallw understood that none of the following acts or conditions shall constitute uncontrollable oimoumstances: (a) genemal economic conditions, interest or inflation mates, ac curcencW fluctuations; (b) the financial condition of the Town, the Contmactor, anW of its affiliates or ang subcontractom; (c) union work rules, requirements or demands which have the effect of increasing the number of emplowees APPENDIX A-7 emplowed otherwise increase the cost to the Contractor of operating its haul operation or the Oisposal Site (d) equipment failure; (e) anW impact -o~ prevailing wage law, customs or practices on the Contractor's costs; (f) anw act, event or circumstance oocumming outside o~ the United States, or (g) anW change in lam or in the permit conditions or status of the Transfer Station Disposal Site or alternate Disposal Site. IX. SUBCONTRACTS Contractor shall in connection with the services to hereunder without the prior wmitten not enter into anw subcontracts be performed bw Contractor approval bg the town of such subcontracts. All such subcontracts shall make express reference to the terms and conditions of this Agreement and shall obligate the subcontractor to complW with all applicable federal, state and local laws, ordinances or regulations relating to the services to be performed under the subcontract. In the event the subcontractor is mequired to furnish anw insurance or bonds for the benefit of Contractor, the Town shall also be named as an additional insured or obligee. X. PREVAILIN~ WAGE RATES Contractor agrees to complw with the New York State Labor Law relating to prevailing wage rates to the extent applicable, the provisions of the pawment of or the applicable State Law time during required to in the state of disposal. In the event that at ang performance undem this Agreement the Contmactom is increase the wages paid to ang of lts emplowees as a APPENDIX A-8 there From ehall result of such requirement, all costs reeultinu be borne exclusively bu Contractor. XI. FORCED ACCOUNTING In the event the Town directs the Contractor, bw written authorization signed either bw the Town Supervisor or Iown's Solid bewond the Contractor shall be the Following basis: TO/AL Waste Coordinator, to perform additional services scope of those described in this Agreement, the compensated For such additional services on COMPENSAIION DIRECI LABOR COST + DIRECT MATERIAL For the purposes of this Section: A. DIRECT LABOR COS/ shall including overtime premiums actuatlW paid Fringe benefits associated with those FOR ADDITIONAL SERVICES = COST + OVERHEAD + PROFIT B. DIRECT MATERIAL COS/ actuallW paid by Contractor For materials in performance of the additional services. shall be those costs utilized by Contractor The costs For such materials shall not include sales tax For anW materials which constitute personal property incorporated into the structures, buildings, or real property of the Town since such personal APPENDIX A-8 group life insurance, pensions, FICA, uniforms, safety equipment or special tools. These Fringe benefits shall be separatelg identified and shall not duplicate Fringe benefits paid in connection with work performed within the scope of the Agreement. include hourly wages, plus the Following wages - group medical, pmopemtW is exempt from taxation unde'm Section 1115 of the New York State Tax Law. C. OVERHEAD shall be 10~ o~ the total o~ the Direct Labom Costs and the Dimeet Matemial Costs. D. PROFIT shall be S~ o~ the total of the Oirect Labom Costs, the Oirect Matemial Costs and the Ovemhead. XII. CONTRACTOR'S OPERATIONS ANO PROCEOURES REPORTS Contmactor will pmovide the operating plan and supporting data listed in Sections A and B of the Solicitation to the Town rom meview and acceptance. Contmactom will update the plan as necessary and fumnish copies o~ those updates to the Town. ×III. OEFAWLT In the event the Contraetom fails to' per~omm its obligations undem the Agreement, the Town maw temminate the Agmeement, pmocure the semvioes ~mom othem soumoes and hold the Contmactor mesponsible rom anw costs inoummed. The Town also maW deduct such costs from pawments owing to the Contmactom and/om dmaw upon the Pemformance Bond as full om pamtial meimbursement the Agmeement rom Just XIV. SERVICE The Town meserves the cause. AGREENENT might to temminate The Contmactor shall be obligated to pmovide the Town with disposal services without megacd to the permit status of its Oisposal Site. In the event that Contmactor submits a Bid APPENDIX A-10 ¢oc a Disposal $1te for which Contractor does not currentlg have all necessarW federal and state permits, or which after the acceptance of the Bid loses its permitted status, Contractor shall, at its sole risk and expense, be responsible for obtaining and/or renewing its permits or providing the Town an alternate' Solid Waste Disposal ~ite st no ~dditional cost (disposal plus anw additional hauling) to the Town. The parties agree that this is a full service Agreement and failure of the Contractor to provide the identified Disposal Site or acceptable alternative Disposal Site, on or after the commencement date shall constitute a breach of this Agreement. The Contractor acoordinglW shall not be excused from its obligations hereunder bw reason of anw failure to obtain or maintain its permits at the identified Oisposal Site. XV. LIMITATION The deemed exacutorw available for the OF FUNOS Contractor agrees that this Agreement shall be only to the extent of the funds currentlw purposes of this Agreement and that the Iown incurs no liabilitw bewond those available bg authorization of the Town Board as of the date of this Agreement. XVI. DISPUIES/ARBIIRATION Ang disputes between the parties to this Agreement maw be meferred to arbitration bu mutual agreement of the parties. Absent such an agreement, anW actions or claims bw either pactW hereto shall be commenced in Supreme Court, Suffolk Countw, New York. APPENDIX A-il In the event the parties agree to arbitrate a dispute, such arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association. In no event shall anU demand for arbitration be made after the date when institution of legal or equitable proceedings based on such claim or dispute would be barred bW the applicable statute of limitations. An award rendered bw arbitrators following any such arbitration shall be final accordance with applicable thereof. XVII. and Judgment may be entered upon it in law in any court having Jurisdiction MISCELLANEOUS A. Ihis Agreement shall be of the State of New York. B. otherwise transfer without the prior C. documents referred to Solicitation and the thereto, represent the Contractor relating This Agreement may Contractor and the Iown. governed bg the laws Contractor shall not assign, convey or its rights or obligations under this Agreement written consent cC the Town. /his Agreement, including all Exhibits and herein, along with the Specifications, Bid, and all Appendices and Exhibits entire agreement between the /own and to the Services to be performed hereunder. be modified only by written agreement of O. To the extent of any inconsistency among the documents constituting the agreement of the parties, the prioritU among those documents shall be: APPENDIX A-12 This Agreement; Exhibits hereto; The Solicitation including Appendices; Contmactor's Bid. E. Without limiting cemedg which the Town mag have at law the Contractor is adjudged bankrupt anW other right and/or or under this Agreement, if om makes an assignment Eom the benefit of Contractor or instituted by or this Agreement. F. consistent with creditocs or a receiver is any insolventg arrangement against the Contractor, the appointed for the proceedings ace Town mag terminate Contractor agrees that it will conduct itself its status, said status being that of an independent contractor and, Contcactom, its emplowees will neithem hold themselves out hem claim to be an emplowee cE the Town o¢ SouLhold hem make claim to accmuin~ thereto including, but not limited to, Compensation, Unemplowment Benefits, Social retimement membership om cmedit. 6. If anW pmovision of om agents officer om ang might Workem's Secumitg om this Agmeement shall any reason be held Lo be invalid or unen~omceable, the invaliditu om wnenfomceabilitW o~ such pmovision shall not a~ect ang o~ the memaining pmovisions of this Agmeement and this Agmeement shall be en~omced am if such invalid and unenfomceable pmovision had not been contained herein. H. Contmactom agmees APPENDIX A-13 that it shall not discriminate and that it shall cause there to be no discrimination against ang emplowee who is emplowed in the work, or against ang applicant for such emplowment, because of race, religion, color, sex, age, marital status, handicap or national origin in anw manner prohibited bg the laws of the United States or of the State of New York. These requirements shall include, but not be limited, to, the following: emplowment; upgrading, demotion or transfer; recruitment or recruitment advertising; lawoff or compensation; XVIII. be made termination; rates of' paW or other and selection for training. NOTICES All notices required to be given hereunder in writing bg first class mail addressed as follows: forms of shall APPENOIX A-i~ this If to the Town: With IN WIINESS ggmeement on the Supem~som of the Town of Sowthold Town gall 53095 Main Road Southold, New YomR 11871 With a coPw to: Solid Waste Coordinator Town of Sowthold S3085 Main Road Sowthold, New Yomk 11871 If to the Contcactom: Kenneth Tully, President Tully Construction Co. Inc. 127-50 Northern Blvd. ~:lg]~l)JggtE~. ew York 11368 Peter K. Tully, Vice President WHEREOF, the pa~ties/~e~eto have executed / ! daW and Wea~ ~i~st a~Te w~ittmn // TOWN 0 SOU OLB Thomas H. Wickham 5upemvisoc By _T_~LILy__Qoj~.~f~t. ion Co., I nc. Peter ~Jlly, Vice President APPENDIX A-iS APPENDIX A.2 THIS AGREEMENT, made on the ~JL daw off July ___, 199~, bg and between the Town o~ Southold, a municipal co~pocation dE the State o~ New Yomk having its pmincipal place dE business at 53095 Main Road, Southold, New Yomk hemeinaFtem called the "Town" and Star Recycling, Inc. having its principal place of business at 123 Varick Avenuez Brooklyn, New York ~1237 hemeinaFtem called the "Contmactom. W I I N E 9 S E T H: WHEREAS, Contmaotoc has submitted to the Town a bid dated May 26, , 199~ ("Bid") in mesponse to the Town's Bid Solicitation EOF Hauling-Oisposat Semvices dated _~pril 2~, ]~gq .... ("Solicitation"); and WHEREAS, the Town Boamd dE the Town oF Southold bW resolution ~ 32 adopted on June lq, 199q , authomized the Town Supemvisom to entem into an agmeement mith the Contcactom to pemEomm cemtain services in connection with the handling oF constmwetion matemial and/om demolition debris, NOW, THEREFORE, it is mutuallw covenanted and agmeed bw and between the parties hemeto as Follows: I. DEFINITIONS Solicitation shall have the same II. SCOPE OF SERVICES The accordance with the Terms defined in the Bid meaning as iE defined herein. Contmactom shall pem~orm the services in description o~ those semvioes as ee~ Fo~th in APPENOIX A-1 the Solicitation. III. TERM OF ASREEMENI The term of this Agreement shall years commencing on July 9, 199~. IF the Town intermunicipal C&D haul/disposal agreement be Three (3) enters into an the Town may terminate the agreement at anW time three (3) bw giving six Contractor. The Town, at during Agreement wears two (2 (6) months written notice to its sole discretion, shall have and the the (1) of the Town's approval of Contractor's be entitled to deduct From any payment APFENDIX A-2 invoice. The /own shall owning to Contractor anU option of renewing the Agreement For two (2) additional one wear terms by giving Contractor written notice of its intention to renew at least thirty (30) daws prior to the expiration of the term. IV. PRICE SCHEDULE/COMPENSATION /he unit bid price schedule for the services to be Furnished bu Contractor is Found in Section C 3.1, 3.2., Contractor's bid which is incorporated into this Agreement. V. PAYMENIS A. The Contractor shall receive monthly payments For services performed during the prior calendar month. The Contractor shall submit a request For payment on a Town approved voucher Form along with Contractor's invoice which shall include a daily summary of cubic yardage hauled by Contractor to a Disposal Site and disposed bw Contractor at a Oisposal Site as applicable. Such payments shall be made within sixty (60) days sums expended bW the Town to cure non-compliance bw Contractom or to account Filed. of anW claims Filed or ang default or other Agreement pmotect the Town From loss on reasonablw anticipated to be repmesentations: A. Contractor makes the following warFanties and Contmactoc mepresents that the Contractor during B, complw with all no commitment undem this Agmeement with respect to construction matemiai and/or demolition debris to be the temm of this Agreement. Contmactom wamrants that Federal, state regulations applicable to all of Contractor. C. Contmactom mepresents that the information Furnished bW Contmactoc in the equipment schedules included in the bid is accumate and complete and Contractom acknowledges that Town has relied upon the accucacg and compieteness of that information in the selection of Contmactoc as the lowest responsible bidder. O. The Contracto~ represents that Contractor shall utilize its best efforts to insure that Minoritw and Women Owned Businesses CMBE's and WBE'e) have the opportunity to participate as swbcontractoms under this Agreement. In the event the contractor subcontracts tu;entw-Five pemcent (25~) om mome of APPENDIX A-3 ANO REPRESENTATIONS Town has made the volume of handled bw Contractor shall and local laws, ordinances or the services to be performed bW VI. CONTRACTOR'S WARRANTIES its work hereunder, Contractor shall submit to the Town an MBE and a WBE Utilization Plan, prior to execution of this Agreement. E. In the--event the Contractor's Disposal Site is unable to receive and dispose of the Town's construction material and/or demolition debris for anU reason (including failure to obtain or maintain necessarW permits or licenses). Contractor shall be responsible for providing to the Town an alternate Disposal Site for the Town's use at no additional cost to the Town, and shall indemnifu the Town against anW additional hauling cost by the Town or its agent because of the location of the alternate Oisposal Site. Under no circumstances shall a change in Disposal Site(s) or failure or inabilitU to obtain or maintain necessarw permits bw the Contractor be considered a change in conditions. In the event the Contractor is unable to find an alternate Disposal Site(s), he shall be deemed to be in default of this Agreement and liable for damages, bond forfeitures and other expenses as provided in the Agreement. VII. INOEHNIFICATION INSURANCE/BONOS A. Contractor agrees to defend, indemnifU and save harmless the /own of Sowthold against ang and all liabilitw, loss, damage, detriment, suit. claim, demand, cost, charge, attorneu's fees and expenses of what ever kind or nature which the /own maw directlU or indirectlg incur, suffer or be required to paW bw reason of or in consequence of the Contractor carrwing out or performing under the terms of this Agreement, or failure to cartW out anU of the provisions, duties, services or APPENDIX A-~ requirements o~ this Agreement, whether such losses and damages are sufEered or sustained by the Town directlw or bw its emplowees, licensees, agents, engineers, citizens or bw other persons or corporations, including anw of Contractor's emplowees om agents who maw seek to hold the Town liable therefore. This obligation shall be ongoing, shall survive the term of this Agreement and include, but not be limited to, claims concerning non-sudden environmental impairments. The Contractor shall Join in the commencement of any action or proceeding or in the defense of any action or proceeding which in the opinion of the Town constitutes actual or threatened interference or interruption with the Town's rights hereunder, including all appeals which, in the opinion of the Town, maw be neoessarW. B. Contractor shall procure and maintain the insurance described in Section A of the Solicitation ~or a period commencing on the date of this Agreement and terminating no earlier than one wear following termination of services under this Agreement. All such insurance coverage shall name the Town as an additional insured and shall provide that the coverage shall not notice issued be changed om canceled until thirty (30) days written has been given to the Town All such insurance shall be bg a companw dwlg authorized to transact business in the State o~ New York and acceptable all riders and additional coverage Contractor ~ill be financiallg able to APPENDIX A-5 to the Town and shall include necessarw to insure that meet its obligations under the foregoing indemnification. C. Contractor shall, performance of services hemeunder, the amount of five hundred thousand named obligee is Town of Southold. acceptable to the Town Attorney and for the period of the maintain a Performance Bond in ($5OO,OOO.O0) dollars wherein /he Bond shall be in a form issued bg a surety licensed to do business in New York as VIII. FORCE MAJEURE fulfilling any of act, event ContractoF, Contractor's extent that either payment a surety. either party is delayed or prevented from its obligations under this Agreement due to anU or condition, whether affecting the Town, the the Oisposal Site or any of the Town's or the respective subcontractors or suppliers, to the it materially and party to perform anW obligations), and if adversely affects the ability of obligation hereunder (except for such act, event or condition is beyond the reasonable control and is not also the willful or negligent action, inaction, or Fault relying thereon as justification for not performing result of the of the party an obligation om complying with any condition required of such party under the Agreement, the time for fulfilling that obligation shall be extended daw-by-day for the period of the uncontrollable circumstance; provided, however, that the contesting in good faith or the failure in good action shall not be construed lack of reasonable diligence faith to contest such action or in as mill£ul or negligent action or a of either partW. Subject to the APPENDIX A-S foregoing, such acts cc events shall include the follo~lno: (1) an act of God (but not including reasonablw anticipated weather condit-ions for the geographic area of the Town or Oisposal Site), hurricane, landslide, lightning, earthquake, fire, explosion, flood, sabotage om similar occurrence, acts of a public enemw, extortion, war, blockade or having Oisposal services, which are riot or civil disturbance; (2) the failure of anw appropriate federal, countw, town or local public agencw or private utilitW Jurisdiction in the areas in which the transfer Station or Site is located to provide and maintain utilities, water and sewer lines and power transmission lines required for the operation or maintenance of the Transfer Station or Disposal Site; (3) governmental services in connection with condemnation or other taking bw the Transfer Station or Disposal pre-emption of materials or a public emergeneW or ang eminent domain of any portion of Site; and CZ) the presence of hazardous waste upon, beneath or migrating from the Transfer Station. It is specificallw understood that none of the following acts or conditions shall constitute uncontrollable circumstances: (a) general economic conditions, interest or inflation rates, or currencw fluctuations; (b) the financial condition of the Iown, the Contractor, any of its affiliates or any subcontractor; (c) union work rules, requirements or demands APPENOIX A-7 which have the e~fect of increasing 'the number of emplowees emplowed otherwise increase the cost to the Contmactor of operating its haul operation or the Disposal Site (d) equipment failure; (e) any impact o~ prevailing wage law, customs or practices on the Contractor's costs; (f) any act, event or circumstance occurring outside of the United States, or (g) anW change in law om in the permit conditions or status of the Transfer Station Oisposal Site Or alternate Oisposal Site. IX, SUBCONTRACTS in connection Contractor shall not enter into ang subcontracts with the services to be performed bw Contractor hereunder without the prior written approval bw the town of such subcontracts. Ail such subcontracts shall make express to the terms and conditions of this Agreement and shall obligate the subcontractor to complg with all applicable federal, state and local laws,, ordinances or regulations relating to the services to be performed under the subcontract. In the event the subcontractor is required to furnish anW insurance or bonds for the benefit of Contractor, the Town shall also be named as an additional insured or obligee. X. PREVAILING WAGE RATES Contractor agrees to complw with the the New York State Labor Law relating to prevailing wage rates to the extent applicable, State Law in the state of disposal. In the time during performance under this Agreement APPENDIX provisions of the pagment of or the applicable event that at anu the Contractor is result aC such requisement, all casts resulting there Crom shall be borne exclusively bw Contractor. XI. FORCEO ACCOUNTINS In the event the Town written authomization signed either Town's Solid Waste Coordinator, directs the Contractor, bg bM the Town Supervisor to perCorm additional services beyond Contractor shall be the Collowing basis: TOTAL the scope o~ those described in this Agreement, the compensated Cot such additional services on OIRECT LABOR COMPENSATION FOR COST + OIRECT MATERIAL CO5¥ For the purposes o¢ this Section: A. DIRECT LABOR COSY shall actually with those including overtime premiums Cringe beneCits associated ADDITIONAL SERVICES + OVERHEAD + PROFIT include hourly wages, paid plus the ¢ollowin~ wages - group medical, group lice insurance, pensions, FICA, uniCorms, saCetw equipment or special tools. These Cringe beneffits shall be separately identiCied and shall not duplicate ~ringe benefits paid in connection with work per¢ocmed within B. DIRECT actuallW paid bM Contractor in perCommance o~ the additional services. materials shall not constitute personal the scope MATERIAL COST ~or materials include sales tax Cot pcopectM £ncocporated APPENDIX A-~ cC the Agreement. shall be those costs utlllzed bg Contractor The costs Ecs such anW materials which into the structures, the Town plan as Town. buildings, or real propertw of the Town since such propertW is exempt from taxation undsr Section lllS of York State Tax Law. -- C. OVERHEAO shall be lO~ of the total of the Oicect Labor Costs and the Oirect Material Costs. O. PROFIT shall be S~ of the total of the Oireot Labor Costs, the Oirect Material Costs and the Overhead. XII. CONTRACTOR'S OPERATIONS ANO PROCEOURES REPORTS Contractor will provide the operating plan and supporting data listed in Sections A and B of the Solicitation to for review and acceptance, Contractor will update the necessaru and furnish copies of those updates to the XIII. personal the New the Agreement for just cause. XIV. SERVICE AGREEMENT The Contractor shall Town with disposal services without of its Disposal Site. be obligated to provide the regard to the permit status In the event that Contractor submits a Bid APPENDIX A-10 obligations Agreement, procure the services ~rom other sources and hold the Contractor responsible for anw costs incurred. The Town also maw deduct such costs from pawments owing to the Contractor and/or draw upon the Performance Bond as full or partial reimbursement flor such excess costs. The Town reserves the right to terminate DEFAULT In the event the Contractor fails to perform its under the Agreement, the Town maw terminate the ~OE ~ Oi6pO66i ~i~ EO~ .,lb_ch COnt~ctO? doe8 not curcently have ail necessamy ffedemal and state permits, or which aEter the acceptance DE the Bid loses its pemmitted status, Contmactom shall, and/om menewing Disposal Site at hauling) to the its sole misk and expense, be responsible ~om obtaining its pemmits om providing the ~own an alternate no additional cost (disposal plus anw additional Town. The pamties agmee that this is a ~ull semvice Agmeement and Eailure o~ the Contmactor to pmovide the identiEied Oisposal Site'om acceptable altemnative Disposal Site, on om a~tem the commencement date shall constitute a bmeach of Contmactom accocdinglW shall not be excused this Agreement. ~mom its obligations hereundem by meason oE any Eailume to obtain om maintain its pemmits at the identified Disposal Site. L~M~TATION OF FUNOS The Contractor agmees that this Agmeemen~ shall be deemed executomw only to the extent o~ the Eunds cumrentlw available Eom the pumposes DE this Agmeement and that the ~omn incums no liability beuond those available bw authomization DE the ~own Boamd as DE the date DE this Agmeement. XVI. DISPUTES/ARBITRATION Anw disputes between the patties to this Agmeement may be meCemmed to ambitcation bw mutual agmeement aC ~he Absent such am agmeement, ang actions om claims bg hece~o shall be commenced in Supreme Cower, Suffolk pamtieso eiLhem pactW Countw, New Yock. In the evenL the pamties agree to ambitmate a APPENDIX A-il dispute, such arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association. In no event shall anU demand for arbitration be made after the date when institution of legal or equitable proceedings based on such claim or dispute would be barred by the applicable statute of limitations. An award rendered bw arbitrators following ang such arbitration shall be final and judgment maw be entered upon it in accordance with applicable law in anw court having Jurisdiction thereof. XVII. of the State of MISCELLANEOUS A. This Agreement New York. shall be governed bw the laws otherwise transfer without the prior C. documents referred to Solicitation and the thereto, represent the Contractor relating to /his Agreement maW be Contractor shall not assign, convew or its rights or obligations under this Agreement written consent of the Town. This Agreement, including all Exhibits and herein, along with the Specifications, Bid, and all Appendices and Exhibits entire agreement between the /own and the Services to be performed hereunder. modified onlg bw written agreement of Contractor and the have no afoot. O. documents constituting the agreement of among those documents shall be: 1. /his Agreement; APPENDIX A-12 Town. The proposed agreement in Contractor's bid shall To the extent of ang inconsistencw among the the parties, the prioritw Exhibits heretO; The Solicitation including Appendices; Contractor's Bid. E. Without limiting anW other right and/or remedw which the Town maW have at law or under this Agreement, if the Contractor is adjudged bankrupt or makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors or a receiver is appointed For the Contractor or ang insolvencg arrangement proceedings are instituted bw or against the Contractor, the Town maW terminate this Agreement. F. Contractor agrees that it will conduct itself consistent with its status, said status being that of an independent contractor and, Contractor, its emplowees or agents will neither hold themselves out nor claim to be an officer or emplogee of the /own of Southold nor make claim to ang right accruing thereto including, but not limited to, Worker's Compensation, Unemploument Benefits, Social SecuritU or retirement membership or credit. 6. If anW provision of this Agreement shall Far anU reason be held ta be invalid ar unenfarceable, the invaliditU or unenforceabilitW of such provision shall nat affect anW of the remaining provisions of this Agreement and this Agreement shall be enforced as if such invalid and unenforceable provision had not been contained herein. Contractor agrees that it shall not discriminate APPENDIX ~-13 end that it shall cause there to be no ~iscrimination against anW emplowee who is emplowed in the work, or against anw applicant for such emplowment, because of race, religion, color, sex, age, marital status, handicap or national origin in anW manner prohibited bG the laws of the United States or of the State oF New York. Ihese requirements shall include, but not be limited to, the following: emplowment; upgrading, demotion or transfer; recruitment or recruitment advertising; layoFF or termination; rates oF training. XVIII. paw or other forms of compensation; and selection For NOTICES All notices be made in writing bW First required to be given class mail addressed hereunder shall as follows: APPENDIX A-lb IF to the Supervisor oF the /own of Southold /own Hall 53095 Main Road Southold, New York 11871 With a copy to: Solid Waste Coordinator Tomn o£ ~outbold 53085 Main Road Southold, New York 11971 IF to the Contractor: Anthony Lomangino, President Star REcycling, Inc. 123 Varick AVenue, Brooklyn , With a Copy to: NY 11237 Maurice Collins IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the this Agreement on the daw and yeam By: By.: parties hemeto have executed Fimst Fve mritten Thom~s H. Wickham Supervisor APPENOIX A-15 PI.,ttl/l~II NG I.Ilq'I'l' l:l]~ f~,OLII'I'ION R~: ~,.~X.,~.G~E APPENDIX A.3 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SALVAGE CENTER PERMIT This is to certify that Roy A. & Joanne K. Schelin, d/b/a North Fork Sanitation Co., in the Town of Southold, County of Suffolk, State of New York, is hereby granted a SALVAGE CENTER PERMIT by the Town Board of the Town of Southold, to be located at 8475 Cox Lane, Cutchogue, subject to the conditions specified on the Town Board's resolution adopted on January 24, 1995, attached to and made a part of this Permit. In Witness Whereof I have set my hand and the Seal of the Town of Southold this 25th day of January, 1995. Judith T. Terr~(_/ Town Clerk Town of Southold S E A L JuDrrH T. TERRY TOWN CLERK REGISTRAR OF VITAL STATISTICS MARRIAGE OFFICER RECORDS MANAGEMENT OFFICER FREEDOM OF INFORMATION OFFICER Town Hall, 53095 Main Road P.O. Box 1179 Southold, New York 11971 Fs.x (516) 765-1823 Telephone (516) 765-1800 OFFICE OF THE TOWN CLERK TOWN OF SOUTHOLD THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE FOLLOWING RESOLUTION WAS ADOPTED BY THE SOUTHOLD TOWN BOARD AT A REGULAR MEETING HELD ON JANUARY 24, 1995: RESOLVED that Salvage Center North Fork Sanitation, to operate a Salvage Center at 8475 Cox N.Y., subject to the following conditions: (1) The Salvage Center shall be permitted to handle construction and demolition debris (C&D) and scrap metal waste. It shall not be permitted to accept putrescible waste. This permit may be amended from time to time by action of the Town Board. (2) The permit shall be valid for so long as the Salvage Center is operated by North Fork Sanitation and shall terminate, subject to application for renewal by the pursuant to Chapter 74 of the Code of the Town of Southold, a Permit is hereby granted to Roy A. & Joanne K. Schelin, d/b/a Lane, Cutchogue, new owner. (3) The permittee shall apply for and obtain site plan approval from the Southold Town Planning Board in a timely manner. (4) The permittee shall operate the Salvage Center so as to comply with all laws and regulations. (5) The hours of operation of Salvaging Center related activity shall be 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M., Monday through Friday, and 8:00 A.M. to 1:00 P.M. on Saturday. There shall be no Salvage Center operations on Sunday. (6) There shall be no shredding of automobiles on the subject site. There shall be no crushing or pulverizing of concrete or asphalt on the subject site. (7) There shall be a thirty (30) day limit to the on-site retention of all C&D or metal materials. (8) The facility is a Salvage Station and shall not be authorized to receive liquid waste of any kind, except as incidental to cars. (9) No asbestos insulation shall be r:eceived, stored or transferre~d to or from the subject site. 1o) purpose of automobile site. (11) Batteries leakproof receptacle. There shall be no dismantling of automobiles on the subject site for the resale, with the exception of removal of batteries and the draining of fluids. There shall be no resale of automobile parts from the subject removed from automobiles shall be stored in an enclosed, (12) All C&D materials stored on the site shall be placed in containers. (13) All automobile fluids shall be drained and securely stored within a covered shed with secondary containment. Drum storage of toxic or hazardous materials as defined by Article 12 of the Suffolk County Sanitary Code shall be limited to no more than 250 gallons on site at any one time, unless a proper Article 12 drum storage facility is applied for and permitted. (14) The facility operator shall establish a contract with a licensed industrial waste scavenger and a waste oil hauler to ensure that liquid chemicals stored on site re removed as necessary and disposed of properly. (15) The facility shall be operated in a manner which will eliminate or control nuisances such as vectors, odors and noise at all times. (16) The facility shall be operated in a manner which wilt minimize fugitive dust at all times. Yard surface material and need for drainage requirements can be addressed by the Planning E~oard at the time of site plan review. It is also recommended that a water source be established on site for emergency purposes, and in order to wet excessively dry soils if a stone or shell blend storage yard surface is utilized. (17) The facility operator agrees to allow access to the site and facilities by Town Officials and/or legitimately designated Town representatives for the purpose of ensuring compliance with above conditions. (18) The facility operator shall establish an emergency response plan that will provide procedures for responding to an emergency situation on the subject site. The plan should consider receipt or release of toxic or hazardous materials and asbestos insulation. The plan should consider fire response and provide a notification network and contingencies for dealing with emergency situations that may rise. The plan should be submitted to appropriate authorities, including the Town rd/Town Clerk for dissemination to appropriate Town officials. {19) The facility operator shall be responsible to obtain all other necessary permits and approvals from other agencies involved in approving the Salvaging Center. the applicant must comply with NYSDEC requirements under Part 360 of the Salvaging Center, as implemented by the NYSDEC for the subject facility. (20) The permit may be revoked by the Town Board, upon notice to permittee, if permittee fails to adhere to the above conditions. Judith T. Terry Southold Town Clerk January 25, 1995 PlI'I~LIC 01~ l~l~l~2K~J~l'I~l/r~ I~]/ICI-~!KI~i'IO~ FOR ~01.~II~ SEQRA NEGATIVE DECLARATION NOTICE OF DETERMINATION OF NONSIGNIFICANCE Lead Agency.. Address: Town of Southold 53095 Main Road Southold, NY 11971 Date: The Town of Southold, as Lead Agency, has determined that the proposed action described below is not expected to have a significant effect on the environment. This · notice is issued pursuant to Part 617 of the implementing regulations pertaining to Article $ (State Environmental Quality Review) of the Environmental Conservation Law. Title of Action: Update of Town's Solid Waste Management Plan SEQR Status: Unlisted Description of Action: The Town of Southold proposes to ul~late its Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP) and comprehensive recycling analysis (CRA).issued in January 1991. The Update presents the Town's plans for its solid waste activities and revises the CRA based on recent statutory and processing changes. Location: Middle Road (CR 4g), Cutchogue Suffolk County, New York Reasons Supporting this Detarminatio~ Updating of the Solid Waste Management Plan is not expected to have a significant effect on the environment. The proposed action is an update for a SWMP that has undergone extensive SEQRA review through the preparation of a generic environmental impact statement. Once project specific planning, design and implementation of the updated Plan elements begins, further SEQRA review and permitting procedures may be required in order to address site, technology and facility specific impacts. 7050R/2 1027 -1- For Further Informatio~ Copies of this Notice Sent to: Scott L. Harris Supervisor Town of Southold 53095 Main Road Southold, NY 11971 (516) 765-1800 Commissioner - Department of Environmental Conservation 50 Wolf Road Albany, New York 12233-0001 Region I Office Department of Environmental Conservation Building 40 - SUNY at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York 11790 7050R/2 1027 -2- 01~ REVISED AUGUST 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Title PREFACE AND BACKGROUND SOLID WASTE AND RECYCLABLE QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION 2,1 Waste Quantification/Projection 2,1.1 Existing Facilities 2.1.2 Proposed Facilities 2.1.3 Current Collection and Management Practices 2.2 Solid Waste Quantities and Composition 2.2.1 Fishers Island Waste Generation 2.2.2 Current Solid Waste Generation and Generations Rates 2.2.3 Population Projections, Future Waste Generation and Generation Rates 2.2.4 Total Waste Stream Composition and Characteristics 2.2.5 Residential Waste Stream Composition and Characteristics 2.3 Seasonality 2.3.1 Seasonal Quantities 2.3.2 Seasonal Characteristics 2,4 Recyclables in the Waste Stream 2.5 Identification of Waste Sources 2.6 Overview of Strategies for a Reduction in the Amount of Solid Waste EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND AND RECYCLING PROGRAMS 3.1 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Practices 3.2 Municipal Recycling Programs 3.3 Commercial and Industrial Recycling 3.4 Impacts of Proposed Program ASSESSMENT OF MARKETS FOR RECYCLABLE AND COMPOSTABLE MATERIALS 4.1 Market Surveys 4.2 Market Trends 4.3 Identification of Necessary Processing 4.4 Market Services 4.5 Recyclable and Compostable Material Marketing Conclusions 4.6 Current and Future Restrictions to Market Development 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-7 2-7 2-8 2-8 2-11 2-11 2-16 2-19 2-23 2-23 2-25 2-26 2-29 2-30 3-1 3-1 3-3 3-13 3-14 4-1 4-2 4-38 4-44 4-49 4-50 4-52 1389S/1 1027 -i- TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Section 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Title ALTERNATIVE SOURCE SEPARATION AND MATERIAL RECOVERY PROGRAMS 5.1 Waste Reduction and Reuse 5.2 Household Hazardous Waste Recovery and Toxics Removal 5.3 Recyclable Material Collection Alternatives 5.4 Recyclable Material Processing Strategies 5.5 Compostable Material Collection Options 5.6 Compostable Material Processing 5.7 Construction and Demolition Waste Processing IMPLEMENTATION OF RECYCLABLE AND COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL RECOVERY PROGRAMS 6.1 Material Recovery Projections 6.2 Recycling Policy and Implementation Considerations 6.3 Materials Marketing 6.4 Recyclable Material Collection 6.5 Facilities Development 6.6 Implementation Schedule 6.7 Market Development 6.8 Public Education and Waste Reduction Programs 6.9 Staffing 6.10 Program Funding LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 7.1 Local Laws and Ordinances 7.2 Legislative Impediments to Recycling FUTURE ACTIONS 8.1 Scope of Existing and New Programs 8.2 Other Means of Program Enhancement 8.3 Procurement Practices 9.0 GLOSSARY paqe 5-1 5-1 5-4 5-11 5-21 5-25 5-29 5-32 6-1 6-1 6-21 6-22 6-47 6-56 6-59 6-60 6-71 6-73 6-74 7-1 7-1 7-2 8-1 8-1 8-2 8-3 9-1 APPENDIX A - Mandatory Source Separation Ordinance 13895/1 1027 -ii- Number 2.1.1-1 2.2.1-1 2.2.1-2 2.2.2-1 2.2.3-1 2.2.3-2 2.2.5-1 2.4-1 3.2-1 3.2-2 3.2-3 4.1-1 4.1-2 4.1-3 4.1-4 5.3-1 6.1-1 6.1-2 6.1-3 6.1-4 6.2-1 LIST OF TABLES Title Equipment Inventory Fishers Island Monthly Population Potential Fishers Island Waste Generation 1992 Scale House Waste Categories and Quantities Population Projections Future Waste Generation Projections Total Waste Stream Residential Waste Stream Compositional Analysis 1992 Monthly Recycling Totals Total Tonnage Recycled Existing Recyclable Materials Marketing Arrangements Household Hazardous Waste Removed through STOP Facility Markets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables Common Household Battery Types Construction and Demolition Material Uses Construction and Demolition Markets and Private Processing Facilities Public Attitude Surveys Toward Recycling Total Waste Stream Recyclable Material Recovery Rates Total Waste Stream Per Capita Recovery Rates Residential Waste Stream Recovery Rates Residential Waste Stream Per Capita Recovery Rates Policy Issue Recommendations 2-2 2-9 2-10 2-12 2-15 2-18 2-21 2 -27 3-5 3-8 3 -12 4-4 4-26 4-35 4-36 5-12 6-3 6-9 6-10 6-15 6-23 1389S/1 1027 -iii- Number 6.6-1 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Title Implementation Schedule 6-61 1389S/1 1027 -iv- Number 2.1.1-1 2.1.1-2 2.2.2-1 2.2.2-2 2.2.3-1 2.2.4-1 2.2.5-1 3.2-1 6.9-1 LIST OF FIGURES Title Town Solid Waste Facilities Collection Center Floor Plan Total Waste Stream Percentages 1992 Monthly Solid Waste Generation Population Projections Calculated Total Waste Stream Calculated Residential Waste Stream Existing Collection Center Floor Plan Staffing Organization 2-3 2-5 2-13 2-14 2-17 2-20 2-24 3-7 6-75 1389R/1 1027 -v- 1.0 PREFACE AND BACKGROUND This docu/nent has been prepared pursuant to the requirements established in Title 6 NYCRR Part 360-1.9(f) for a Comprehensive Recycling Analysis (CRA). The CRA contains analyses of waste reduction and recycling practices performed for the Town of Southold in order to formulate an overall strategy and a plan of action to maximize waste reduction, toxics removal, recycling and composting in the Town. The waste reduction and recycling program focuses on residential, commercial, institutional and industrial recovery activities, as well as programs to recover compostable materials, construction and demolition debris, other bulky wastes, nonhazardous industrial waste, sludge and household hazardous materials The CRA specifically addresses existing solid waste and recycling practices material market analyses; materials collectio~ options; processing alternatives integrated system recouumendations; progressively increasing material recovery rates; implementation schedules; public information and education programs; waste reduction programs; program impacts; and recommended legal and institutional policies that will establish the infrastructure for the program to be developed. The CRA provides the interim (1994), mid-term (1995 - 1997) and long-term (1998 - 2015) recycling strategies in order to achieve maximized materials recovery, including maximized participation and separation efficiency rates. 1390S 1027 CRA 1-1 2.0 SOLID WASTE AND RECYCLABLES QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION This Section is a presentation of the research and analysis performed on the Tow%n's waste strea/n for the development of the initial To%rn of Southold Solid Waste Management Plan/Draft Generic Environmental Impact Statement (1990 SWMP/DGEIS). The complete original analysis on the Town's waste stream is presented in the 1990 SWMP. This Comprehensive Recycling Analysis update constitutes Appendix A of the 1993 SWMP/Update, and is a stand alone report. As such, all references to tables, figures and appendices of similar material in the initial 1990 SWMP/CRA or the 1993 SWMP Update are considered to be included in the presentation of this updated CRA. The presentation and analyses have been adopted to focus on the reduction, reuse, and recycling aspect of the Town's waste stream. This Section is to be used as a reference to defining the waste stream for which the recycling analysis presented in the following sections has been developed. This Section discusses the current and projected future waste generation, composition, and characteristics of the total waste stream, in addition to the potential recyclabte materials present in the waste stream. As discussed in Section 3, Fishers Island does not dispose of solid waste at the Town's solid waste complex on CR 48. 2.1 Solid Waste Management Facilities Current Practices 2.1.1 -- Fac ' ' ' The Town currently owns and operates a municipal solid waste complex on Middle Road (CR 48) that receives virtually all of the municipal solid waste generated in the Town. This includes municipal solid waste from residential, commercial, institutional, agricultural, and industrial sources. Table 2.1.1-1 presents an inventory of the equipment currently maintained at the solid waste complex in Cutchogue. The locations of solid waste facilities/operations in the Town are shown on Figure 2.1.1-1. The Town's solid waste complex is comprised of a number of areas that accommodate the various components of the resource recovery system. These areas include: o Weighing station and scale house o White goods (household appliances) stockpile area o Collection center o Tire stockpile area 1027 CRA 2-1 Table 2.1.1-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE SOUTMOLD TOWN SOLID WASTE COMPLEX EQUIPMENT INVENTORY International Tractor Mower Air Compressor ~4218 Mack Truck Tractor R600 Welder ~71-560948 Homemade Trailer (Utility) Steam Cleaner Royer Hydrostatic Shredder Air Grease Pump 510B Payloader - 2 1/4 yard Dodge Ram 50 Pickup 540E Payloader - 4 1/4 yard Caterpillar 816B Compactor Steco Trailer 100 cu. yd. 40 Yard Roll-Off Container(J.C.I) Steco Trailer 100 cu. yd. 40 Yard Roll-Off Container w/ Compartments Komatsu 4-1/4 yd. Payloader Mack Dump Truck W.HoO. Tub Grinder Generator 55 kW Dresser 250 crawler Fork Lift Attachment (with 4-in-1 bucket) GMC Water Truck* ~Q~e: *Available from Town Highway Department Source: Southold Highway Department, July 1993 1027 CRA 2-2 TOWN Of: SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN TOWN SOLID WASTE FACILITIES FIGURE 2.1.1-1 o Recycling drop-off area o Drop-off station for deliveries of recyclables o Permanent household hazardous garbage and rubbish o Waste oil storage o Yard waste composting area o Landfilling area (no longer in use) o Borrow/mining area (no longer In use) bulk o Temporary transfer operations for waste containment facility o Temporary transfer operations for C&D debris and concrete At the solid waste complex on CR 48, Town residents are directed by signs and Town personnel to the appropriate receiving area or the collection center. The commercial haulers are directed to the scale house for weighing, where they are then directed to the bay of the collection center for bulk deliveries of recyclables. Carters deposit garbage and rubbish in this bay and the materials are moved into the nearby transfer trailer. Residents deposit garbage and rubbish in the bay in the collection center. On-site roadways lead directly to the collection center upon entrance from Middle Road (CR 48). The collection center is utilized to temporarily serve as the unloading/drop-off area for garbage/rubbish and is located to the west of the household hazardous waste containment facility and to the north of the recycling drop-off facility for recyclables. At present, there are bins at the residential recycling drop-off area for metal cans, plastics, green, brown, and clear glass, and cardboard. Additionally, inside the collection center there are drop-off areas designated for batteries, newspapers, and clothing. The floor plan for the existing collection center is shown on Figures 2.1.1-2. Temporary transfer operations were implemented on October 9, 1993 for garbage, rubbish, C&D debris and concrete. The garbage/rubbish transfer trailer is located approximately 100 to 200 feet west of the collection center. The transfer operations for the C&D debris and concrete are located north of the scale house along existing on-site road. Temporary transfer operations were implemented so that landfill operations could cease on October 8, 1993. 1027 CRA 2-4 -~ / FOR CAR I00' 50' ..... -.. --~ I~/ _m~LC~ ~- - - 4 -~ .......-=~--~ ~~1- ~ ~ '-- ~ _ ~ED AREA ,""~ ~ ~ ~LL '~ " I~ fl~¢~', .... riTM .I~ r l~ rl~ ~O~NG ~ ~[H ~Y R~F STRucruRE ,~¢rct a~ ES ~ 14' .,-- TO~ (~ ,~JTtI~I YA}iL} V~IF (:;(3kll~$TIl~ i:i~iN~:i-filN(~ PROPOSED LEAF AND DROP OFF APPP~OXk~IATE $CAL£ i": FIGURE 2 1.1-2 The Town also operates a drop-off station for bulk deliveries of recyclables. It is located approximately 60 feet to the north of the collection center, and consists of four 30 cubic yard containers and one 40 cubic yard container, situated below grade. Residential waste, exclusive of wood and metal, is also brought inside the collection center. This transfer operation allows for an efficient operation that can be utilized with minimum rehandling of wastes. The Town's S.T.O.P. program (Stop Throwing Out Pollutants) utilizes an initial collection point for drop-off of hazardous materials inside the collection center. These materials are then transferred to the permanent containment facility situated adjacent to the northern side of the collection center. This facility was the first permanent, NYSDEC permitted S.T.O.P. Program in operation in the State. Waste oil brought to the site by residents is deposited in a 275 gallon tank located approximately 200 feet to the north of the collection center which, when full, is picked up by a licensed NYSDEC waste oil collector located in Westhampton Beach. Backup drums are maintained at the site should the tank reach capacity prior to the next scheduled Dick up. Sludge from the Southold Scavenger Waste and Incorporated Village of Greenport Sewage Treatment Plants is being shipped directly from the treatment plant to the facility at Bergen Point. 1992 date indicates that approximately 310 tons of sludge were shipped. Application was made to NYSDEC, on April 10, 1990, for approval of a small scale yard waste composting operation of less than 3,000 cubic yards of leaves. State approval was received on May 2, 1990, and subsequent operations have been implemented at the site. A Part 360 Engineering Report and Permit Application has been developed that expands on the small scale facility to include all leaves, brush, mulch and land clearing debris generated in the Town. Brush has been processed at a designated location at the complex. A tub grinder is used to process the brush to reduce the volume, as well as to produce a marketable commodity in wood chips. Major household appliances (white goods) and tires are stockpiled for removal at separate sections of the complex. 1027 CRA 2-6 Fishers Island Solid Waste Processing/Disposal Operations Municipal solid waste on Fishers Island is primarily generated by an estimated 330 year-round permanent residents, and the approximately 4,000 seasonal residents/visitors who populate the Island during the peak summer period. Currently the waste Generated on the Island is transferred to Connecticut for disposal at solid waste processing facilities (i.e., energy recovery and recycling). This mode of disposal and operation is expected to continue. 2.1.2 Proposed Facilities The Town has prepared an engineering report and permit application for a new permanent transfer station for residual wastes and recyclables to be located adjacent to the existing collection center to replace the bi-level drop-off area for recyclables by carters and for the receipt of residential waste for transfer out-of-Town. In addition, the Town has developed an engineering report and permit application for an expanded yard waste composting operation for all leaves, mulch, brush and land clearing debris Generated in the Town. 2.1.3 Current Collection and Manaaement Practices Collection by Town permitted carters is available for residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial customers on an individual contract basis. Commercial, institutional, and industrial waste generators can deliver their own wastes to the landfill provided they are licensed by the Town. Materials currently being accepted for recycling include: o Metal containers o Plastic containers o Glass containers o Automobile batteries o Tires o Household hazardous waste o Newspaper o Bulk metal o Waste oil o Clothing o Leaves and light brush o Household batteries o Junk mail o Corrugated Cardboard Recyclable materials are either dropped off by residents using the collection center or are source separated by residents and collected by carters. Recycling 1027 CRA 2-7 is mandatory in the Town. On October 9, 1993, the Town initiated a special bag program for garbage. Residential garbage, whether collected by a carter or dropped off by residents at the collection center, must be placed in special bags costing between $0.75 and $2.25 per bag. No recyclables are allowed in the special bags and given the cost per bag, only those materials that are not handled free of charge by the Town's resource recovery system are expected to be placed in the special bags. Inspection of wastes delivered to the complex is achieved in two ways. Cor~aercial vehicles are initially screened at the scale house before proceeding to the garbage/rubbish or C&D/concrete transfer area or the recycling center. At the commercial bay of the center, employees inspect loads being deposited as they work. Similar inspection is provided at the recycling center. Additionally, the licensed carters are screened by equipment operators and laborers. Residents depositing garbage/rubbish are inspected by Town personnel in the center. 2.2 Solid Waste Quantities and Composition This Section discusses the current and projected future waste generation, composition, and characteristics of the total waste stream, and the potential recyclable materials present in the waste stream. 2.2.1 Fishers Island Waste GeneratiQB Fishers Island is located off the eastern tip of the North Fork of Long Island. As a seasonal island community, Fishers Island has approximately 300 year-round permanent residents and a relatively large summer increase that reaches its peak of approximately 3,500 in July and August. Monthly population estimates for the Island are presented on Table 2.2.1-1. The total waste stream on Fishers Island, including C&D, land clearing, bulky materials, and commercial waste was estimated in the GEIS to be 1,465 tons per year, or 4.01 tons per day. Table 2.2.1-2 presents the methodology used to estimate waste generation for Fishers Island. Since the issuance of the GEIS, a transfer station has been constructed on Fishers Island for transfer of waste to processing facilities (i.e., energy recovery and recycling) in Connecticut. 1027 CRA 2-8 Table 2.2.1-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE FISHERS ISLAND MONTHLY POPULATION* January 300 February 300 March 300 April 700 May 1,200 June 2,500 July 3,500 August 3,500 September 2,500 October 1,200 November 700 December 300 Average 1,417 *Fishers Island Conservancy and Project Management Associates, Inc., 1988. Analysis of Solid Waste Management Options for Fishers Island, New York. 1027 CRA 2-9 Table 2.2.1-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE POTENTIAL FISHERS ISLAND WASTE GENERATI6N LocatioD Shelter Island Riverhead Southold~ Average Estimated 1989 Residential Waste Generation Rates 2.93 lbs/cap./day 4.17 lbs/cap./day 5.6 s d 4.25 lbs/caD./day Potential Fishers Island Waste Generation Tons/Day Tons/Year 3.01 1,099 1,00 ~ 1,465 Residential Waste Other Waste~ Total Fishers Island Waste Strea~ 4.01 1. Based on population data contained in July 1988 Analysis of So%~d Waste Manacement ODtions for Fishers Island, New York, which assumed a "weighted" population average of 1,417. 2. Per capita waste generation rate for the Town of Southold excluding Fishers Island. 3. Other waste consists of C&D, bulky materials, land clearing, and cor~nercial waste and is assumed to be 25% of total Fishers Island waste streaun. 4. Assumes 75% of total waste stream on Fishers Island is residential waste and 25% is other waste. 1027 CRA 2-10 2.2.2 Current Solid Waste Generation and Generation Rates It is estimated that, on average, approximately 90 tons per day of municipal solid waste was delivered to the Town's solid waste complex during 1994. This estimate is based on the 1994 scale house annual summary which reflects data from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 1994. The total waste tonnage for 1994 was 32,989 tons. Suramaries of scale data for 1994 are presented on Table 2.2.2-1, and are show~ graphically on Figure 2.2.2-1. As shown on Table 2.2.2-1, the municipal solid waste delivered to the complex is classified by dominant component by the scale house operator into 17 waste categories. Some of these waste categories are identified as outgoing. These outgoing categories are materials which were brought to the complex as source separated materials and were recycled. Figure 2.2.2-2 illustrates average monthly waste generation estimates for 1994 based on available scale house data for the total waste stream presented on Table 2.2.2-1. As shown on this figure, the greatest volumes of waste were received from April through October. For the purposes of this docuraent, the analysis of future waste generation projections in the Town will incorporate much of the analyses contained in Section 2.2 of the Town's initial Solid Waste Management Plan, but will use the 1994 "base" year estimate of 107 tons per day for the future waste generation projections. 2.2.3 pQDulation Proiections. Future Waste Generation, and Generation Rates Estimates of future waste generation and generation rates are based on population projections. This section discusses population projections and provides estimated future waste quantities for the total waste strear~ of the Town of Southold. The Town, as well as other eastern Long Island towns, consists of year-round residents and seasonal ("summer season") residents and tourists which cause the yearly population to fluctuate. The 'summer season" residents and tourists can cause a dramatic change in population in the Town. Accordingly, estimated seasonal population data has been analyzed along with year-round population data. Table 2.2.3-1 illustrates population 1027 CRA 2-11 TABLE 2.2-1 SEPT OCT NOV 0 0 21 0 15~$ -236% 215% I1(I Figure 2.2.2- I Town of Southold Total Waste Stream 199.t Rubbish 1,8o5 Garbage (incl. AgO 9,6o8 Yard Waste 6,582 Sand 3,802 Scrap Metal 428 C&D 6,371 Other 470 Res. Recyclables 3,723 TOTAL = 32,989 Tons SOURCE: Southold Town Solid Waste District Figure 2.2.2-2 Town Of Southold Monthly.Waste Generation 1994 TONS 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SOURCE: Southold Town Solid Waste District Table 2.2.3-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE PoDulation Projections* Estimated Summer Yearly Summer Season "Weighted' PoDulation Season PoDulation PoDulation Year Estimate Increase ~ Estimate 1992 19,940 10,000 29,940 23,273 1993 20,002 10,000 30,002 23,335 1995 23,450 10,000 33,450 26,783 2000 24,100 10,000 34,100 27,433 2005 25,100 10,000 35,100 28,433 2010 26,100 10,000 36,100 29,433 2015'* 27,100 10,000 37,100 30,433 * Based on LILCO's 1993 estimates and May 1987 Long Island Regional Planning Board population projections. Includes Fishers Island. Extrapolated using average projected population growth from 2000 to 2010. 1027 CRA 2-15 projections through the year 2015 obtained from LILCO estimates and the Long Island Regional Planning Board. The table includes population projections based on year-round residents, summer season increase, sur~aer season population, and a "weighted" population estimate. The "weighted" population estimate factors in the sua~ner seasonal increase in population. Therefore, it represents a more accurate year-round population estimate. Figure 2.2.3-1 shows this dramatic population variation, including year-round population estimates, summer seasonal increases, surm~er season population estimates, and a "weighted" population estimate. Table 2.2.3-2 illustrates future waste generation projections for the Town's total waste stream. This table projects future waste generation based on population increase and a 0.70% annual increase in the per capita waste generation rates. Future total waste generation in the Town is expected to increase from 107.7 tpd in 1992, to 134.2 tpd in 2000. A 0.70% annual increase in the per capita waste generation rate is based on the assumption that New York State's anticipated waste reduction goal (8% to 10% by 1997) is met and there is a continued increase in per capita generation rates (1.5% to 2% annually). 2.2.4 Total Waste Stream Composition and Characteristics The solid waste data presented in Section 2.2.2 represents available data on quantity and characteristics of the Town's solid waste stream. This data has not been developed in detail with respect to material components (i.e., paper, plastics, glass, etc.) and the characteristics of many potentially recyclable materials present in the waste stream. Composition and characterization information was initially obtained from a May 1989 field solid waste compositional analysis. This data was used in conjunction with the scale house data presented in Section 2.2.2. Locally and nationally available data were also considered in determining the Town's calculated total waste stream material component breakdown (includes land clearing and C&D debris). 1027 CRA 2-16 Town of Southold Solid Waste Managment Plan Update Population Projections Population Estimate 40000 30000 20000 10000 1989 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Legend [---]~arly Pop. Summer Pop. 'Weighted Pop.' · Based on LILCO'$ 1990 est. & May 1987 LIRPB pop. pro|. F~GUR5 2.2.3-1 Table 2.2.3-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE Waste Generation Projections (1995-2015) Total Waste Stream (Includes Land Clearing and C&D Debris) 1995 ~000 2005 2010 2015 "Weighted" Population Estimate 26,783 27,433 28,433 29,433 30,433 Constant Per Capita Generation Rate 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 6.72 Increasing Per Capita Generation Rate 6.72 7.19 7.69 8.23 8.81 Maximum Tons per year ~ 32,989 35,989 39,895 44,202 48,947 Maximum Tons per day 90.4 98.6 109.3 121.1 134.1 Notes: 1. Based on increasing per capita generation rate {0.70% annually) and increase in population 1027 CRA 2-18 The following listing and Figure 2~2.4-1 suramarizes the calculated percent by weight of the major material component categories. This listing and Figure suramarizes Table 9 presented in Appendix A of the 1990 GEIS. Total waste stream % by weight including land Material Component clearing & C&D debris Paper 14.9 Plastics 3.1 Food 6~5 Ferrous Metals 9.2 Nonferrous Metals 0.6 Batteries 0.1 Glass 2.6 Wood 13.0 Rubble 10.3 Rubber Dirt and Fines 18.5 Yard Waste 14.5 Sludge 0.7 Bulky Waste 2.6 Misc. 2.4 TOTAL 100%* *Totals may not add to exactly 100.00% due to rounding. 2.2.5 g~sidential Waste Stream Composition and Characteristics Composition and characterization information was initially obtained from a May 1989 field solid waste compositional analysis. This data was used in conjunction with scale house data presented in Section 2.2.2. Local and national available information was considered in determining the Town's calculated residential waste stream material component breakdown (excluding land clearing and C&D debris). The tables referred to, from a 1989 field report, did not break down the "paper" component into subcomponents beyond those listed. Tables 6.1-1 and 6.1-3 contain additional detail on the "paper" category of recyclables. Table 2.2.5-1 presents the Town's calculated residential composition of waste and a detailed material component breakdown. The table is based on actual 1992 landfill scale data (average tons per day), and a field solid waste compositional analysis performed in May 1989. As shown, Column 1 presents the results obtained from the 1989 field compositional analysis of "household" waste (% by weight). Column 2 applies the results in Column 1 to the average tons per day of "garbage" received at the landfill based on 1992 scale house data. Household recyclables received at the drop-off area were 1027 CRA 2-19 Town of Southold Solid Waste Management Plan Update Calculated Total Waste Stream (Average Percent By Weight) Rubber ~.1% Paper 14.9% Rubble 10.3% Bulky Wasle 26% Plaslics 31% Food 65% Yard Wasle 145% Melals 98% Glass 2.6% Wood 130% DiM & Fines 185% Olher 3.~,o ,~o,.~ ~,,,.r, ,~,o.o ~,o,,e FIGURE 2.2.4-1 Table 2.2.5-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE Residential Waste Stream Co~osltional Analysls Before Recycling= Material Comoonents Paper Newspaper Corr/Brown Bag Other Subtotals Plastics Food Ferrous Metals Food Cans White or Enameled Subtotals Nonferrous Metals Batteries Glass Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Landfill "Household" "Garbage" Scale DaEa WasEe Category= AdjustmenEs Totals % by w~. Arq. TPO Avq. TPO Avq. TPD Arq % by wt. 8.96% 4.08 4.08 6.38% 8.82% 4.02 4.02 6.29% 23.03% 10.50 10.50 16.42% 40.81% 18.60 18.60 29.09% 9.16% 4.18 4.18 6,54% 15.34% 6.99 6.99 10.53% 4.94% 2,25 2.25 3,52% n~a na 2.15 Z.l~ ~.~6% 4.94% 2.25 2.15 4.40 6.88% 1.81% 0.82 0.82 1.28% na na 0.04 0.04 0,06% 7.60% 3.46 3.46 5.41% Wood Other Wood na na 2.15 2.15 3.36% Stump/Tree Sect. 2,41% 1.10 1.10 1,72% Subtotals 2.41% 1,10 2.15 3.25 5.08% Rubber na na . 1.35 1.35 2.11% Other & Fines 5.24% 2.39 2,39 3.74% Yard Waste Yard Waste 5.56% 2.53 2.53 3,96% Leaves na na 7.43 7.43 11.62% Grass Clippings na na 2,53 2.53 3.g6% Brush/Branches na na 0.50 O.5Q 0.88% Subtotals 5.56% 2,53 10.52 13.05 20,41% Bulky Waste na na 2.15 2.15 3,36% Misc. 7.121% 3.25 3.25 5.08% TOTAL S 100 . 00[ 45.57 18.32 63.93 100.00% * Includes Household Recyclables received at drop-off center, and outgoing tires and scrap metal. Note: Based on 1992 landfill scale data and May 1989 field analysis. 6501R/1 1027 CRA 2-21 Table 2.2.5-1 (continued) TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE F~ANAGEMENT PLAN UPDATE Resldentlal Waste Stream Coe~oosltlonat Analysls Note~: ha: information not available Col 1: Based on the results obtained from a one week field solid waste compositional analysis of the "household" portion of the resident( al waste stream performed by Daneco, Inc. for the H2H Group for the Town of Southold in May lg89. Cot. 2: Based on the Town of Southold 1992 landfill scale data, average daily tons of "Garbage" applied to the results obtained in Col. 1, to obtain an average tons per day by material component breakdown for the Town's residential waste stream only, excluding C&D and land clearing debris, Household Recyclables collected in 1992 were added to obtain the Town's res(dent(al waste stream before recycling. Col. 3: Based on the Town of Southold lgg2 landfill material component categories as follows: scale data, average daily tons of the Leed Batteries 0.04 tpd: Brush 0.56 tpd: Grass 2.53 tpd: Leaves/Mulch 7.43 tpd: Ti res 0.36 tpd: Rubbish 7.16 tpd: 100% to Batteries 100% to Brush 100% to Grass 100% to Leaves 100% to Rubber 30% to Wood - Other 30% to Ferrous Metal - White or Enameled 10% to Rubber 30% to Bulky Waste Col 4: Col 2 + Col. 3 Col 5: Percent of Totals in Col. 4 6501R/1 1027 CRA 2-22 added to the garbage category to represent the residential waste composition prior to recycling. In Column 3 are the various applicable residential scale house data waste quantities and characteristics used for adjustments for Column 2. Column 4 presents the average tons per day, and Column 5 illustrates the corresponding percent by weight for the residential waste The following listing and Figure 2.2.5-1 summarizes the calculated percent by weight of the major material component categories for the residential waste stream shown on Table 2.2.5-1. Residential waste stream % by weight excluding ~aterial Component land clearina and C&D debris Paper ~9.1 Plastics 6.5 Food 10.5 Ferrous Metals 6.9 Nonferrous Metals 1.3 Batteries 0.1 Glass 5.4 Wood 5.1 Rubber 2.1 Other & Fines 3.7 Yard Waste 20.4 Bulky Waste 3.4 Misc. 5.1 TOTAL 100%* *Totals may not add to exactly 100.00% due to rounding. 2.3 Seasonality There is a distinctive seasonal component to the Town's waste stream. Both the quantities and characteristics of the waste stream can have dramatic seasonal differences. 2.3.1 Seasonal Ouantities Figure 2.2.2-2 presented the reported monthly fluctuations of the Town's waste stream based on scale house data. As can be seen in this figure the "off season" or winter months of January, February, and March show that the least amount of waste is generated during this time. The greatest amounts of waste generated are associated with the seasonal influx of sununer visitors between May, June, July and August. However, certain activities associated with yard maintenance and agricultural activities also influence the peak generation periods in November and December. 1027 CRA 2-23 Town of Souihold Solid Waste Management Plan Update Calculated 'Residential' Waste Stream (Average Percent By Weight) Paper 27.2% Plastics 5,7% Food O 6% Rubber 2.[% Bulky Waste 46% Olher 4.0% Ferrous Melals 10.0% Non-Ferrous Melals Glass 48% Wood 6.2% Yard Wasle 209% Olher & Fines 33% FIGURE 2.2.5-1 Another factor believed to affect the quantities of waste generated seasonally in the Town is the Fall leaf season occurring primarily in late October, Noven%ber, and early Decen~ber. The seasonal yard waste increases inflate the tonnages of waste that would be expected to be received as part of the residential waste stream. The peak seasonal yard waste generation rates could have resulted in inflated tonnages recorded by as much as 5% to 15% of the residential waste stream. The 5% to 15% estimate is based upon comparisons of peak deliveries of yard waste weighed, compared to the weighed total waste stream. Portions of the April and May waste generation tonnages are probably similarly inflated as a result of yard/brush cleanup activities in the Town and in part from the cleanup/preparation of seasonal housing in anticipation of the summer season. 2.3.2 Seasonal Characteristics The same factors that affect quantities, in all likelihood, also affect the compositional characteristics of the waste stream. During the su/r~ner season, restaurants in the Town, many of these open only during the summer, dramatically increase their business. Therefore, an increase in food residues, paper/styrofoam/plastic eating paraphernalia, larger quantity sized cans/containers, corrugated cardboard packaging, and possibly beverage containers of nonferrous cans, as well as plastic or glass bottles could be expected from this sector of the The life-style of a portion of the seasonal population is oriented towards convenience which might be reflected in an increase in disposable convenience products. This is possible based upon observed social habits in the Town and other similar seasonal communities. The Spring and Fall yard/brush/agricultural/scallop waste components would also cause a seasonal change in the characteristics of the waste stream. These waste components can be generated in large enough volumes so that certain seasonal shifts in the overall composition of the waste stream could occur. The numbers used to characterize the Town's waste stream have averaged out the seasonal influences over the entire year. When sizing of facilities and operations is needed for permitting, the seasonal quantities and characteristics of the Town's waste stream will be further defined so that peak periods can be handled adequately. 2.4 Recyclables in the Waste Stream The State has set a 50% waste reduction and materials recovery goal to be 1027 CRA 2-25 achieved by 1997. The Town currently collects and recycles the following materials: o Metal containers o Plastic containers o Glass (brown, green, clear) o Automobile batteries o Tires o Household hazardous waste o Cardboard o Land clearing debris o Newspaper / Phone books o Bulk metal o waste oil o Clothing o Leaves and light brush o Household batteries o Mixed paper (other than cardboard) o Office paper / Junk mail The Town has implemented a recyclable program. Residents are required to separate green, brown, and clear glass, plastic, tin and aluminam (commingled), metal, newspaper, and cardboard. Deliveries of recyclables from carters are currently accommodated at the drop-off station near the collection center, and do not interfere with current public drop-off practices at the collection center. Types and amounts of recyclables received at the complex during 1994 are shown on Table 2.4-1. Processing of these recyclables occurs outside of the Town. Brush and branches from both commercial and residential drop-offs are processed into woodchips by the Town Highway Department. All recyclables received at the collection center are reused, recycled, or processed outside of the Tow]/. The implementation of a comprehensive recycling plan (presented in Section 6) is expected to maximize the number and quantity of materials recovered from the waste stream and facilitate easy participation in the recycling effort. Participation rates are not expected to reach 100%; no community recycling program is known to have ever reached 100% participation over the long-term, full-scale basis. Similarly, it is not possible to recover 100% of the amount of a particular recyclable material since materials can be too small, contaminated with foreign materials that cannot be separated easily, or 1027 CRA 2-26 TABLE 2.4-1 0C1 ilO',' -t36% 04% -91% too low in quality to allow for recovery. The key parameters influencing projected recovery rates through recycling are contained in the following equation for estimating the amount of material which can be recovered by a recycling program: RR = AQ x PR x SE x PE RR = Recovery Rate: The amount of material which can be diverted from the waste stream. AQ = Available Quantity. The amount of material present in the waste stream. PR = Participation Rate. The percentage of the total population of waste generators participating in a recycling program. SE = Separation Efficiency. The percentage of material which is actually kept separate from refuse by program participants. PE = Processing Efficiency. The percentage of material remaining after processing. Projected recycling goals for the Town are presented in Section 6 in order to discuss proposed recycling programs. The recovery calculations and recovery equation were discussed in more detail in the 1990 GEIS. These recovery rates have been applied to the Town's waste stream to develop the projected recycling goals for the Town. As previously stated, 100% recovery of a particular recyclable component is not possible since materials can be too small, contaminated, or too low in quality to be recovered. Also, while the potential exists to recycle a material, that does not mean that a market exists, can be created, or that it is a practical or cost effective alternative. Recycling of components of the waste stream can be accomplished in the public or private sector. The use of existing services, both private and Town operated, need to be maximized for a recycling program to reach its full potential. Public education and involvement programs can greatly increase public participation, but the use of private recycling services is usually based on a cost-effective decision. Construction and demolition (C&D) debris is not currently recycled by the Town. If private sector recycling of these wastes can be encouraged, however, additional recyclables can be recovered to further reduce the waste stream. 1027 CRA 2-28 2.5 Identification of Waste Sources There are four basic sources of waste found in any typical waste stream. These four types can be classified as residential, contmercial, industrial and institutional. Residential - The waste generated at single and multiple family homes, etc. The residential waste stream is defined to exclude construction and demolition debris and land clearing wastes. ~ommercial - This is waste generated by small businesses including offices, restaurants, retail establishments, etc. This is generally the waste collected from "dumpster" type, or compactor type, containers seen in parking lots and behind shopping plazas. Included in the definition of commercial waste there is also a large subcategory known as construction and demolition (C&D) debris, usually a result of construction activities or renovation. C&D debris consists of waste building materials, bricks, concrete, wood, metal, etc. Industrial - This waste is usually generated by manufacturing industries from their operations and processes. Typically, this is scrap material from production, rejects, out-of-date products, and corrugated and packaging waste. Loads usually contain large quantities of similar materials. ~nstitutional - This waste is generated by governmental agencies, offices, and facilities including schools, nonregulated wastes from hospitals, and Town offices. Within the institutional waste stream are usually higher percentages of office paper, computer paper and colored ledger. Food wastes and packaging residues associated with meals and material procurement is another lesser component of this category. The residential waste stream was discussed in Section 2.2.5. Other than the agricultural and fishing communities there is little, if any, waste from industry that enters the waste stream of the Town. Paper recycling programs can be developed to reduce the waste sent for disposal from the institutions. The Town offices, facilities, and public schools are also included in this category. Commercial waste can be significant in the Town. Construction and demolition debris along with land clearing debris has been identified to account for 40% to 50% {or more) of the Town's waste stream. Additionally, many businesses in the Town are seasonal in nature which can cause peak and seasonal fluctuations in the 1027 CRA 2-29 composition and characteristics of the waste stream. In order to maximize the reduction, reuse, and recycling levels in the Town, these waste sources and conditions have been analyzed and taken into account in the development of the Town's recycling proGram~ 2.6 Overview of Strategies for a Reduction in the Amount of Solid Waste To maximize materials recovery and waste reduction, an integrated collection, processing and marketing system for recyclable materials from the residential, commercial and institutional waste streams must be developed. Achieving and exceeding state waste reduction Goals (50%} begins with the development of an effective recycling infrastructure that Goes beyond a narrow focus on individual programs or facilities, but recognizes that successful large-scale recycling must be developed as part of an integrated waste management system. The development of an integrated system includes planning, facility sizing, cost analyses, regional opportunities, environmental and health impacts, policy making, procurement, financing and public acceptance. Not only do complete solid waste management systems need to be integrated, but materials recovery programs, one component of the total system, must also take an integrated approach. This involves the recovery of newspaper, magazines, junk mail, corrugated paperboard, news, office paper, Glass (green, amber, clear containers), plastic containers, plastic films, metals (nonferrous and ferrous food and beverage containers, aluminum foil, structural metals), tires, household hazardous waste, yard wastes (leaves, Grass, brush), food, wood (pallets, lumber), construction and demolition waste (rubble, wood, asphalt) and land clearing debris (stumps, tree limbs) from residential, commercial, institutional and industrial sources. These collection programs must be designed to attain high source separation participation rates by all residential, commercial and institutional waste Generators, provide for efficient processing of materials and have access to markets on a regular basis. Residential recycling collection programs must take into consideration the types of materials to be collected, level of sorting required by Generators, material storage options, material preparation and set out conditions, public and private convenience, publicity and education efforts and enforcement mechanisms. The alternatives for maximizing public participation are further discussed in Section 5~3. There are four possible methods for collecting residential and commercial source separated recyclable materials which include curbside collection, drop-off centers, buy back centers and deposit legislation. Separate 1027 CRA 2-30 collections systems will be necessary for commercially generated materials especially for corrugated paperboard and food wastes. Section 5.3 discusses the alternative collection mechanisms for maximizing materials recovery. Table 6~1-1 demonstrates the types of materials to be recovered, the participation rates to be achieved and the projected recovery rates. The second component of an integrated materials recovery program, after collection, is material processing. Intermediate processing involves upgrading materials for markets. Materials recovered from residentially collected curbside programs could require sorting, contamination removal and/or volume reduction or densification. As Table 6.1-1 in the materials recovery section demonstrates, the recovery and processing of not only residentially and commercially generated materials must be performed, but large bulky items, construction and demolition (C&D) debris and land clearing wastes must also be processed. Recyclable material processing options are discussed in Section 5.4. Processing capabilities developed publicly or privately must be designed to separate mixed C&D and produce marketable aggregate and wood based products. Also stumps and tree limbs must be processed into chips or mulch for resale or compost. Processing alternatives for C&D are discussed in detail in Section 5.7. Over the long-term planning period, over 25% of the total waste stream (Table 6.1-1}, including food waste, sludge, low grade paper, wood processing waste and yard wastes could be composted. Composting alternatives are discussed in Section 5.6. These processing options primarily involve Iow, medium and high technologies. 1027 CRA 2-31 CTION 3 3.0 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND RECYCLING PROGRAMS This Section will provide an overview of the current collection practices for residentially and cormmercially generated source separated recyclables materials in the Town of Southold. This assessment will include the existing recycling and composting collection, handling and marketing practices which establish the foundation for evaluating recycling alternatives, improvements and program expansions that will maximize waste reduction and materials recovery. In addition to providing an historical overview of recycling, it is important to understand current solid waste collection and disposal procedures. Therefore, a general description of solid waste collection and disposal methods are also presented. 3.1 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Practices Since 1938, the Town had relied on the landfilling of solid wastes at the municipal solid waste landfill on Middle Road (County Road 48). The site is on a 61.9 acre parcel of Town owned land adjacent to the north side of Middle Road. The site is located between Cox and Depot Avenues to the north and south, and Middle and Oregon Roads to the east and west, respectively. Landfilling had occurred for the disposal of wastes and to fill in areas remaining from sand mining operations. However, as a result of the Long Island Law (Envirorumental Conservation Law 27-0704) enacted by the New York State Legislature in 1983 prohibiting the landfilling of unprocessed raw municipal solid waste after 1990, the To%rn evaluated and selected waste reduction, recycling, yard waste composting and waste transfer to an out-of-town disposal facility as the preferred technologies for managing municipal solid waste generated in the Town. The landfill is no longer active and it will be closed in accordance with state regulations. Ail residents and corm~ercial, institutional and industrial establishments are responsible for either delivering waste to the Town's solid waste complex or obtaining a contractor (i.e., hauler) that will provide collection services. Approximately 40% of the Town's population delivers household trash directly to the complex. Deliveries of construction and demolition (C&D) debris are also accepted from residential and coramercial sources. Another temporary transfer station handles C&D debris for shipment to an out-of-town processing and/or disposal facility. Also, yard wastes are accepted for I392s/i I027 CRA 3-1 composting from both residential and commercial sources° In addition, a public drop-off for source separated recyclable materials has been established at the landfill, and a bi-level receiving area has been built by the Town to accommodate larger bulk deliveries of collected source separated recyclable materials delivered by collector/haulers servicing the Town. The two largest carters that use the landfill are North Fork Sanitation servicing approximately 3,500 households and Mattituck Sanitation with 1,500 residential accounts. These two haulers both utilize four to five 21 and 25 cubic yard compactors to provide curbside collection of waste with a fleet of 30 to 60 roll-offs to be used as needed. There are approximately five other small carters that serve a small percentage of the remaining Town's population. As of October, 1993, the Town instituted a "pay by the bag" progra~ for solid waste° All municipal solid waste disposed at the Town's transfer station must be disposed in prepaid yellow plastic bags. These designated waste disposal bags can be purchased at Town Hall or at retail establishments throughout the Town. The Town provides an incentive for retail establishments to carry the bags by offering retailers a 10% discount on the value of the bag. Three (3) different size bags are sold, including a 10 - 15 gallon (small), 30 - 35 gallon (medium) and 40 - 45 gallon (large)° The small bags are priced at $.75 each, the medium at $1.50 each and the large at $2.25 each. As a result of the cessation of landfilling, the cost of managing the Town's waste stream has increased. To fund solid waste activities this new billing system has been instituted. The "pay by the bag" program has increased participation and separation efficiency rates in the recycling program, thus increase materials recovery rates. Similarly to solid waste, construction and demolition debris is transferred to an out-of-town processing/disposal facility. Municipal solid waste and construction and demolition debris are hauled under separate contracts; the tipping fees for each are different° 1392s/1 1027 CRA 3-2 3.2 Municipal Recycling Programs The Town has been operating a recycling "collection center" for recyclable material deliveries at the Town's complex since 1987. Residents and businesses have an opportunity to recycle multiple materials at the Town's collection center. Use of the recycling drop-off station is free. Materials currently being accepted for recycling include: source separated glass (by color); commingled aluminum and tin cans; newspaper; old corrugated containers; mixed paper (i.e., magazines, office paper and junk mail); bulky metals; con~ingled PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and HDPE (high density polyethylene) plastic containers; used motor oil; lead acid batteries; household batteries; yard wastes; household hazardous waste; tires; and old clothing. Glass must be sorted by color, aluminum and tin cans can be commingled, PET and HDPE plastic can be mixed, and yard waste must be segregated into leaves for composting and brush for chipping. The Town also manages a "reuse center" which operates as a materials exchange program. Items in good repair, such as books, furniture, bicycles are available free of charge. Recycling is mandated in the Town through a source separation ordinance which became effective February 11, 1991. A copy of the ordinance is provided in Appendix A. Recyclable material deliveries are accepted from residents, private haulers and commercial establishments. Based on visual observation of residents who deliver trash to the collection center (approximately 40% of the Town's population), a majority participate in the material recovery and recycling program° In 1990, an estimated 1,960 tons of recyclable material was recovered and recycled from the Town's total waste stream. This represents a recycling rate of nearly 4%. In 1991, the material recovery rate jumped 195% to approximately 12% with 5,787 tons of recyclables recovered. In 1992, a reported 4,439 tons of materials were recycled which represents a slightly lower recycling rate of 11%. One reason for the slight decrease in material recovery tonnage and the yearly total recovery rate could be contributed to the economic recession which not only affects spending habits, but product manufacturing. Another factor might include the diversion of certain recyclable materials, such as wood 1392S/1 1027 CRA 3-3 waste to private processing facilities. This tonnage and other private recycling efforts are difficult to identify and document and are not reflected in the Town's recycling estimates. Table 3.2-1 provides a comparison of the 1990, 1991 and 1992 material recovery rates. The total tonnage recycled as provided in the table excludes household hazardous waste. In 1990, curbside recycling collection services were offered by two of the major solid waste haulers operating in the Town. Both, Mattituck Sanitation and North Fork Sanitation (serving approximately 90% of all customers utilizing collection services) offered recycling opportunities to their customers, at no additional cost. Today, all waste haulers in the Town provide curbside recycling services to their customers. On average, residents are charged between $15 and $16 per month for solid waste collection and approximately $2.50 per month for recyclables collection. Solid waste is collected once per week while recyclables are collected on alternating weeks. Recyclables collection may or may not be provided on the same day as solid waste collection. Ail recyclables set out for curbside collection must be source separated into the following seven categories: steel and aluminum cans; corrugated paperboard; newspaper; glass containers sorted by color; and PET and HDPE. Recyclables must be set out in rigid containers that can be easily identified by the hauler as containing recyclable materials. If residents choose not to set these materials out for curbside collection, recyclables must be delivered to the collection center. Mattituck Sanitation has purchased a new compartmentalized, self-dumping recycling vehicle for this purpose. Recycling collection is provided on the same day as trash collection. North Fork Sanitation has compartmentalized a flat bed vehicle by placing individual plastic barrels on the truck bed. These barrels are manually unloaded by two (2) laborers. Not all of North Fork Sanitation customers receive recycling collection on the same day as trash collection. Each hauler is responsible for providing information and educational materials to each customer announcing the participation requirements. This includes the mailing of notices to each household. The Town sponsors paid advertisements which appear in local newspapers. In addition, recycling literature and public service announcements supplement the Town's overall promotional efforts. 1027 CRA 3-4 Recycled Material TABLE 3.2-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGE~tENT PLAN Recycled Tonnage 1990 1991 1992 Tonnage Tonnage Tonnage Newspaper 576 823 776 Corrugated Paperboaxd 46 123 159 Clear Glass Containers 140 327 352 Brown Glass Containers 21 39 50 Green Glass Containers 71 140 164 PET & HDPE Plastic 45 95 113 Steel & Aluminum Cans 53 123 161 Lead-Acid Batteries 24 15 11 Household Batteries 4 4 5 Office Paper 2 15 -- Mixed Paper -- -- 310 Leaves 27 911 1,109 Brush -- 2,021 228 Scrap Metal 691 621 590 Tires 211 282 230 Clean Wood -- 208 120 Waste Oil ~ 49 55 61 TOTAL · Foomote: 1,960 5,787 4,439 1) Recycled gallons have b~en comte~d to tons basod upon 6.9 pounds/gallon at .92 gravity. CRA 3-5 At the collection center, the drop-off area for self-haul recyclable deliveries is separate from the areas for large quantity deliveries by solid waste haulers. Residents deposit source separated materials into designated dumpster type containers ranging in size from 2 to 8 cubic yards. These materials are then transferred and emptied into 30 cubic yard roll-off boxes which receive hauler deliveries. Figure 3.2-1 outlines the existing collection center floor plan. The Town negotiates the marketing of the recyclable materials with numerous waste haulers and materials processors. Table 3.2-2 presents the marketing arrangements that currently exist in the Town of Southold for each recyclable material. Collection and storage containers are provided by various firms, depending on the material as described in Section 4.0. Ten (10) part-time and one full-time employee are assigned to the daily operations of the recycling collection center. These employees are responsible for staffing the self-haul drop-off areas for solid waste and recyclables, as well as the "reuse center." Staff are always available to assist residents with recyclable deliveries. Besides assisting residents with unloading materials and directing the drop-off into the appropriate dumpsters and sorting and removing contaminants from the bins, six (6) construction equipment operators are responsible for transferring and emptying dumpsters, sorting and storing household hazardous waste in the permanent facility, stacking newspapers in the trailer, delivering paper to market, operating the composting facility, loading bulky metals into the trailer, loading the tire trailer and general maintenance of the center. Bulky metal items such as white goods and other ferrous metals are accumulated in a designated location at the complex. Residents are charged $10 per item while large quantity deliveries are charged a tipping fee of $0.035 per pound or $70 per ton. In addition, the To%rn provides a Spring and Fall clean-up program where these types of materials are picked up. Leaves and brush are also collected during Spring and Fall clean-up days. On a weekly basis, the bulky scrap metal is loaded, by site personnel, into a 40 cubic yard roll-off provided by Franza's Universal Scrap. Franza's Universal Scrap processes the scrap for metal recovery. 1027 CRA 3-6 IOWN orr RE.~EN I'IAL OFF FOR YC L ABL ES PROPOSED Lt~G~~ LEAF AND BRUSH ~" DROP OFF AREA--J ApP'FtOXI~AT£ SCAt £ I": 20' fOWN OF SOUTttOLI) YARD WASI'E COMPOSIING ENGINEERING REPOR1 II TABLE 3.2-2 (Page ~ of 2) Town of Southold Recycling Arrangements Recycled Recylcing Vendor Shipping Ultimate Product Destination / Firm Name Cost or Product Re- Income Shipper Cost use to Town Newspaper Pinnacle INCOME: Town of $5/ton Northeast Industries Southold US/Econocel S40/ cellulose ton insulation a~d fiber mulch Glass EWG Glass INCOME: EWG Ail New Glass Recycling Clear: Colors Bottles Jamaica, NY $15/ton s5/ton Brown: Sl0/ton COST~ Green: $17/ton Tires Innovative COST: Unkown - i Methods, S1095 Innovative charges Inclnera- Floral per 110 Methods included tlon (fuel) Park, NY Cu. yd in trailer vendor price Mixed Mid Island INCOME: Unknown new metal Metals Salvage Mid Island - produts (including Corp Deer S36/ton charges appliances) Park, NY included in vendor price Tin and Gershow Mattltuck Unknown Aluminum Recycling None Sanitation Cans Medford, NY and North charges New Metal Fork Sanl- included Products ration in (alternate vendor months) price Plastic (#1 JET Approx and #2 Sanitation COST: North Fork $40 Plastic mixed) s35/ton Sanitation/ per ton Lumber Town of Southold ~ CRA 3-8 Table 3.2-2 Town of Sout~old Recycling Arrangements Page 2 Of 2 Recycling Vendor Shipping Ultimate Destination Recycled (Cost) /Product Product Firm Name or Shipper Cost Re-use ~come to Town Cardboard Jet Paper INCOME~ Town of approx ~lber pulp or Star $140/TON Southold S15- for Recycling s20/ton recycled paper Mixed Paper Marcal INCOME= Trans-Klng $24/ton (3unk mall, Paper s145/ton Tissue etc.) Mills Inc., Products Elmwood Park, NJ Used Motor StreDels None StreDels Unknown Fuel for Oil Laundry, - StreDels Westhampton charges used-oil included furnace in vendor price Vehicle P&K Scrap INCOME: Oregon Unknown Recycled Batteries Coram, NY 2-1/2 c Road - for metals per lb. Recycling charges included in vendor price Household Chemical COST: Chemical Unknown Approx. 3% Batteries Pollution Pollution - recycled Control, S190/55- Control charges for metals, INC Bay gallon included 97% dis- Shore, NY drum in posed in vendor haz. waste price landfills Leaves & Southold COST= None none Chipped for Brush Town S20-s30/ compostlnq; Landfill ton stockpiled (est) for use Dy residents Recycled Southcld None None None Stockpiled Wood Town for use Dy Landflll ~seldents Used St. Vincent None St. Unknown Re-used Clothing de Paul Vincent de - Paul charges included in price CRA 3-9 Tires are recovered and hauled by Innovative Methods, Floral Park, NY. Each 100 cubic yard trailer is removed at a cost of $1,095.00 Tires are processed at a facility utilizing them as a supplemental fuel source during incineration. Waste oil brought to the site by residents is deposited into a 275 gallon tank located approximately 200 feet to the north of the collection center which, when full, is picked up by Strebels, a licensed NYSDEC waste oil collector located in Westha~pton Beach. Back up drums are provided should the contractor fail to empty the full tank on a timely basis. The Town collects and recycles both, automotive and household batteries. Household batteries are deposited into covered 55 gallon drums. These batteries are collected by Chemical Pollution Control as part of the Household Hazardous Waste STOP Facility and shipped to Mercury Refining Company in Latha~, New York. Lead acid or automotive batteries are stored on pallets and wrapped in plastic to provide safe transport to a local scrap and salvage yard. Residential deliveries of old clothing are encouraged. An enclosed metal shed is provided by St. Vincent DePaul, a local charity organization, for the recovery of textiles. The clothes are distributed to those in need. ComDostina In July, 1990, the Town initiated a small scale composting operation. The compost facility was initially designed to compost up to 3,000 cubic yards of leaves annually. However, the Town is currently in the process of applying to NYSDEC for a Part 360 solid waste facility permit to expand its yard waste composting facility to accommodate over 9,000 tons of yard waste annually. This expanded operation would enable the Town to manage its entire yard waste stream, excluding grass clippings. A drop-off area currently exists at the landfill complex for yard wastes deliveries, excluding grass clippings. Grass clippings are currently disposed as municipal solid waste or are left on the lawn. Residents are encouraged through the "Let It Lie" program to leave grass clippings on the lawn. This program educates homeowners about new lawn care management techniques. A separate area is used for the processing of brush. Brush is shredded by a tub grinder and is composted, or provided to residents as mulch. i392S/1 1027 CRA 3-10 Household Hazardous Wastes The Town initiated a permanent, full-time Stop Throwing Out Pollutants (S.T.O.P.) program in the spring of 1989 to remove household hazardous wastes from being landfilled. This was the first such facility on Long Island and received a grant of $13,500 from NYSDEC. This program is not a recycling program as much as it is a waste reduction program intended to reduce the overall toxicity of the waste stream. The S.T.O.P. program has collected over 527 55-gallon drums of material over the past three years, including 427 drums between 1990 and 1992 and 145 drums in the years previous to 1990. This has resulted in lesser amounts of potentially toxic materials from being tandfilled. Table 3.2-3 provides a sunm~ry of the types and quantities of household hazardous wastes recovered. The facility costs the Town approximately $48,500 and $36,690 in disposal costs in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Therefore, the average barrel cost, including collection, handling and disposal was approximately $266.50 for 1991 and $253 for 1992. Fishers Island Municipal solid waste, generated from the Island's 300 year round residents and 4,000 seasonal residents and tourists, is managed by the Fishers Island Garbage and Refuse District (FIGRD) . Four separate collection and disposal facilities have been established to manage brush, bulky items, cars and tires, recyclable materials and household trash. The FIGRD provides municipal solid waste collection services, through contractual arrangements, for all residents, including seasonal transients, con~ercial and institutional establish/~ents. Household trash collection occurs weekly during the winter months and twice weekly in the summer. Waste is generally set out in backyards as opposed to curbsideo Cor~nercial establishments receive weekly collection during the off-season and daily collection service during the peak season, summer months. Source separated materials are delivered to the recycling center located near the ferry station. The recycling center includes two roll-off boxes that are used for: coramingled newspaper, corrugated paperboard and magazines; and commingled glass, aluminum and steel food and beverage containers. The paper roll-off is transported off island every 7-14 days. The commingled container roll-off fills less frequently thus requiring removal on a monthly basis. These materials are currently processed and marketed in Connecticut. 1392S/1 1027 CRA 3-11 TABLE 3.2-3 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN Household HaTardous Waste Removed Through STOP Facility Number of 55 gallon drums HaT-~ rd Category 1990 1991 1992 Flammable Liquids Flammable Solids Aerosols Household Batteries Poisonous Liquids Poisonous Solids Alkaline Liquids Acid Liquid Oxidizers Non Regulated 53 87 40 15 19 41 19 29 23 -- 26 10 4 5 6 3 6 2 4 4 8 2 3 2 -- 2 11 TOTAL 100 182 145 CRA 3-12 The brush disposal area is open two days per week to receive brush, pallets, and other wood based items. No processing or recovery of these materials is currently occurring. Recovered bulky items, cars, and tires are accumulated at a designated site on the western end of the Island. Cars are transported off island periodically, for scrap metal recovery. 3.3 Commercial and Industrial Recycling The Town of Southold is predominately an undeveloped, rural, agricultural community of which only 2.9% of total land area is used commercially and a smaller percentage of 0.4% is zoned industrially. Since a majority of the commercial activity in the Town is service oriented, including small retail outlets, restaurants and offices, a significant a~nount of old corrugated containers (OCC), high grade paper, glass, and food waste is generated. Commercial, institutional and industrial establishments must also separate recyclable materials for recycling under the Town's mandatory source separation ordinance. Many commercial establisbanents set waste and recyclables at curbside for collection. In most cases, these materials are collected along with residential waste and/or recyclables. As a result of high participation in the recycling program by commercial establishments, separate corrugated paperboard collection routes have been established by private haulers. The Town receives two 25 cubic yard packer trucks full of corrugated every week. Although participation appears to be high, it is difficult to estimate the breakdown between residential and co~ercial recycling rates because residential and commercial wastes are often commingled in the same truck. Besides curbside programs, several retail outlets deliver recyclable OCC, glass and metal cans to the collection center. For example, Pindar Vineyards delivers used and off specification wine bottles and corrugated paperboard. Additionally, several larger commercial operations market recyclables independently of the Town. For example, A & P and King Kullen supermarkets bale corrugated paperboard for recycling and market it through company arrangements. Many food stores, including Finast and Wegman supermarkets have initiated plastic and paper bag recovery programs through collection boxes located in the store lobby. The Town does not currently have any reporting mechanism that would enable the Town to collect recycling data from private connnercial, institutional or industrial establishments. Therefore, it is likely that additional efforts are underway. !392s/! CRA 3-13 i027 3.~ Impacts of Proposed Program The achievement of the program's goals are dependent upon an effective response by waste collectors to provide recyclable material collections. Therefore, the Town has required private firms which currently provide waste collection services to develop the capability to provide additional collection services for recyclabte materials. A licensing requirement ensures that collection is occurring according to the performance standards established by the Town for maximizing participation and materials marketing. In order to establish a uniforra set of requirements and avoid any competitive disadvantage to any firm, mandatory separation and hauler licensing ordinances and associated regulations have been adopted. However, in order to make the ordinance most effective, a cooperative working relationship is needed between the service providers and the Tow~. This would create the maximum opportunity for input by all parties in upcoming decisions as listed below. o Drafting of new ordinances and regulations; o Selection of equipment such as materials storage, and set out containers, collection, and transport vehicles and processing machinery; o Design of publicity and education programs; o Establishment of program budgets and funding priorities; and o Specification of collection service standards. The primary responsibilities of collection service providers will them to expend large amounts of money, add employees and recover investments with increased rates to residential and commercial customers. responsibilities which are listed below have been or are currently implemented by the solid waste haulers operating in Southold. o Obtain a license and comply with licensing regulations o Obtain equipment for collection of recyclables; o Hire employees for collection of recyclables; require these These being Train new employees in operation of specialized collection vehicles and collections of materials in compliance with regulations; 1392S/1 1027 CRA 3-14 o Deliver recyclables to a processing facility or market; and o Raise rates to reflect the cost of service. In general, recyclable materials collection and processing represents an opportunity for the existing solid waste collectors in the Town. Minimal responsibility, other than collection, is required of the haulers. The Town has assumed the marketing responsibility of the materials, which is often considered the least desirable or most risky aspect of recycling. Implementation of the short and long-term program actions is not anticipated to cause detriment to existing operators or their operations. Commercial, institutional and industrial establishments which currently recycle materials independently of the Town's progra~ will be able to continue this practice. The most significant impact to these companies will be the reporting requirement. Existing recycling activities will have to be documented and the tonnage recovered reported to the Town. Also, additional materials may need to be recovered in order to comply with the mandatory source separation ordinance. Therefore, additional equipment and/or service arrangements may be necessary. =,9~/! i027 CRA 3-15 4.0 ASSESSMENT OF MARKETS FOR RECYCLABLE AND COMPOSTABLE MATERIALS It has often been stated that one of the most important aspects of a successful recycling program is material marketing. A cor~non concern expressed about the viability of recycling, when it is considered as a component of a solid waste management program, is whether adequate markets exist to support it on a long-term basis. Therefore, programs must be designed with marketing considerations in mind. The design and operation of any recycling program requires the following information: Material Quality Specifications: These specifications are used to ensure the purity of the materials in order that they are acceptable to the market. These specifications typically describe the desired material grade (which may be proprietary or conform to certain industry standards), the extent to which similar material grades can be mixed and the percentage of materials not meeting the specifications or contaminants that will be tolerated; o Delivery Specifications: These specifications define how materials should be physically prepared for shipment. This includes the degree of material densification, the type of delivery containers that can be handled and the desired transportation mode (e.g. truck, rail or barge); o Geographic Location of Market Demand: This information is used to determine the cost of preparing and delivering materials to market; and o Current Material Values: This helps to determine if the value to the market of a specific recyclable material is, excluding delivery costs, positive or negative. The information indicates if there could be any revenues for offsetting some or all of the cost to prepare and deliver materials to the market. A negative market value would indicate that marketing is an additional cost which must be paid through other revenue sources. This information, as a whole, must guide the development of a materials recovery system with respect to how materials are to be collected and processed or prepared for market acceptance. First, market conditions will preclude or encourage the recovery of specific categories of waste materials generated. Second, they will partially define the feasibility of different strategies which will be a result of seeking the best tradeoffs between meeting market demands and maximizing recovery rates. It should be noted that the marketing of recyclable materials does not always involve the generation of revenue. In some cases, a market is paid to recycle a recovered CRA 4-1 material. For example, many programs currently pay for commingled containers to be recycled. Ideally an "economic market" would be identified for the recovered materials. Section 120-aa of New York State's General Municipal Laws defines economic markets to exist in those "instances in which the full avoided costs of proper collection, transportation and disposal of source separated materials are equal to or greater than the cost of collection, transportation and sale of said material less the amount received from the sale of said material." In all instances, the Town would be expected to market the recyclables to generate revenues and/or recapture disposal costs. Recovered materials must be collected, processed and stored in a manner that is consistent with the delivery and quality specifications of the buyer or end user receiving the material. As more and more recovery programs are initiated, it will be important to identify a consistent outlet for recyclable materials due to an increase in available supply. To ensure a consistent outlet for materials, it is necessary to generate high quality materials that meet market delivery specifications. As additional recovery programs are initiated and additional volumes of materials are collected, it will be important for the Town to continue to identify consistent outlets. To this end, both, the County and the Town have conducted material market surveys, the combined results of which are presented herein. Additionally, the types of solid waste contained in the overall waste stream that could potentially be reused, recovered as recyclable or composted whether or not markets are available at this time will be identified and evaluated. 4.1 Market Surveys The market information sources consulted were surveys, local and regional telephone directories, state market guides, county market lists, industry trade publications and local and regional waste haulers. In addition, various marketing surveys were utilized to evaluate potential demand for compost. A survey of potential markets has been conducted for residential, commercial, institutional and industrial recyclable materials generated in the Town of Southold. Markets for paper, glass, plastics, metals, waste oil, tires, batteries, textiles, yard waste and construction and demolition debris (C&D) have been identified on Long Island and in CRA 4-2 adjacent areas of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. The markets identified by this survey are listed in a Market Guide which is provided in Table 4.1-1 and includes addresses and telephone numbers. Typical market quality, delivery specifications and market pricing structures are discussed below. Material quality, delivery specifications and material values frequently fluctuate as a result of market conditions. For this reason, this information has not been included in the Market Guide, but instead discussed below. Paper The Town of Southold pays to have corrugated paperboard transported from the recycling center to Jet Paper, in Central Islip. The Town delivers newspaper on its own to Pinnacle Industries which accepts the paper at no charge. Mixed paper is marketed to Marcal Paper in Elmwood Park, New Jersey at no cost to the Town, including transportation which is provided by Trans-King. The survey identified nearly twenty (20) paper buyers, processors and brokers within a sixty mile radius of the Town of Southold that have the capacity to service the needs of the Town. In addition, there are two mills within a 75 mile radius of the Town accepting paperstock, including Marcal Paper Mills Inc. and Garden State Paper Recycling Corporation. Paper grades accepted by these markets include baled corrugated materials, newspapers, books, magazines, telephone books, high-grade office and computer paper and mixed low-grade paper. Many of the brokers in the area accept loose, baled and/or commingled or sorted paper grades. Estimated prices for materials delivered to market range from a $40 negative price for municipal news to over $55 per ton for computer printouts. Corrugated cardboard and newspaper are mandatory residential recyclables, along with 5 other items, all of which are individually source-separated by residents from the waste stream. The Town is evaluating adding other categories to the list of mandatory recyclables, and will add them as/when we determine they meet the criteria of Section 120-aa. For these items, the Town has opted instead for voluntary recycling promoted by public information efforts. This has CRA 4-3 resulted in the establishment of a vigorous "mixed paper" progra/n over the past 5 years, that has achieved strong results (nearly 1,000 tons recycled in 1994). 1404S/1/1027-XH CRA 4-4 1able 4.1-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ~arkets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables A & R Lobosco, Inc. ABM Oils AB Oil Service Ltd. Alcoa Recycling Company All County Recycling Corporation All Island Demolition Recycling D. Ambrosio Brothers Island Recycling Corporation 1404S 1027 Location/Telephone 3133 Farrington Street Flushing, NY 11354 (718) 358-2098 310 Grand Boulevard Deer Park, NY 11729 (516) 595-1355 29 Florence Avenue Smithtown, NY 11787 (516) 361-9757 815 Fairview Avenue Fairview, NJ 07022 (201) 225-9550 438 Livingston Avenue Babylon, NY 11702 (516) 321-1496 82 Horseblock Road Yaphank, NY 11735 (516) 924-2426 P.O. Box 386 Glen Falls, NY 12801 (518) 793-7785 228 Blydenburgh Road Central Islip, NY (516) 234-7100 Recvclablqs Processed Newsprint only - clean, dry no contamination Motor oil Motor oil only; can tolerate a small amount of antifreeze; no PCB's Aluminum cans only Paper and/or cardboard Demolition materials, wood, plastic, concrete and metals Textiles Commingled glass, metal and plastic; newspaper; and corrugated 1404S/1/lO27-XH Table 4.1-1 TOM~I OF SOU[HOLD (continued) SOLID WASTE HANAGEHENT PLAN Harkets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables Cae~oanv Amco Metals Amoco Foam Products Company A.S.K. Metals Company Beacon Wiper Boro Recycling Brookhaven Recycling and Waste Corporation Brooklyn Union Gas Company Buzz Scrap Metals Location/Teleohone 1031Conklln Street Farmingdale, NY 11735 (516) 249-5344 P.O. Box 3178 Winchester, VA 22601 (703) 667-9740 180 Miller Place Hicksville, NY 11801 {516) 933-8680 P.O. Box 143 Chelsea, PLA 02150 (508) 752-5496 54-35 48th Street Flushing, NY 11377 (718) 482-7180 36 Potter Avenue Patchogue, NY 11772 (516) 475-4788 lg5 Montague Street Brooklyn, NY 11201-3631 13 Three Mile Harbor Road East Hampton, NY llg37 (516) 324-1600 Recvclables Processed Metals except computer circuit boards Polystyrene plastic Precious metals Textiles Various paper grades Aluminum; clean and dry newsprint or high grade paper; no magazines Plastics Metals 1404~ 27-XH Companv Centerbury Company Chauncey Metal Processors, Inc. Continental Marketing Cousins Metals Industries, Inc. Crestwood Metals D and A Scrap Iron end Metal David Markowitz Metal Company Dean Wiping Cloth Table 4.1-1 TO~i OF SOUTHOLD (continued) SOLID WASTE PANAGEHENT PLAN Harkets and Private Processing F&cJlJtJes for Recyclables Location/Telephone Glen Cove, NY 11542 llll Lincoln Avenue Holbrook, NY 11741 (516) 567-4400 37 Richards Road Port Washington, NY ll05D (516} 767-190D 460 Brown Court Oceanside, NY 11572 (516) 536-7755 llO0 Lincoln Avenue Holbrook, NY 11741 (516) 567-2727 635 Muncy Avenue Lindenhurst, NY 11757 (516) 888-9086 45 Brook Avenue Deer Park, NY 11728 (516) 586-1010 200 Junis Street Brooklyn, NY 11212 (718) 485-0600 Recvclables Processed Paper and/or cardboard Metals Textiles Metals Metals Metals Prime metal factory turnings-copper, aluminum, nonferrous metals. Do not handle mixed ferrous Textiles 1404S/1/1027-XH £ompanv OeMasco Scrap Metals OeMatteo Salvage Company, Inc. Den Enterprises, Inc. OiNapoli Recycling Company Ouffy Thompson, Inc. E. Buttersworth & Company Ecosphere Recycling Ed's Salvage, Inc. Table 4.1-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD (continued) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN Markets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables Locat~on/T~lephone 612 Muncy Avenue Lindenhurst, NY 11757 (516) 699-8118 90 G1 eom Street West Babylon, NY 11704 (516) 643-7940 (516) 694-4747 857 Lincoln Avenue Bohemia, NY 11716 (516) 567-3303 P.O. Box 183 Oyster Bay, NY 11771 (516) 922-4766 266 Route log Farmingdale, NY 11735 (516) 293-6552 1951Lakeview Avenue Dracut, MA 01826 (508) 957-3500 449 West 2ohn Street Hicksville, NY 11801 (516) 935-5800 69 Foreign Trade Zone Court Ronkonkoma, NY 11779 (516) 981-5522 (516) 98t-5518 Recyclables Processed Metals Dry newsprint; high grade paper; computer printouts; corrugated. Metals - mixed metals accepted. however, if sorted, steel, aluminum, tin Plastics Metals Concrete crushed for aggregate Construction and demolition debris Textiles Metals Paper and/or cardboard lable 4.1-1 TOWN OF 5(~JTVdOLD (continued) SOLID WASTE IIANAGEMENT PL/U~ Markets and Private Processing Facilitles for Recyclables Com~an¥ Location/ieleohone Rec¥clables Processed Environmental Resource Recycling, Inc. P.O. Box 117 Yaphank, NY 11980 Deposit cans and bottles only; no glass jars EWG Recycling Company 172-33 Douglas Avenue Jamaica, NY 11433 (718) 739-7270 Bottles must be color-sorted, clear, brown, green Franza's Universal Scrap Metal, Inc. 2 Garity Place East Farmingdale, NY 11735 (516) 249-1217 Ferrous and nonferrous metals and white goods General Waste Oil Company, Inc. 9 Garrison Avenue Wyandanch, NY 11798 (516) 491-1444 Used motor oil George's Sanitation Services Old Country Road Quogue, NY 11959 (516) 653-6666 Mulch and wood chips Gershow Recycling 71Peconic Avenue P.O. Box 526 Medford, NY 11763 (516) 289-6188 Ferrous and nonferrous metals, white goods. No tin cans. Automotive batteries Goldmark Plastic Compounds, Inc. Nassau Terminal Road New Hyde Park, NY 11040 (718) 343-7600 PET, HDPE (Broker) Grimes Contracting P.O. Drawer D Montauk, NY 11954 (516) 668-5332 Concrete crushed for aggregate 1404S/1/1027-XH Table 4.1-1 TO~/N OF SOUTHOLD (continued) SOLTD WASTE HANAGEHENT PLAN Harkets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables Harmon Associates Hubbard Sand & Gravel Location/Telephone Westbury, NY 11590 (516) 997-3400 1612 Fifth Avenue Bay Shore, NY 11706 (516) 665-1005 Recvclables Processed Paper and/or cardboard Mulch and wood chips Construction and demolition waste Iberia Plastics Recycling Corporation Industrial Plastics International Metals Reclamation Co., Inc. 1PF Recycling Corporation Jamaica Recycling Corporation 1815B Broad Hollow Road East Farmingdale, NY 11735 (516) 694-0165 8 Haple Avenue Freeport, NY 11520 (516) 233-2075 P.O. Box 720 Ellwood City, PA 16117 (412) 758-5515 151 Fulton Avenue Garden City, NY 11530 (516) 746-7575 112 Phyllis Court Elmont, NY 11003 (516) 285-6022 and Sorted PET and HDPE, plastic containers. Color mixed HDPE accepted Plastics Nickel cadmium batteries Paper and cardboard Paper and cardboard 94-23 165th Street Jamaica, NY ll4Ol (718) 526-1465 Table 4.1-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD (continued) SOLXD ~ASTE HANAGEMENT PLAN Harkets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables 2et Paper Stock Corporation JK Waste Oil Service Long Island Bi-Modal Marcal Paper Mills, Inc. M and M Scrap Corporation Mercury Refining Company, Inc. Metropolitan Rubber Products, Inc. Metski Enterprises, Inc. Location/Telephone 228 Blydenburgh Road Central Islip, NY 11722 (516) 234-7100 280 Grand Boulevard Deer Park, NY 11729 (516) 586-6223 99 East Shore Drive Babylon, NY 11702 (516) 422-2929 Market Street Elmwood Park, NJ 07407 (201) 796-4000 Peconic Avenue Medford, NY 11763 (516) 475-1550 790 Watervliet - Shaker Road Latham, NY 12110 (518) 785-1703 343 East 47th Street Suite 12C New York, NY 10021 (212) 744-1685 lB1 Frowein Road East Moriches, NY 11940 (516) 878-0652 (516) 878-1020 Recyclables Processed Baled newspaper and corrugated Motor oil Tires Mixed newspaper, junk mail, magazines and low-grade paper Metals Household batteries Tires Mulch and wood chips Land clearing debris 1404S/1/1027-XH Table 4.1-1 TOMd OF SOUTHOLD (continued) SOLTD I~ASTE R~tlAGEMENT PLAN Markets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables Col~)anv Mid-Island Salvage Corporation National Waste Technologies. Inc. Newark Doxboard Company New York Paper Stock Corporatioo New York Tire Recycling Nomex North Shore Salvage Corporation NYCONN Industries, Inc. Locatlon/Teleohone 1007 Long Island Avenue Deer Park, NY l172g {516) 667-5040 g34 Easton Street Ronkonkoma, NY 11779 (516) 588-4545 57 Freeman Street Newark, NJ 07105 24 Columbus Avenue Patchogue, NY 11772 (516) 758-1742 29 Old Northport Road Kings Park, NY 11754 (516) 544-4100 29-05 122nd Street Flushing, NY 11354 (718) 358-6600 181 Denton AVenue New Hyde Park, NY ll040 (516) 746-8454 4-11 47th Avenue Long Island City, NY lllO1 (516) 392-1177 Recvclabl~ Processed Metals Hixed plastics Corrugated only; no newsprint; no contaminati on Paper and/or cardboard Tires Textiles Metals Plastics Table 4.1-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD (continued) SOLID WASTE I~N~AGEMENT PLAN Markets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables Company OMNI Recycling Oxford Tire Recycling, Inc. Pawling Corporation P & P Paper Recycling Systems, Inc. Pace Glass, Inc. Parents and Sons P&v-Co (Prima) Asphalt, Inc, Location/Telephone 50 Charles Lindbergh Blvd. Uniondale, NY 11553 (516) 222-0709 40 East Dudley Town Road Bloomfield, CT 06002 (203) 242-6251 157 Charles Coleman Boulevard Pawling, NY 12564-1188 (914) 855-1005 311Windling Road Old Bethpage, NY 11804 (516) 249-8577 73-75 Cornelison Avenue Jersey City, NJ 07304 (201) 433-4751 24 Denton Avenue New Hyde Park, NY ll040 (516) 746-1081 615 Furrows Road Holtsville, NY 11742 (516) 289-3406 Recyclables Processed Plastics, metals, glass Tires Tires Paper and/or cardboard Bottles must be color-sorted, clear, brown, green; caps, rings and labels do not have to be removed from bottles. Will plate glass Metals Concrete crushed for aggregate Concrete and asphalt accept 1404S/1/1027-XH Table 4.1-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLB (continued) SOLID WAST£ NANAGE~ENT PLAN Harkets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables Company Pinnacle Industries PK Scrap Metals Company Plastic Recyclers, Inc. Polystyrene Recycling, Inc. Productive Recycling Romerovski, Inc. 110 Sand and Gravel, Inc. Romano Brothers Scrap Metal Company Location/Telephone Recvclables Processed 160 Wilbur Place Bohemia, NY 11716 (516) 589-5426 Dry newsprint 3524 Route 112 Coram, NY 11727 (516) 732-6403 Metals 77 Wyandanch Avenue Wyandanch, NY 11789 (516) 491-1490 Mixed plastics 220 DuPont Street Brooklyn, NY 11222 (718) 349-3601 All plastic types. Sorted or mixed 1870 Pond Road Ronkonkoma, NY 11779 (516) 467-2299 Mulch and wood chips P.O. Box 148 Roselle Park, NJ 07204-0148 (908) 248-3000 Textiles 203 Spagnoli Road Melville, NY 11742 (516) 249-4108 Construction and demolition waste Muncy Avenue Lindenhurst, NY 11757 (516) 669-7915 (516) 661-3893 Metals Table 4.1-1 TOWN OF SOUIHOLO (continued) SOLID WASTE HANAGEMENT PLAN Markets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables Company Location/Telephone Rec¥clable$ Processed Rubkote, Inc. P.O. Box 329 Fords, N3 08863-0329 (908) 826-7597 Tires Rutigliano 84 Kinkel Street Westbury, NY 11590 (516) 334-3132 High grade paper Sabre Recycling Corporation 206 Babylon Turnpike Roosevelt, NY 11575 (516) 379-5124 Metals, plastics Safety Turf P.O. Box 820 Oaks, PA 19456 (215) 666-9186 Ti res Schneider Coal and Trucking Company, Inc. Route #1 Box 16F Miller Place Road Middle Island, NY 11953 (516) 924-~1414 Bottles only ~ separated into three colors: green, amber and clear. All rings removed Security Paper Recycling Company 17307 Liberty Avenue Jamaica, NY 11433 (516) 328-0220 Paper and/or cardboard Suffolk Tab Salvage, Inc. 24 Columbus Avenue P.O. Box 1304 East Patchogue, NY 11772 (516) 654-8606 Hetals 1404S/1/1027-XH la, ble 4.1-1 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD (continued) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMEN[ PLAN Markets and Private Processing Facilities for Recyclables Company Suffolk Cement Products TransAmerica Trading, Inc. Trimax of Long Island Universal Recycling USA Recycling, inc. Vrabel Engineering and Sales Company Westbury Paper Stock Corporation Locatlon/Telephane West Middle Road Calverton, NY 11933 (516) 727-2317 116-122 West Street Brooklyn, NY 11212 (718) 383-3445 c/o On-Line Management 515 Route 111 Hauppauge, NY 11788 (516) 979-0800 5 Boulevard Avenue Central [slip, NY 11722 (516) 582-8855 110 Old Northport Road Kings Park, NY 11754 (516) 368-5533 9 C~mden Place New Hyde Park, NY 11040 (516) 746-5139 633 Dickens Street P.O. Box 833 Westbury, NY 11590 (516) 333-2211 Recvclables Processed Mulch and wood chips Textiles Plastics Paper and/or cardboard, metals Paper and/or cardboard, glass, metals Tires Newspaper, corrugated paper and high-grades Sources: Recyclable Material Market Guide prepared by the Recycling Unit of Suffolk County and telephone surveys conducted by Dvirka and Bartilucci Consulting Engineers. As a result of an increased supply of old newsprint, the existing markets have, in the past, restricted the number of incoming deliveries, imposed strict quality requirements and, in many cases, initiated a fee for disposal. However, market demand for mixed office paper, magazines and telephone books has increased slightly over the past year. The Town of Smithtown entered into a long-term contract with a waste paper broker in New Jersey. This arrangement allows Smithtown to recycle its newsprint without any disposal fee. Prins Recycling Corporation of Fort Lee, New Jersey has provided a high density baler to Smithtown to upgrade and densify used newspaper. Smithtown will own the baler once it processes 100,000 tons of paper. At that point, Smithtown may receive revenues from the sale of paper according to market values. It is extremely difficult to predict specific short-term market conditions. However, it can be assumed that the supply of recyclable materials will increase as more programs become operational. This would worsen the existing market conditions, according to the paper industry. However, the industry believes that an expansion in demand sufficient to absorb the existing and projected waste paper supply will occur. The demand for used newsprint is anticipated to increase as a result of paper mill conversions and expansions. This effort by the paper industry to consume the supply of used newsprint generated from municipal recycling programs is already being demonstrated. According to the American Newspaper Publishers Association, at least, 16 newsprint recycling projects that will utilize secondary fibers are in the development stage by U.S. and Canadian paper producers. These deinking projects are expected to increase the U.S. newsprint recycling capacity by nearly 25 million tons and the Canadian capacity by approximately 1.5 million tons. In addition, approximately 23 recycling projects are currently being considered. Many paper manufacturers have announced plans for the expansion of existing deinking mills or stated an interest in siting new mills which include, Stone Container Corporation, Jefferson Smurfit, Bowater, Inc., Augusta Newsprint Company, Alabama River Newsprint Company, North Pacific Paper Company, Kruger Inc. and Garden State Paper (Media General). One example is the modification of two Canadian Pacific Forest Products newsprint mills to operate utilizing 100% recycled newsprint fiber. These mills, located in Canada, will process bales of newspaper mixed with 25-35% magazine stock. Canadian Pacific, through an exclusive supply contract with Laidlaw Resources, is seeking 10-20 CRA 4-6 year supply commitments from waste paper brokers, processors and/or local governmental agencies. Laidlaw Resources will Guarantee pricing and tonnage capacity, depending on the supplier. Newspaper must be baled. Additionally, Kruger, Inc., a Canadian paper manufacturer, has sited a newspaper sorting and baling facility at the Port of Albany in Albany, New York, to upgrade and transfer newspaper to its new Canadian deinking mill. This facility's anticipated to process over 100,000 tons of old newsprint, corrugated containers and high grade office paper annually. Kruger is also negotiating with the Long Island Regional Cooperative to purchase all of the mixed paper generated by the four member towns which includes Huntington, Islip, Oyster Bay and Babylon. However, until these facilities come on line and to avoid high tipping fees, many brokers, especially those which are exporting paper, require newspaper to be delivered with a quality equivalent to a Number 8 News grade as defined by the Fibre Market News pricing index. In order for the Town to meet this standard, intermediate processing must occur before marketing. New York State, in cooperation with other agencies and private concerns including the publishing industry, formed a Task Force that reached agreement on increasing the percentage of recycled paper content used in newspapers using an increasing percentage with a timetable for implementation. Additionally, the Task Force is attempting to attract additional mills to the region in order to provide the assured increasing demand for recycled newsprint and to provide a market for locally recovered newsprint. Suffolk County has taken a different approach to increasing existing material demand by establishing a 40% secondary material content goal by 1991, in all newspapers with a circulation in the County of 20,000 or more. This effort accelerates the Task Force implementation schedule. Compliance with the law is required for daily and weekly publications. By 1996, 100% of publishers with a circulation greater than 20,000 must be in compliance. It is unclear at this time as to whether or not both or either of these actions will increase the markets for recovered newsprint. Finally, the Regional Marketing Cooperative is utilizing its marketing power, created through increased economy of scale, to create a demand for the region's paper. Negotiations are currently underway with several international and domestic paper mills and brokers for the marketing of No.6 and No. 8 grade, loose or baled, used newspaper. CRA 4-7 In addition to the traditional paper recycling markets, unmarketable paper can be composted with yard waste, sludge or mixed solid waste. On Long Island, however, markets that accept low-grade paper as a compost feedstock are currently nonexistent. Glass There are several local markets that accept residentially recovered color mixed and/or color sorted glass bottles and jars in addition to beverage containers returned under the New York returnable bottle bill law. EWG Glass Recovery, located in Jamaica, New York, currently serves as the primary outlet for separated clear, green and amber glass collected in the Town. EWG provides a 30 cubic yard roll-off and 3, 2 - 6 cubic yard dumpsters for the separate collection of clear, green and brown glass at the recycling collection center. EWG purchases the glass between $5 and $12 per ton. Several markets process commingled glass into separated, oven ready glass culler for delivery to glass manufacturers. OMNI Incorporated, in Westbury, and Island Recycling, in Central Islip, are two of the privately operating commingled container processors conveniently accessible to the Town. EWG Glass Recovery will provide containers for collection and material storage, and under material contracts, will purchase crushed or uncrushed glass. EWG will also accept, for a fee, minimal quantities of mixed colored glass. Five (5) major glass container manufacturing facilities are also potential markets for glass generated in Southold. The following three (3) New Jersey facilities, can handle large quantities of source and color separated container glass: Ball-Incon Glass Company in Carteret, Anchor Glass Container Corporation. in Cliffwood and Owens-Brockway Glass Company in Freehold. However, Ball-Incon Glass Company prefers only clear glass and accepts minimal quantities of green and amber containers. Owens-Brockway Glass Company and Anchor Glass Container Corporation. have the capability of upgrading the delivered materials by removing rings and bottle caps, whereas, Ball-Incon Glass Company does not have beneficiation capability and requires loads to be free of metal lids and rings. Labels are acceptable at both companies. Central New York Bottle Company in Auburn and Owens Brockway Glass Company in Fulton, New York, currently accepts only clear glass for remanufacture into glass containers. CRA 4-8 The glass market has remained relatively stable until recently. Prices for color separated container glass has declined in the past six months. In particular, markets that have traditionally accepted green glass have recently imposed delivery restrictions which limit the quantity of incoming materials. In addition, market development efforts are being made to market mixed culler and low-grade glass. The potential market opportunities include glassphalt production and aggregate and fill uses. Plastic The most corm~on household recyclable plastics are PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and HDPE (high density polyethylene terephthalate) with PVC (polyvinyl chloride), pP (polypropylene) and PS (polystyrene) less frequently recycled. An exa~aple of PET plastic containers are the 1 and 2 liter soft drink bottles and exa/nples of HDPE are milk and water jugs. PVC includes crystal clear packaging, such as baby oil bottles and some liquid soap or dish detergent bottles. Examples of PP packaging includes plastic yogurt cups, margarine tubs and medicine bottles. Finally, examples of PS are breath mint containers, tape dispensers, egg cartons, styrofoam cups and some fast food packaging. Several companies in the New York metropolitan area, purchase post- consumer plastic containers. Many processors and brokers prefer to receive presorted plastic by resin type. However, the trend in plastic recycling has been towards developing the ability to incorporate more grades into recovery efforts. Entrepreneurial efforts have resulted in the construction and operation of facilities which employ mixed plastic processing technologies. The operating premise of many of these new facilities is based upon the technological research undertaken by the Center for Plastics Recycling Research (CPRR) located at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. The CPRR installed and tested the first prototype system, known as the ET-1 system, which produces a product ~rom post consumer mixed plastic waste (rigid and flexible plastics) that can be utilized as a substitute for lumber. National Waste Technologies (NWT) in Ronkonkoma operates a system utilizing ET-1 technology for the purpose of manufacturing "plastic lumber" type products. These products are used for park benches, car stops, road signs and CRA 4-9 posts, fences and boat docking. Although whole plastic containers are accepted, to improve handling convenience and transportation efficiencies, volume reduction, through baling is encouraged. The industry prefers baled material over granulated plastic because quality control can more easily be maintained. In addition to the local plastic processors and end users in the region, many plastic resin brokers and processors are transporting large quantities of PET and HDPE plastic containers from destinations throughout the country. For exaunple, Clearview Polymer, Inc. in Rensselaer, New York provides containers and balers to communities for collection and processing. Other markets such as St. Jude Polymer, Inc. in Frackville, Pennsylvania, Wellman, Inc., in Shrewsbury, New Jersey, Eaglebrook Plastics, Inc. in Chicago, Illinois and ClfM Inc. in Asbury Park, New Jersey will accept sorted and commingled PET and HDPE containers. Transportation arrangements are negotiable and often arranged by the accepting market. Mixed plastic PET and HDPE containers are recovered at the recycling center. The plastic is collected and stored in a 30 cubic yard roll-off container. George's Sanitation, who provides the storage container, upgrades the plastic by sorting and removing undesirable plastics and other conta/ninating materials. George's Sanitation charges the Town a fee between $70 - $90 per ton. In addition, color sorted PET and HDPE commands a price premium over mixed colored containers. Currently, plastic resins are a valued material selling at approximately $.06 - $.10 per baled pound for clear HDPE, $.04 - $.05 per baled pound for mixed color HDPE and $.07 $.10 per baled pound for clear PET. Granulated material often warrants a price usually more than double the rate for baled plastic, provided the market purchasing the material is ~uaranteed that the load is completely homogeneous and not contaminated by mixed plastic resins. However, municipalities have difficulty in achieving complete material segregation, without mechanical processing, when materials are collected curbside. Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals At least eleven mile radius of the commercial and (11) major scrap metal markets were identified within a 30 Town. The recycling of metal derived from residential, CRA 4-10 institutional sources can be divided into five categories: tin cans; alumintun cans; white goods; other ferrous metals (i.e., light iron); and other nonferrous metals (i.e., brass, copper). The types of metal accepted by the local salvage yards include white goods, heavy steel scrap, ferrous and nonferrous alloy metals, bi-metal, aluminum food and beverage containers, automobile and household batteries. Aluminum beverage cans are accepted by most scrap metal salvage yards as a result of it economic value. Separated aluminum cans are accepted for processing, whole, flattened or baled (16-20 pounds per cubic foot). Current market pricing ranges from $600 to $800 per ton if they are delivered to market. Aluminum alloy scrap such as foil, plates and siding is accepted by most local nonferrous metal scrap facilities surveyed. All respondents strongly recom~nended that scrap aluminum be delivered unsorted and unbaled to facilitate classification into alloy types. Current pricing FOB at the buyer's dock ranges from $400 to $550 per ton. The two primary bulky ferrous and nonferrous scrap metal markets within close proximity to Southold are Gershow Recycling, in Medford, and Franza Universal Scrap Metal, in East Farmingdale. Transportation and container services are, in most cases, available. The ferrous and nonferrous metals recovered by the Town are marketed through two separate outlets. Major household appliances are stockpiled in a dedicated area of the landfill and removed for processing and recycling by Franza's Universal Scrap Metal. The Town receives $8 per ton for scrap metal. At the recycling center, aluminum and tin are recovered in a 40 cubic yard roll-off and transported to Gershow Recycling alternatively by Mattituck and North Fork Sanitation at no cost to the Town. Until 1988, there had been a steady market for bulky ferrous metals. A market depression was caused by a USEPA determination that PCB's found in appliance motors are considered a hazardous material, subsequently exposing scrap salvage yards to the risk of becoming contaminated by PCB's to unacceptable levels as determined by the federal gover~raent. However, the USEPA Office of Toxic Substances stated that "household 1404S/1/1027-XH CRA 4-11 white goods are not likely to contain PCB capacitors" and thus present no threat of contamination to salvage yards. Nevertheless, many scrap yards in the region have responded to this unresolved regulatory issue by requiring the removal of all capacitors prior to delivery. In addition, a fee may be charged for disposal of bulky items. In addition, the past practice of venting CFC's from refrigeration and cooling equipment has been prohibited as of July 1, 1992. The Tow~ has the equipment to recover CFC'e from materials such as refrigerators and air conditioners delivered to the landfill. The Environmental Protection Agency mandated in the Stratospheric Ozone Protection section of the 1990 Clean Air Act that a National Recycling and E~issions Reduction Program would regulate the CFC issue. Therefore, releasing CFC's during servicing or disposal of refrigeration or air conditioning equipment is prohibited. Scrap yards may charge an additional fee for disposal to remove CFC's without venting, since specific equipment designed for this purpose is required. The value of the metals depends upon a variety of factors including quantity, quality and distance if the materials are to be picked up. Some processors will not quote a price without inspection. At this time, collection service is primarily available for aluminum cans and bulky ferrous metals since they enjoy high scrap values. Currently, the value of alnminam cans ranges from $.32 per pound to $.35 per pound, tin cans have a value of $60 - $70 per delivered baled ton, while a value of up to $10 per ton is common for white goods. Tires Tires are recovered at the collection center and marketed to ~~_~. The Town pays ~~,~.~a disposal fee of $850 per 100 cubic yard trailer. In the region, there are several markets that recover scrap tires. Primarily, these markets produce tire chips, through shredding or chipping, which are often used as a fuel supplement. Recent market development efforts by Safety Turf Inc. of Oaks, Pennsylvania and Pawling Corporation of Pawling, New York have developed a process to utilize shredded rubber from tires in the manufacturing of grassquard matting and artificial turf. Additional markets for recovered and processed scrap tires include Rubkote Inc., a division of Tirec Systems, Inc. Company, which produces an asphalt CRA 4-12 product used as a road and roofing surfacing material. The City of Newark, New Jersey initiated a pilot program, in 1988, utilizing the rubberized asphalt product to pave streets throughout the City. Conclusions from the demonstration project regarding the City-wide application of the product is not yet available, however, the City reports positive results in that the road surface appears to be more skid and abrasion resistant. More recently, Suffolk County repaved designated roadways in the Town of Brookhaven with rubberized asphalt to study its durability and identify potential County-wide applications. Preliminary results indicate that further testing is required regarding the sizing of rubber particles and the percentage to be utilized in the asphalt mix, however, overall success is predicted. Most scrap tire markets will accept delivered tires, provide a trailer and transportation for collection and storage or bring a mobile tire shredding unit to the site for on-site reduction. These markets will also provide training of Town personnel in methods to efficiently store tires. On average, the tipping fee for delivered tires is approximately $1.00 per automobile tire. Higher tipping fees are charged for truck and tractor tires, depending on the size. However, most tires removed through these markets are destined for combustion in domestic or overseas facilities. Batteries Batteries can be divided into two categories: automotive and household. Both types of batteries can be recycled into individual material components. The collection of automotive batteries is less complicated than the collection of household batteries and subsequently enjoys higher recovery rates. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) claims a national recycling rate of 85%. Automotive batteries are composed of sulfuric acid encased in lead plating and can be processed for lead and sulfuric acid recovery, in addition to the recovery of the plastic casing. Most local scrap and salvage yards buy used auto batteries. Currently, the scrap value of lead-acid batteries offered by salvage yards is approximately $1.10 per auto battery. Recently adopted legislation in New York, requires a $5 deposit with the purchase of a new vehicle battery. If an old battery is returned within 30 days, the $5 deposit is to be refunded. CRA 4-13 Household batteries are comprised of six (6) types as illustrated in Table 4.1-2. Typically, flashlight, radio and toy batteries are carbon zinc and alkaline types. Button cell batteries are composed of mercury and silver oxide and lithium types are cormmonly known as hearing aid, watch and camera batteries. Nickel-cadmiu/n batteries are those which are rechargeable and used in smoke alarms, appliances and tools. Of these six (6) types, mercury and silver oxide batteries are cormmonly recycled for their mercury and silver components° Mercury Refining Company, located in Latham, New York, accepts all six (6) household battery types for processing or disposal. This firm accepts deliveries of household batteries through the mail and either reimburses the sender the scrap value, or sends a bill for the service costs after batteries are sorted and weighed. Silver oxide batteries are valued at 1% of the market price of silver or currently at approximately $4.78 per pound. A processing fee of $1.50 per pound is charged for mercury batteries; $.45 per pound is charged for alkaline, carbon zinc and zinc-air batteries; and $.74 per pound is charged for nickel-cadmium batteries. A disposal fee of $7 per pound is charged for lithilim type batteries (see Table 4.1-2). Strebels of Westhampton Beach collects the recovered waste oil from the tank at the recycling collection at no cost to the Town. In New York, automobile service establishments which sell at least 500 gallons of lubricating oil annually, or retail establishments which sell over 1,000 gallons of lubricating oil annually, must accept used engine lubricating oil from any individual. Used motor oil must be accepted at no additional charge and in quantities up to five (5) gallons per individual per day. Waste oil can be refined and resold as engine lubricating oil. However, in many instances, it is being used as a fuel for space heating. Textiles The most widely recognized textiles recycling programs are those which involve the donation of textiles to the Salvation Army, Good Will or other similar charitable organizations. Reusable textiles are often sold or donated to those in need by the various groups. St. Vincent DePaul is very active on Long Island, including the Town of Southold in collecting and distributing used textiles to the homeless. 1404S/1/1027-XH CRA 4-14 TABLE 4.1-2 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD, NEW YORK SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN COMMON HOUSEHOLD BATTERY TYPES llaz. ardous Material Type Component Us~ Pricet (S/lb} Disposal Fee (S/lb) CARBON Mercury AA, C & D batteries. Radios, ZINC flashlights and toys. $0.45 ALKALINE Mercury & Long life C & D cells. Radios, M a n g a n e s e flashlights and toys. Dioxide $0.45 MERCURY Mercury Hearing aids, medical devices, pagers, watches and cameras. $1.50 SILVER SBver Button cells for calculators, watches and cameras. $4.78* LrntlU'M Lithium Cameras and computers. $7.00 NICKEL- Cadmium CADMIUM ZINC-AIR Zinc Oxide Rechargeable. Smoke Alarms, ap- pliances and tools. Items requiring continuous usc such as hearing aids and watches. $0.74 $0.45 Market prices reported by Mercury Refining Company as of August 1993. Scrap silver typically values at 1.% of current silver market price. There is currently strong demand for post-consumer textiles by the textile recycling industry in the region. This strong demand is expected to continue and become even stronger in the future. The Council for Textile Recycling reports an industry material shortage of 30%. The textile recyclers within a 1,000 mile radius of the metropolitan area require dry and clean textiles. Wet items have no value and must be disposed as solid waste, as well as textiles that are contaminated with anything other than acceptable textiles. Acceptable textiles include all clothing and other items such as blankets, curtains, bedding, handkerchiefs, gloves, socks, hats and leather belts. Paired shoes are also acceptable, but must be kept separately. Plastic, rubber and vinyl articles are not acceptable. Textile recyclers such as Trans America Trading, Inc. and Deans Wiping Cloth in Brooklyn and Nomex in Flushing, New York all prefer textiles in baled form. Bales should be at least 1,000 pounds. Although loose textiles are also acceptable, bales are easier to handle, more efficient to transport and receive higher market value. Shoes are to be collected in fiber drums or boxes that are often provided by the market. The textile industry is very competitive. Textile markets will respond to bids on post-consumer textiles and provide long-term contracts, if desired. However, spot market prices can nearly double that of five year contracts. Trans American Trading, Inc. estimates a contract value of $100 per ton while the spot market price could be up to $200 per ton. The lower contract value reflects the mixed values of the combined textile grades. For example, denim jeans have a higher value than rags. Yard Waste Compost can be derived from yard waste, sewage sludge, food waste, paper and wood processing waste. Either separately or in conjunction, these wastes can be exposed to bacterial activity and mechanical & chemical manipulation to produce a compost product which exhibits humus like characteristics including texture, porosity, moisture retention and fertility. Depending on initial feed ingredients, the resulting compost can be used as a soil or growing mix substitute or amendment , or as a surface applied mulch or topdress. CBA 4-16 Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County published a report detailing the characteristics of the horticultural and agricultural industry in the County~ It's information and statistics regarding crop commodities are made use of in this analysis. The analysis reveals that Suffolk County shows potential in several areas of its horticultural and agricultural industry for the production and use of compost as an alternative to the traditional disposal of the above mentioned wastes. Compost may be substituted for materials used by those involved in the following activities: nurseries; greenhouse operations; landscaping; parks maintenance; golf courses; road construction and maintenance; public works; landfill operations and agriculture. Container grown and field grown nursery crops (tree, shrub and bush species) comprise 6,500 acres of production in Suffolk County, constituting 50% of the New York State nursery crop production total. Container grown nursery crops have increased tremendously in recent years and will continue to do so, having eight times the productivity of field grown nursery crops on a per acre basis. Presently, the nursery crop segment generates $61 million in gross annual sales in the County. Typically, container grown nursery crops are produced in a growing mix consisting of varying proportions of coarse builders sand, peat moss, and/or ground bark. Compost can be utilized as a replacement for all or part of each of these growing mix components depending on the nursery crop(s) produced. Such compost applications could reduce growing mix costs, supply nutrients, and provide the crop with the potential ability to resist certain diseases. Floriculture industry, involving cut flowers, potted flowering and foliage plants, bedding plants and perennials, encompasses 15 million square feet (300 acres) of greenhouse facilities, 50 acres of field grown crops and 3 million perennials in Suffolk County totaling $200 million in gross annual sales. Container crops here typically utilize a growing mix consisting of varying proportions of peat moss and vermiculite. Compost can be utilized to partly or completely replace the present growing mix depending on the particular crop. Such compost applications could again reduce growing mix costs, supply nutrients, and provide the crop with potential disease resistance capabilities. 1404S/1/1027-xH CRA 4-17 Over 4,500 acres of Suffolk's farmlands are devoted to sod production, generating $10 million in gross annual sales. Although no bulk materials are presently being applied apart from seed, lime & fertilizer, a lime treated compost with an above neutral ph could have potential use as a water retaining organic mulch for seeding with the ability to alter the root zone ph of the seed bed. Additionally, there is the potential of applied compost to aid in reducing disease occurrence to seedlings as well as providing slow release nutrients to young turf grass. Compost may be potentially useful to the horse industry as well. Horses total some 30,000 between Suffolk and Nassau Counties. In Suffolk County alone, there are 41 thoroughbred farms ranking Suffolk County as second in New York State. Collectively, there are 150 riding academies, pleasure horse farms, tack shops, and feed stores in Suffolk County. Associated with these activities are many acres of pasture which require sound agronomic management to maintain pasture land for grazing and riding. Annual application of above neutral ph compost as a top dressing would help maintain the vigor and quality of the pasture grass for grazing and physical wear. In addition to the previous mentioned commodities, the following is a list of other commodities produced in Suffolk County and their acreage under production: 1988 Acreage Estimated Acreage Under Cultivation On Lona Island* Commodity Acres Potatoes 8,500 Grain 6,000 Nursery 6,500 Sod 4,500 Cauliflower 1,200 Cabbage 1,700 Sweet Corn 1,400 Pasture 1,500 Grapes 1,300 Green Beans 600 Peaches 400 Apples 330 Cucumbers 300 Peppers 300 Onions 200 Spinach 300 Tomatoes 250 Strawberries 300 Lettuce 200 1404S/1/1027 XH CRA 4-18 1988 Acreaae (continued) Estimated Acreage Under Cultivation On Lona Island* Commodity Acres Squash 200 Pumpkins 500 Melons 200 Other 1.000 TOTAL: 36,280 * Total Farm Acreage With approximately 40,000 acres of farmland in Suffolk, it is the leading County in New York State in the wholesale value of agricultural products. Seventy five percent of this acreage is located in the Towns of Southampton, Riverhead and Southold. While Class I compost cannot be applied to direct human consumption crops, it can be applied to those crops which undergo processing before consumption. Class II compost, although prohibited from application on human consumption crops, can be applied to nonfood crops for utilization. Regardless of the compost classification, there appears to be substantial potential for use of compost generated by the Town of Southold in the horticultural and/or agricultural industries within the County. An important point to consider is that with these bulk materials discussed, peat moss, peat based soilless mixes and similar items must be trucked onto Long Island for use by the horticultural industry. This increases their cost due to the expense of transportation. Compost, however, would be produced from locally generated waste materials and would not incur the transportation cost. Compost can, therefore, be competitive to other bulk items shipped in for use. This, in addition to the reduction of traditional disposal needs for such locally generated waste, would further increase compost attractiveness. With regard to the horticultural services and consumer retail horticultural industry, there are significant advantages to the use of compost. This can be subdivided into landscaping, lawn care and groundskeeping categories. Landscaping contracting entails a large amount of construction work, such as drainage systems, grading, lawn construction, tree, hedge, and shrub planting, and construction of gardens, retaining walls, walkways, patios, and various 1404S/1/1027-XH CRA 4-19 accessory structures {fencing, gazebos, etc.) Lawn care involves maintenance of lawns with regards to mowing, trimming, fertilizing, liming, seeding, pest control, aerating, irrigating, cleanup and leaf collection. Groundskeepers maintain lawns, trees, shrubs, hedges, gardens, driveways, and walkways as well as some minor landscaping structures. Compost can be used in place of, or in conjunction with peat moss, mulch, or topsoil as a bulk item supplying organic matter and volume to growing media for horticultural purposes involving lawn, garden, construction, tree, shrub and hedge planting. Over the past decade, consumer horticulture has increased tremendously with more people devoting more time and resources to gardening and grounds care either as home owner performed activities, or as a service performed by a contractor. This is particularly true of areas with significant residential development. A Solid Waste Compost Market Survey of horticultural operations was performed in five Counties in the southeastern section of New York State. These Counties geographically and demographically range from rural agricultural to suburban professional communities. Those surveyed were involved in the horticulture production and horticulture service industries. The responses are grouped as follows: Production Service/Maintenance/Sales 21.5% Nursery 36.9% 13.8% Greenhouse 15.4% 1.5% Vegetable 2.3% 0.8% Christmas Tree 0.8% 0.8 Soils Manufacture 0.8% 0.8% Landscape Contractor Resident/Commercial Grounds Florist Garden Center Recreational Cemetery Grounds Other 4.6% It can be concluded from these surveys that landscape contractor, nursery, residential/commercial grounds and greenhouse activities constitute nearly 88% of all responses. These are the main concentrations within the industry. Therefore, a large percentage of the industry can take advantage of Class II compost use. Bulk material such as topsoil, mulch/wood chips, compost, soilless mix, peat moss and manure can be amended with or substituted by a properly formulated compost depending on the situation and need. The respondents indicated that 63% had storage space for stockpiling bulk materials and could transport bulk materials. CRA 4-20 The most important characteristics of the compost to potential regional users were cost, availability and ease of handling, with 74% of the respondents indicating that they would be willing to try a compost in place of a bulk material they were currently using. Additionally, 70% indicated that should a high quality compost be available, they would be willing to make use of it on a regular basis. Further, with a price advantage of 50% over bulk material currently being used, 80% of the respondents would seriously consider the use of compost. The materials compost would supplement or replace were listed as topsoil, mulch, soilless mix and peat moss. Finally, 73% of the respondents prefer additional information regarding compost quality. Many preferred to test a sample of the compost product before committing to its use. An earlier study, performed by }{DR Engineering, Inc. for Daneco, Inc. agrees with this analysis. With regards to horticulture, nurseries, landscapes and greenhouse operations, all showed an interest and willingness to use and sell compost of consistent and good quality. With regards to agriculture, the potential was apparent for compost use on processed food crops and nonfood crops. Compost was also indicated to have an advantage over peat moss, topsoil and other similar materials trucked onto Long Island and could, therefore, be competitive for use in horticulture and agriculture. Regionally, the horticultural industry is interested and willing to use compost provided cost, availability and handling needs are met. Additionally, several existing private compost producers (e.G., Bird Compost Management, Inc.) off Long Island have indicated an interest in compost generated on Long Island. Yard waste composting facilities operated by municipalities typically utilize their output by having residents remove it for household landscaping and through use in municipal projects. Cormmercial yard waste composting facilities have been developed to serve municipalities which do not have their own operations. A statewide ban on landfilling leaves in New Jersey has caused such facilities to be developed recently. The company Alternate Disposal Systems (ADS), which operates two commercial yard waste composting CRA 4-21 facilities in New Jersey, is proposing to develop a facility to process wood wastes in Stony Point (Rockland County), New York. The facility would also compost yard wastes originating in Stony Point and Haverstraw. ADS markets compost from their facilities to large volume markets, such as landscapers, golf courses and through the retail sale of bagged compost. A firm which specializes in composting organic wastes is International Process Systems (IPS) of Lebanon, Connecticut. In addition to the Lebanon facility, IPS has constructed in-vessel composting facilities for Fairfield, Connecticut (sludge and leaves) and Anhaeuser Busch, Baldwinsville, New York (brewing wastes). Earthgro is the parent company of IPS which markets their compost product through another subsidiary, Allgro Soils. Allgro Soils was established to handle the marketing and distribution of the company's compost products. According to Allgro, the potential markets could absorb all of the high quality compost produced in a given region. Although, there appears to be significant interest and potential users of Class I or Claes II compost on Long Island, the Suffolk County Department of Health Services (SCDHS) has expressed strong concerns regarding the potential for leachates from compost, containing heavy metals and organic contaminants, to seep into groundwater after the compost is applied to the land. It appears that SCDHS would take action to block the application of compost produced from solid waste, other than yard waste, in the deep recharge zone if it is produced using mixed refuse as a feed stock. Even if all NYSDEC quality control requirements are meet for the compost product, SCDHS policy would still preclude its use. Construction and Demolition Debris Construction and demolition debris (C&D) is typically bulky in nature and is composed of rock, brick, masonry, concrete, asphalt, dirt, tree stumps, limbs, brush, logs and new and used lumber. In addition, to the above items, corrugated paperboard, plastics, ferrous and nonferrous metals and shingles are also contained in wastes from construction, demolition and remodeling projects. Further, mixed C&D wastes potentially contain nonrecoverable materials such as adhesives, and creosoted and wolmanized wood (wood impregnated with preservatives) and packing materials which must be separated and removed prior to processing. CRA 4-22 C&D materials can be most successfully transferred and processed for markets and reuse if they are source separated by generators into the following fractions prior to delivery to transfer stations or processors: o Land clearing debris such as stumps, tree sections and limbs; Pavement and concrete structure demolition debris including concrete and asphalt based materials, excavated materials and rubble; and Demolition and new construction waste, including, wood, metals, aggregates, corrugated paper, ceramics and plastics. Depending on the type of C&D waste generator, materials are collected and delivered for disposal in both source separated and mixed waste forms. The five (5) typical types of C&D generators and their processing or disposal patterns are described below: Demolition and remodeling contractors produce both mixed and separated wastes. In larger projects, the contractor often source separates materials into rubble and wood based components, for economic reasons, and also reclaims metals and other recyclable items for direct delivery to markets. On smaller sized projects, mixed wastes are usually combined into a single truck or container load for disposal; New construction projects will produce larger amounts of scrap lumber, pallets, ~ypst~rn board and smaller amounts of metals, plastics packing materials and aggregate based materials. Depending on the magnitude of the project, decisions in regard to mixed or separated materials delivery is determined; Land clearing projects generally produce homogenous loads of wood based wastes consisting of brush, tree Darts and stumps. These could be effectively separated and chipped on site for direct delivery to a processing facility; Bulky household waste collection activities will generate mixed materials consisting of brush, tree parts, scrap lumber, treated wood, white goods, appliances, textiles and metals. This type of activity accumulates materials in mixed form; and Commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors generate pallets, packing materials, and wood and aggregate type wastes. These materials are often not, but could be source separated and delivered in, either, roll-off containers or compactor trucks. Mixed C&D waste can be separated into its various components to be further processed for reuse. The following materials comprising C&D waste and their potential uses are described below° Table 4.1-3 provides a partial listing of specifications, markets and uses for processed C&D materials. Table 4.1-4 outlines the local C&D processors delivery requirements, pricing structures, types of services provided, equipment availability a~d processing mechanisms. CRA 4-23 TABLE 4.1-3 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD, NEW YORK SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN POTENTIAL CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION MATERIAL USES MATERIAL MARKET USES CONCR/~II:. 6 INCH PLUS: Excavators, contractors Construction rip rap for erosion control and Gabion fill material l~.& INCH & sA MINUS: ALL ABOVE: ASPHALT 3/8 INCH: 1 ¼ INCIt: MIXED ASPH.ad~T AND CON- BRICK: BRICK / ROCKS: TREE STUMPS / BRUSHES, BRANCHES /CONSTRUCTION WOOD / TRUNKS & SOIL: Paving Contractors Construction contractors Municipalities Paving companies Contractors Construction companies Municipalities Building materials Landscapers Municipalities Landscape companies Municipalities Construction companies Nurseries Orchards Multi-fuel boiler plants Roadbase /parkiag lot Fill / road and shoulder plus foundation Landfill cover / roadbase fill / erosion control New Asphalt Roadbase Fill / roadbnse Fill / landfill cover / roadbase / pot hole fill Used brick only Decorative cover / erosion control Roadbase / landfill cover / parks and rec- reation areas Topsoil / mulch / soil enhancement Topsoil / mulch Topsoil / mulch Topsoil / mulch / potting soil Mulch / soil enhancement Wood chips for fuel TABLE 4.!-4 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD, NEW YORK SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION DEBRIS MARKETS AND PRIVATE PROCESSING FACILITIES COMPANY MARKERS All Island D~mo- lifion RecycSng Chip-k All Duff-/Thompson, Inc. Yaphank Farmingd~le Mixed and separated $12.00/¢y Tip floor, loader and C & D $13.001¢y Landclearing debris, $7.50/cy Waste recycler and brush, pallets and screening system clean wood Mixed and $1 l/ay Hammer mill crasher and Separated C & D screen Mixed and $15/cy mixed Manual sort, recycling Separated C & D $10/ey sorted sys~ms, mb grinder and chipper Building transfer station for additlooal manual sort- ing of materials Wo~d chips, mulch to 3 inch minus: lamifill 3 inch plus: Clean wood-- boiler fuel Clean chips: Hubbard Power and Light lac. Brer~ Wa<xl Aggregate and landfill cover Mixed: to Il0 Sand in Melville--has 20 and 40 cubic yard eontainer~ Hubbard Sand and Gravel Hubbard Power and Light, In~. I.D. Posillico 110 Sand and Bay Shoro Bay Shor~ Ba~ Hempstead East Moriches Holt~viHe Melville Mixed and s~parated $15/cy Crusher for aggregate and C & D Landfill Clean wood $3.50--7.50/¢y Hammer mill and screens Clean concrcte, dirt, -- -- fill, a~phalt Land clearing dcbds S7.50/cy Shred and compost and clean wood Clcan ~parnted $7/cy Impact crusher and screen cov~rete and asphalt Aggregate ba~ed $1 l/cy sorted Crush and ~cmen ~parated sad mixed $15/cy mixed C&D landfill on site; a~lls aggregate for toad sub Boiler fucl--¢ombusted on site Oyster Bay Landfill cover Sells firewood and land- scape mulch and humus; Crashed 1 ¼ and ~ inch minus for ~oad ba~; no No container ~ervice; greened 1 ¼ inch minus marketed as landfill cover; residuals disposed in per- milled on site landfill TABLE 4.1-4 (Cont.) TOWN OF SOUTHOLD, NEW YORK SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION DEBRIS MARKETS AND PRIVATE PROCESSING FACILITIES Ray Schlcider Huntington USA Recycling Smithtown Mixed and separated $13/¢y Manual sorling Viglloiti Brolhcr~ Wcstbury Mixed and separated $15/cy C & D, clean wood Metals, paper and corrugated baled; wood to Hubba~ Power and Light; rubble to Ray Schleider; finea to Smithtown Landfill; otYerm container 2 to 3 inch wood chips u~d for compoat aeration in lslip; embankment p~0jects; planning to SOURCE: Telephone survey conducted by Dvirka and Barlilucci Consulting Engineers Concrete pavement and structure demolition can be upgraded and processed for market through crushing with use of a jaw cone, or hammer mill crusher, removing ferrous metals and screening out contaminants. The final product can be used for sub-base and/or drainage and erosion control materials. Reclaimed asphalt paving debris may be blended with the above materials or separated for use as an additive to asphalt paving raw materials for secondary road pavement or reheated for use as pot hole fill material; Brick, masonry and rock may be processed for decorative landscaping materials and fill; Land clearing debris may be shredded and screened to produce high grade humus, mulch, wood chips and a boiler fuel; Metals may be mechanically separated during processing and sold to a scrap metal market; Corrugated materials and paper is either manually or mechanically separated and can be used as a bulking agent for yard wastes, sludge composting, livestock bedding material; and Fine reject materials from processing, including flat glass, plastics, sheetrock, etc., is useful when blended with fill and cover materials. However, use of this material must be carefully monitored. Recently, problems have arisen related to odors produced from shredded C&D disposed at landfills on Long Island. The C&D processors on Long Island have the capability to produce marketable aggregate and wood based Droducts from mixed or presorted C&D wastes. Throughput of area transfer stations and recovery facilities range from 50 to 250 tons per hour. Estimated tipping fees range from $7 to $15 per cubic yard, depending upon the incoming material quality. Products produced are marketed at prices up to $18 per ton. 4.2 Market Trends A key aspect of recycling is materials marketing. A concern of the Town is the adequacy of existing regional markets to suDport expanded material recovery programs on a long term basis. Collected materials must be processed and delivered in a manner that is consistent with market requirements and specifications. Existing and planned regional processing capacity and market forecasts within the region will be discussed below for all potential recyclable or compostable materials. 1404S/i/1027-XH CRA 4-26 Newspaper/Low-Grade Paper Regional markets for baled old newspapers have declined from $40 per ton in the 1980's to $10 - $12 per ton FOB at the paper mill due to the oversupply and limited deinking capacity of existing processing facilities. It is expected that markets for newspapers will be expanding in the next two years due to mill expansions and the development of new facilities. This development is being undertaken as the result of recently mandated or agreed upon minimums for recyclable paper fiber content for newsprint, to be utilized in Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York ranging from 30% to 50%. Enactment of similar legislation is being studied in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Additionally, alternative uses of newspaper are being investigated regionally. These include the use of newspaper for livestock and poultry bedding and insulation, and as a co-composting agent for sludges and food wastes. Similar to newspapers, markets for mixed low-grade paper are being developed. For example, Marcal of Elmwood Park, New Jersey now accepts magazines, junk mail and other mixed office paper. Capacity at paper mills for low-grade paper is expected to become increasingly available. Finally, composting is emerging as a potentially viable alternative for marketing newspaper, magazines and other low-grade fiber. Demonstration programs are currently evaluating the use of mixed low-grade paper with yard waste, sludge and food waste co-composting operations, in New York and Connecticut. Glass The clear glass market has dropped from a stable $40 per ton during the past several years to approximately $20 per ton. Glass recycling has increased substantially during this period due to the advent of residential collection programs. Beverage container manufacturers have utilized glass cullet in lieu of depleting reserves of silica sand and to decrease their energy usage. Markets for brown and, in particularly, green glass are weak due to the increased supply from recycling programs, and thus are expected to continue to decline. CRA 4-27 Efforts are being made to expand markets for colored, low-grade flat glass and waste glass from newly constructed recyclable material processing facilities (MRF's). A growing amount of material is being marketed for use in glassphalt, road building material, insulation and other building material products. Additionally, new markets are emerging for its use as lightweight aggregate. Ferrous Metals The primary trend in the region for marketing metals is the increasing market for steel scrap and the detinning of ferrous food and beverage cans. Both white goods and heavy metal scrap markets have achieved stability due to growth of the export scrap market caused primarily by expanded foreign steel production and the favorable foreign exchange rates for the buyers. Additionally, the domestic market is expanding in response to this demand. For example, AMG, Inc. is planning to reopen its detinning operation in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Also, these same companies are beginning to accept used paint cans and aerosol cans. New detinning operations have been developed at mills in Pittsburgh and Houston as a result of increased market prices to a reported $47 per short ton for exported tin ingots. Further, the introduction of cost effective, reliable scrap shredders and can dsnsifiers have lowered transportation costs to distant markets. Plastics HDPE and PET food and beverage containers have been included in many recycling programs throughout the country. Markets exist for both cor~mingled and separated materials at prices ranging from $0.06 per pound for commingled and up to $0.10 per pound for separated and baled HDPE and PET plastic containers. Both local and regional facilities have recently expanded operations to process both separated plastics into fiber for carpet, construction fabric, clothing insulation and structural shapes for home and co~ercial usage. Additionally PVC and vinyl plastic materials plus cora~ingled HDPE and PET are being processed into plastic lumber, structural shapes and containers. CRA 4-28 Due to the bulky nature of plastic food and beverage containers, their inclusion in residential recycling programs has resulted in rapid filling of collection vehicles. To alleviate the need to empty vehicles more frequently and reduce transportation costs to markets, larger capacity collection vehicles are used, as well as vehicles with on-board densifiers and compactors. Further, dozens of M~F's are in operation or are being developed throughout the northeast to sort plastic types~ Both mechanical sorters and manual sorting are used to supply separated and commingled containers to high density balers producing compact 900 pound bales for cost-effective transportation to more distant markets. Another trend in plastics marketing has been toward developing the ability to incorporate more types into recovery efforts. This includes the development of programs for recovering mixed rigid containers and flexible plastics. An example of a resin manufacturer, incorporating post-consumer resin in its manufacturing process, is Union Carbide, Inc. The Union Carbide, Inc. research and development facility in Piscataway, New Jersey is operating a sorting and processing facility for mixed rigid and flexible plastic containers, including mixed PET, HDPE, polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and mixed light density plastic films and bags. Since this facility opened (in 1992), it has experienced technical problems in the sorting and processing of mixed plastic recycling. Subsequently, Union Carbide has scaled down its processing capacity and is accepting only limit quantities of material. Facilities are also being developed to recover polystyrene. Polystyrene containers include styrofoam coffee cups, meat and fruit trays and fast food restaurant containers. Plastics Again, Inc., consisting of seven major chemical companies, operates '~ demonstration polystyrene recycling ~~ in Bridgeport, New Jersey. This material, however, usually becomes heavily contaminated when collected with glass, and due to its light weight, is very expensive to transport. Therefore, the Town has instituted a drop-off polystyrene program at the New York Avenue Recycling Center and at the landfill. Tri-State Recycling Company of Copaigue, New York supplies 2, 4 cubic yard containers at each site for polystyrene recycling. Tri-State Recycling Company empties the containers on a once per week basis at a cost of $25 per container. CRA 4-29 The market for aluminum food and beverage containers has declined from $1,200 in the past couple of years to $700 per ton. It has been determined that increased recovery has created this decline. The market prices for scrap sheet and structural shapes, excluding higher tensile strength aluminum, have remained more stable during this period. In the future, it is predicted that aluminum scrap prices will increase in proportion to increases in energy costs incurred in converting bauxite ore and refining aluminum oxides to produce aluminum from virgin material. Construction and Demolition Debris (C&D) In this developing field, major efforts are being undertaken by the private sector to recycle wood, rubble and metals from this fraction of the waste stream. Many landfills now ban disposal of C&D as a result of the Long Island Landfill Law and State regulations requiring C&D debris to be disposed in a single lined landfill in sensitive Groundwater areas. Additionally, C&D debris is not disposed in solid waste landfills due to potential odor problems when C&D is improperly disposed with municipal solid wastes. Emerging technology has been developed to crush, shred, screen and wash separated materials for resale as boiler fuel, construction aggregates, landfill cover, humus and mulch, resulting in Growing substitution of these materials for quarried, mined and shredded virgin materials. Market prices range from $5 to $7 per ton for construction aggregates and up to $16 per ton for wood mulch. The market price for wood chips as boiler fuel has declined in the past year due to the increased supply from C&D processors. The high cost of facility construction and the perception of the health risk of possible stack emissions has resulted in reduced development of wood combustion facilities. Several, locally established processors have established portable and semi-permanent facilities for processing rubble into an aggregate and have throughput capacities ranging between 100 to 350 tons per hour (see Table 4.1-3). 1404S/1/1027-XH CRA 4-30 Wood Processed land clearing debris, including stumps, tree sections, dimensional lumber scrap, pallets, and wood products manufacturing waste can be used as mulch, wood chips, compost, boiler fuel and as a bulking agent for sludge, yard waste and solid waste composting. New Construction and Demolition Waste New construction waste primarily consists of scrap lumber, plywood, sheetrock scrap, corrugated, pallets, metals and plastics. Demolition waste consists of wood, masonry brick, plaster, sheetrock, carpet, tile, linoleum, metals, plastic, ceramics and glass. More and more transfer stations operating in the New York and New Jersey metropolitan area are separating wood, metal, rubble, plastic and corrugated materials from mixed C&D debris, prior to on-site or off-site crushing and shredding to produce aggregates, wood chips and mulch. Tires Over the past five years, scrap rubber has primarily been utilized as a fuel supplement. For example, Metropolitan Tire, Inc., exports scrap rubber, from Port Newark, New Jersey to Greece where it is burned in cement kilns to provide consistent heating. Ashes become part of the cement mix. Also, Oxford Energy, Inc. has been siting new facilities throughout the northeast to produce tire derived-fuel. Market development efforts that involve chemically converting tires through processes such as pyrolysis and cryogenics have had little success, in the United States. In addition to incinerating tires for its fuel value, an emerging trend appears to be towards the fabrication of tires where they may be cut or stamped and used to create other products such as floor mats, gaskets, sandals, dock bumpers, fences and grass matting. Another promising application for used tires is rubberized asphalt typically used for paving roadways, roofing and sealers and fillers. Although a limited demand, tires will continue to be utilized in artificial reef projects and as a bulking agent in sludge composting operations. CRA 4-31 Batteries Automotive batteries have and will continue to be processed for lead recovery, as long as the scrap value of lead is competitive with other metal sources. Similarly, mercury and silver oxide watch, hearing aid and camera batteries are anticipated to continue to be processed as current operations dictate. Nickel-cadmium batteries, such as those in smoke alarms and power tools, can also be recovered for metal compounds. Recovered nickel is primarily utilized in steel alloy mixes. However, reclaimers for alkaline batteries are virtually nonexistent in the United States. Research has been funded by the New York Department of Economic Development to identify potentially recoverable components of alkaline batteries, determine their potential marketability and economic viability for recovery. In addition, it is clear that Federal legislation will regulate heavy metal use (i.e, mercury) in products such as batteries, while at the sa~e time, battery manufacturers appear committed to reducing the level of mercury in batteries over the next five years. Therefore, the ability and need to recover alkaline batteries has yet to be determined. Textiles The Council for Textile Recycling reports an industry shortage of textiles by 30%. This strong demand for textiles is expected to continue and even increase in the future. Nearly 50% of all recycled textiles are exported to Third World countries and reused. With the stabilization of population in the United States and a steady increase in population rates in Third World countries, the supply will not meet the continued and increasing demand. Therefore, strong markets for post-consumer textiles is expected to continue. All textile items have the potential to be recycled currently and in the future, except plastic, rubber and vinyl items. 4.3 Identification of Necessary Processing to Meet Market Specifications This section will provide an outline of delivery specifications required by material brokers, processors and end users. An understanding of how materials must be delivered to the accepting ~acility is a prerequisite to designing collection and potentially intermediary processing programs. paper 1404S/1/1027-XH CRA 4-32 The paper market is highly competitive since the raw material input varies as much as the products being produced. To compete in this market place and meet this demand, it is necessary to meet the consuming industries most stringent material quality specifications. Therefore, it is necessary for paper sellers to produce a high quality, unconta/ninated product. This is especially important when the supply of materials is greater than the demand for the material. Therefore, the higher the quality of the paper, the better the marketing opportunities. For example, clean newspaper with plastic, brown paper bags and magazines removed is regarded as a more valuable material than newspaper contaminated with such. The second step necessary to gain an advantage in this market is to bale the waste paper. This is particularly important for the lower paper grades such as newsprint and corrugated paperboard. This processing step, when conducted by brokers, generally costs about $20 per ton, although a similar cost would be incurred through the operation of a municipal baler. In addition, this may allow the Town to broaden its marketing opportunities to outside of the region, state and country, as is currently being achieved as a result of the Smithtown baling agreement. The preference of many paper processors is to negotiate the sale of the recovered paper with as few agencies as possible. It has been clearly stated that their desire is to deal with one management or coordinating agency for the sale of materials. Besides eliminating administrative confusion, a coordinated approach would guarantee a company a significant quantity of material, on a regular basis. This indicates that coordinated efforts by towns, through direct intermunicipal agreements or through the Regional Marketing Cooperative will be beneficial in securing reliable marketing arrangements. Finally, the collection preference is for materials to be delivered to the processing facilities or end user. Glass Glass markets exist in the region that are capable of processing color sorted glass or cor~ingled glass with other mixed containers. Therefore, to effectively 1404S/1/!027-XH CRA 4-33 market glass containers, they can either be presorted by color or co~mingled with plastic and metal containers. Presorted glass obtains the highest price premiums. Mixed color glass, without other container materials, has little market value, however. In addition, residents must be required to rinse all containers clean of residue. Most locally accessible markets have their own facilities for removing the caps and rings from bottles and jars and is therefore not a strict marketing condition. Plastic Plastic resin buyers are becoming more commonplace in the scrap recycling industry. Many existing buyers of waste paper, metals and glass are also considering brokering and processing used household plastic containers. The primary types of plastic resins currently in demand are polyethylene, including high (HDPE) and low (LDPE) densities and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). To efficiently recover and market plastics, they must be collected in a commingled form with other rigid containers or their volume must be reduced. Market specifications frequently change because a broker sells the resins to numerous end users. Therefore, the most common form of reducing plastic container volume for marketing is through baling. By baling the plastics, it may be possible to mix PET, HDPE other grades such as polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene because they can be easily separated. If shredding or granulating were chosen as the preferred waste reduction method, then PET and HDPE and other types of plastics would have to be presorted. Metals The three primary types of metals have little difficulty in being marketed by the Town, including aluminum, steel cans and large bulky items. Aluminum cans not returned through the State bottle bill progra/n, can be sold to any lbcal scrap metal yard, in addition to the major aluminum producing companies. Aluminum consumers prefer aluminum containers to be whole and uncrushed, however, densified or cubed aluminum is also highly desirable. CRA 4-34 On Long Island there are several local scrap and salvage yards that reclaim steel from large bulky items, such as cars and appliances. Municipally collected bulky items are already being recycled at these local scrap yards. Container service is provided for the pickup of bulky metals. In most cases, local scrap yards also accept steel cans. Metals cans can be delivered in several ways. The first is mixed with other ferrous and nonferrous metals including the bulky items. This method would not be the preferred receiving method, or would not likely be practiced by the Town. Secondly, metal containers could be delivered in a densified form and thirdly, the preferred delivery method is to accept loose containers separated from other scrap metals. Steel cans can also be marketed in the region, with cor~ingled glass, plastic and aluminum containers. Construction and Demolition Debris lC&D) There are three basic reasons to process C&D materials. First and most importantly, is to meet market specifications. The second is to reduce transportation costs associated with transporting undensified or unprocessed materials to market or disposal sites. Third, is to decrease the separation requirements for generators and promote participation by processing various fractions of the C&D waste stream. Specifications have been established by the New York Department of Transportation with regard to minimum gradation standards for recycled aggregates used for road and sub-base materials. The horticultural industry has also established specifications regarding sizing, nitrogen, carbon and moisture content for soils, wood chips and humus produced from the wood fraction of C&D. Quality of the recycled aggregate is the determining factor in creating effective and constant markets. Enhancement of quality begins with effective separation by generators into processible fractions. Control of this activity can be effected by rules to provide monitoring of C&D waste disposal by: o Municipal code enforcement by officials; o Inspection of demolition sites during initial project stages to direct separate flows for nonprocessible and hazardous wastes; and o Submission of disposal plans by contractors and generators to achieve disposal control. These options could be enhanced by the performance bonding process to ensure CRA 4-35 compliance with proper waste disposal requirements of a planned proj ecto Public education provided by an information hotline and/or newsletter, and large generator site audits can result in the direction of recyclable wastes directly to markets or to established processing facilities. Forecasting of larger volumes of materials can lead to creation of new markets and advantageous market pricing to further enhance separation, processing and marketing procedures. At least twelve (12) processing facilities for construction and demolition (C&D) type debris, including mixed C&D, clean concrete, clean wood and landclearing debris have been identified on Long Island. These facilities have been assessed in terms of their processing capability to recover and recycle mixed concrete, rubble, wood, and other construction and demolition wastes from the Town of Southold. According to the market survey of the identified facilities, there appears to be enough capacity to process C&D debris generated in Southold. It is recommended, however, that several facilities upgrade or expand the types of processing equipment utilized to produce higher quality, more marketable products. Commost Marketing compost produced from the organic components of Southold's waste stream (leaves, grass, brush, paper, food waste and sewage sludge) has potential, on the east end. Although the total market volume cannot be precisely assessed at this time, survey results, discussions with the Cooperative Extension Service and experiences of firms producing high quality compost in this region indicate the potential to market all compost generated from source separated organic wastes and yard waste compost that could be produced by the Town of Southold. The degree of processing required to produce a final compost product will first depend on the quality demands of available markets. The least amount of processing would be necessary for compost to be used as landfill cover and for land reclamation. A limited amount of nonhazardous, relatively small particle sized contamination, such as plastic or glass could be tolerated. The product would also not have to be completely uniform in order to meet market needs. CRA 4-36 Roadways, berm construction, land application and some projects by developers, public works departments and parks departments would be able to use a moderate quality product. This would have little or no contamination and would be of fairly uniform quality. Horticultural projects undertaken by departments of parks or public works, sod farms, nurseries, landscapers and golf courses would requires a fine quality compost. For leaves this would require specialized turning equipment, removal of trash as it shows up in the piles, and shredding/screening of the final product. A fine grade of uniform and dependable quality would be necessary to attract and maintain this long term market. The other two factors that would affect the degree of processing required would be time and land. As the amount of available land decreases, the need to speed the composting process increases. The process must be completed faster in order to free up land to handle incoming compostabtes. The rate of composting can be controlled, within biological limits, by manipulating the environmental conditions through processing technology. 4.4 Market Services The Town of Southold has surveyed facilities within the region to process recyclable materials that are being collected in increased volumes from drop-off centers, residential and commercial recycling programs. Although the types of services offered in terms of transportation, container rental and delivery specification have been previously identified in Sections 4.2 and 4.3, they are surm~arized below. The availability of collection and transportation services offered by secondary markets varies by material type, quantity of material, distance from the processing facility and value of the material. In general, the provision of collection and storage equipment, such as trailers or a pickup service for newspaper or corrugated paperboard by paper markets is only available when large quantities are being handled. CRA 4-37 Marketing services for glass, metal and plastic containers are similar to those for newspaper and corrugated paperboard. Although some companies will provide a roll-off container for glass and plastic containers, a rental fee is usually charged in addition to a transportation fee. Can flattening equipment is available for aluminum container recovery and transportation is also provided by the aluminum manufacturing companies. Transportation services and fees are negotiable for construction and demolition waste. Storage trailers are often available for rent by tire markets. Battery markets only receive materials, collection or pickup service is generally not provided. Bulky materials, primarily "white goods", can either be transported to the market directly, or utilize a storage container provided by the market. Scrap and salvage yards will provide a collection service. The collection services provided by local markets are sensitive to the existing market value of the materials. For example, equipment and transportation services were provided for newsprint recovery when newspaper attained a high scrap value. 4.5 Recyclable and Compoetable Material Marketing Conclueions The results of this market assessment can be surmmarized as follows: Since there are many paper brokers and processors, including material recovery facilities (MRF's) that upgrade paper such as newspaper, corrugated containers and mixed paper prior to marketing to end users, newspapers could effectively be recovered and marketed in brown paper bags and mixed with magazines, junk mail and other mixed paper grades. Most markets today demand high quality grades with negligible levels of contaminants, such as plastics, glossy paper (e.g. magazines), and junk mail. Segregated paper grades provide the Town with secure marketing opportunities. Although collecting paper in mixed form can be marketed. The Town's current approach is to maximize material quality to ensure marketability. 1404S/1/1027-XH CRA 4-38 Corrugated paperboard, similar to newspapers, should be kept free of contaminants including plastics, newspapers and other noncorrugated paper grades. However, minimal levels of contaminants would be tolerable. Since corrugated and newspaper are sorted, this method of collection should continue. White or colored ledgers, computer printouts and other high-grade papers can be marketed in mixes or sorted. They should also be free of contaminants, such as plastics, metals and lower grade papers. Glass containers are color sorted into flint (clear), amber and green, prior to marketing to end users. Local processors might handle corm~ingted container materials including glass, metal and plastic, but markets are selective. Caps, rings or foil in addition to paper or plastic labels, in most cases, can remain on the glass containers. In all cases, glass containers should be free of ceramics, pebbles, rocks and other stony materials. Aluminum cans should be segregated from other metal containers such as bi-metal or tin cans, in order to maximize revenues. However, to increase the marketability of ferrous and mixed glass containers, aluminum are commingled with ferrous containers. In addition, cans should have negligible levels of moisture, paper, plastics, dirt or glass. Steel cans (bi-metal or tin) can be marketed through local scrap yards with labels removed and minimal organic residues. Bulky metals can be marketed to the same companies as well, although the capacitors in obsolete appliances should be removed. Plastic containers (PET and HDPE) can be con~ningled regardless of color and resin type. In general, there is no need to remove labels. Plastics can be marketed whole, loose, baled or granulated. Delivery and process~nq Requirements Loose newspaper can be delivered directly by collectors from curbside routes to a facility with an automatic, high density baler. In the case of Southold, newspaper is delivered to the Town's recycling center for transfer to Pinnacle Industries. Similarly, corrugated paper should continue to be compacted to reduce its storage volume and transportation costs. Corrugated can be delivered compacted or baled to the market. High-grades can be delivered or collected unbaled in gaylord (4' x 4~ x 4' corrugated) boxes. High-grade paper markets prefer to further upgrade these products prior to baling because of the high return rate on pure paper streams. However, low-grade paper has little value in the market place and can be sold mixed since the end use is generally lower grade paper or chipped wallboard. Glass is currently sorted by the participant and is being delivered to EWG CRA 4-39 Glass Recycling in Central Islip. Glass breakage is minimized and the Town receives market values for color glass. Glass marketed directly to end users, can be delivered in transfer containers in uncrushed or semi-crushed form. Metal containers could remain whole, or be flattened or densified prior to shipment in roll-off containers or trailers to end users. Plastic containers can be delivered or picked up in loose, baled or granulated form in trailers. CQ~Dostina In eastern Long Island, the agricultural and nonagricultural industry, individually, has the potential to consume at a minimtura, all of the source separated type compost generated from (or in combination of) yard wastes, sludge, low-grade paper, food or wood processing wastes or municipal solid waste compost of Class I or Class II type that could be generated by the Town of Southold. According to compost market surveys of several New York State Counties in the Hudson Valley Region and eastern Long Island cormmunities, which were designed to identify the intent of potential users if a compost product were available, and the quality and delivery requirements necessary for accommodating distribution needs, a majority of the horticultural service industry prefers compost in bulk form as opposed to packaged material. In addition, most respondents indicated the ability to pick up the compost or receive truck load deliveries. 4.6 Current and Future Restrictions to Market Development This section discusses existing obstacles and constraints that should be recognized in order to successfully develop markets for recovered materials. Recvclina There are certain obstacles that recyclable materials must overcome to successfully compete with virgin materials for market acceptance. First, the use of secondary materials by industry is primarily limited by the availability of virgin materials. Virgin materials, in some cases, are more desirable for manufacturing due to lower price, greater uniformity and purity, and higher availability. This competition is influenced by the fact that the use of virgin materials, CRA 4-40 such as timber and iron ore, is encouraged by preferential treatment under Federal tax law which is provided in the form of depletion allowances. To compete with these incentives for virgin materials, various actions have been undertaken by public officials to induce added recyclable content in finished products and encourage additional usage of recycled materials in manufacturing. These incentives include: o Preferential tax treatment for the purchase of equipment and siting of facilities for processing recyclable materials; o Procurement initiatives recommending payment of up to a t0 percent premium for products containing certain minimum recyclable material content; o State mandates requiring 20 to 50 percent recycled fiber content in newsprint production; and o Modification of procurement specifications for construction materials by governmental agencies that permit substitution of recycled materials. There are numerous other factors that influence the demand for recyclable materials, including: national and international cycles of economic activity; trends within the packaging industry (i.e., shifts from glass to plastic food and beverage containers); catastrophic events (i.e., Houston, Texas, virgin plastics plant explosion); and public concern (i.e., shifts from polystyrene to recycled paper utilized in fast food packaging). The development of local markets and applications for the usage of recyclable materials can mitigate potential restrictions for disposal of recovered materials. C&D Processing and Ash Utilization On Long Island, there is tremendous potential for the utilization of reclaimed and processed wood and rubble materials due to the lack of available aggregate (i.e., stone, gravel, fill) and the high cost of transportation from distant quarries. However, the use of recycled aggregate from rubble in public applications has been somewhat restrictive as a result of potential material contamination and limited ability for quality control. Based on the liability for potential material rejection at the construction site and potential decreased project life span, state and federally funded projects have not included recycled materials in procurement specifications. Only, in the past three (3) years, has the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) published specifications that expand the use of: o Reclaimed asphalt for bituminous asphalt pavement mixes; CRA 4-41 o Crushed concrete rubble for road and shoulder sub-base and clean fill; and o Shredded clean wood for mulching and embankment stabilization projects. Additionally, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) has recently initiated measures to encourage the utilization of fine (1" minus) organic based material produced from permitted wood and mixed C&D debris processing facilities for use in landfill cover and closure projects. Crushed rubble (6" minus) is also encouraged to be used for daily landfill cover and on landfill access roads. NYSDEC and NYSDOT have recently expanded procurement practices to include recycled aggregate, however, additional efforts are necessary for the use of low-grade glass and ash in road paving projects. Mixed broken glass is generated in significant quantities from the many material processing facilities located on Long Island which currently requires the development of material applications, in order to avoid the disposal of this residue as waste. Use of crushed glass and ash in road pavement, landfill final cover, construction fill and drainage applications appear to be the leading marketing opportunities for this material, at this time. The NYSDOT has taken steps to legitimize #glassphalt" practices. The first NYSDOT pilot project was approved, whereby 2,500 tons of asphalt that has a 5% glass content will be used on a State roadway in upstate New York. The results will be monitored over the next five years. In addition, the NYSDOT has also written specifications and engineering guidelines that only allow glassphalt to be used in the base and binder levels of construction. To overcome these market development barriers, it is necessary for the NYSDOT and NYSDEC to take initiate in establishing procurement specifications for wood, rubble, mixed C&D debris and glass processing residue. Potential initiatives that could be developed by NYSDOT and NYSDEC to further enhance the procurement and utilization of recycled C&D material and ash which are consistent with the Town's waste reduction and recycling objectives include: Development of specifications to maximize the utilization of crushed glass and ash in projects requiring bituminous asphalt such as highway and street repaving projects; i404S/1/1027-XH CRA 4-42 Development of specifications for utilization of course graded (4-6" minus) rubble materials for drainage and construction fill on publicly funded projects; and Expanding the specifications for materials utilized in landfill construction, operation and closure projects to include reclaimed (shredded) wood from C&D recovery operations. Finally, the NYSDEC and NYSDOT should sponsor a glassphalt paving project currently being considered jointly by Nassau and Suffolk Counties. The project ~ include paving a particular strip of roadway currently used primarily as a residential corridor connecting to the Long Island Expressway. The project is still in its planning stages, however, its focus will be a surface application. MSW Commostin~ The markets that exist for compost and C&D products are industries and agencies that are currently purchasing materials for which wood chips, hu/nus, recycled aggregates and which compost can be substituted. In order to attract these markets, it is necessary to prove that these materials can be produced in sufficient quantity and quality at an equal or lower price. This would recp~ire the determination of the specific needs of individual markets, the establishment of processing systems that can meet these needs and a public relations and promotion program to convince potential users to try and eventually switch to recycled aggregates, wood chips, wood mulch, humus and MSW compost. One of the most obvious limiting factors to the development of compost markets is the inclusion of mixed refuse and/or sludge in the composting process, thereby subjecting the product to more limited use. Suffolk County has 10,500 acres in combined sod, horticultural and floricultural production which might utilize this type of restricted compost product. Plastics, treated wood, gypsum and metals included in processed C&D materials will often severely restrict acceptance for its use in construction projects. However, the most limiting factor to marketing a compost product generated from municipal solid waste, food and agricultural wastes, sludge and/or yard wastes is a Suffolk County, Department of Health Services (SCDHS) policy which could restrict the use of any such municipal compost, regardless of its classification, on lands which are located in the deep recharge zone. Another factor would be the need for a dependable quality of final product. The quality of finished products will depend to some degree on the types of 1404s/1/i027-xH CRA 4-43 materials accepted for composting. Different incoming materials will yield final products of different quality. Mixed waste streams will be unpredictable. Limiting facility inputs to source separated organic wastes (yard waste, food, paper, sludge), or the utilization of effective systems for removing the organics from inorganic wastes and contaminants by front-end processing followed by composting of the separated organic waste materials, will give the most reliable results. Composting of only yard wastes provides a composting feedstock that is relatively homogenous, and the end product is not restricted for use. Should a mixed MSW composting facility be established on Long Island, extensive quality control and end product testing should be performed in order to address these types of concerns. Demonstration facilities that compost municipal solid waste might be established in conjunction with SCDHS and NYSDEC in order to monitor operations, output and marketing of the finished product from the facility to help overcome the restriction to market development that the SCDHS position appears to create. Finally, the sudden flooding of the market with recycled products, including compost, as the result of the rapid increase in processing facilities may make marketing difficult. This could, however, encourage the development of local markets, where short transportation distances and convenience would be a marketing advantage. 1404S/1/1027-XH CRA 4-44 5.0 ALTERNATIVE SOURCE SEPARATION AND MATERIAL RECOVERY PROGRAMS TO achieve the State's goal of 50% waste reduction and materials recovery, the Town must effectively reduce the quantity of waste being generated while recovering residentially, commercially, institutionally and industrially generated recyclable materials from the existing waste streams. This section focuses on the alternatives for meeting the State's 10% waste reduction goal and the system design alternatives for collecting, processing and marketing recyclable materials to meet the State's 40% recycling objectives. 5.1 Waste Reduction and Reuse The Solid Waste Management Plan adopted by New York State in 1987 declares waste reduction as the most preferred management strategy. Source reduction (waste reduction) as defined in the New York Solid Waste Management Plan means "reducing the amount of materials entering the waste stream by voluntary or mandatory programs to eliminate the generation of the waste." In addition, the New York State Waste Reduction Guidance Manual (March, 1989) defines waste reduction to not only include the reduction of volume but also the reduction in the toxicity of waste. An alternative definition is the avoidance of actions that generate waste materials which must be either recycled or disposed. Waste reduction can result from either manufacturers' efforts in changing packaging designs or changes in consumer spending patterns. There are three generally accepted strategies for achieving waste reduction at the manufacturing level: Increasing the efficiency of materials utilization so that less materials are needed for any given purpose, such as redesigning a manufacturing process so that it generates less process residue; Implementing actions or designs which significantly increase a product's functional life, such as the manufacturing of products which are designed to be used more than once; and Increasing the recyclability of products by utilizing materials in manufacturing processes which can be readily recycled once the products useful life has been depleted. 1393S/1 1027 CRA 5-1 As a result of increased public concern over waste generation and disposal, actions by industry to reduce waste are on the rise. Federal and state governments are also developing action plans to encourage industries to provide for waste minimization as well as incentives for the acceleration of this process. For example, the USEPA has developed an agenda for action which calls for the evaluation of toxic constituents in the waste stream, economic incentives for corporate waste reduction and a review of current procurement policies and practices. Other actions taken by USEPA regarding source reduction include the development of a model for conducting lifestyle evaluations of products and materials and conducting an analysis of the environmental impact of six different packaging materials and the effects of public policy options aimed at altering the mix of packaging materials. New York State is joined in its efforts for achieving source reduction by eight other northeastern states. Through the formation of the Coalition of Northeastern Governors (CONEG), these States intend to coordinate efforts on a regional basis. CONEG's objectives are to standardize preferred packaging alternatives to be used by industry, establish quantifiable goals for packaging reduction, identify recycled content percentages for packaging, prohibit the use of toxic and metal constituents in packaging materials and develop regional educational programs targeted towards consumers and decision makers. All nine member states are adopting similar legislation to allow for consistent planning. New York State proposed in its Solid Waste Management Plan to reduce the volume of packaging waste by establishing deposits on difficult to recover items, such as batteries and tires, creating packaging standards, and increasing procurement opportunities for products made from recycled materials. In addition, some local governments are considering legislatively banning products which are not readily recyclable and which contribute significantly to litter problems in the cor~nunity. Legislative bans are also being considered as a tool for improving the recyclability of the waste stream and to stimulate market development. However, packaging bans are not recommended as an effective method for reducing tonnages of waste requiring disposal. Consumers can also affect waste reduction, and, if their efforts persist, they may succeed in sending manufactures a message that they should increase their corporate 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-2 waste reduction efforts. Consumers can begin by phoning the Direct Marketing Association in New York City (212) 698-4977 and requesting that their name be removed from "junk maii' distribution lists. Other measures listed below would result in large scale consumption changes, if followed on a daily basis. o Decreasing material utilization rates through the avoided use of goods or services which generate high rates of waste residuals (e.g., avoiding fast food restaurants); o Increasing the utilization of materials, such as utilizing services that are provided through the use of less materials or purchasing products which can be used more than once (e.g., using washable cloths instead of paper towels); o Implementing actions which significantly increase a product's functional life, such as through the purchase of reusable goods or products packaged in materials which can be reused for other purposes; o Shopping for envirornnentally sound packaging such as products with recycled materials content, or those which can be easily recycled through local collection programs and avoiding excess packaging; and o Decreasing the organic fraction of the household waste strea/n through on-site or back yard composting of yard waste and food scraps. In order to encourage changes in consumer purchasing habits to effectuate the above changes, incentives which provide the consumer with economic advantages for making such consumption changes might also be considered as a means for minimizing waste generation. Such economic incentives include a "pay per bag" pricing system, whereby, waste generators (i.e., homeowners) would be required to buy and use bags or stickers in order to have waste collected. This type of system allows the waste generator to pay only for the collection and disposal of the wastes they generate. Therefore, providing a direct financial incentive to reduce the amount generated on an individual or household basis. Another variation to the "bag/tag" approach is what is cor~nonly known as a "variable can rate", wherein, generators are charged on the basis of the number of trash containers set out for collection. These types of billing systems also provide an incentive for waste generators to participate in recycling. In doing so, they would lower the number of bags, tags or containers needed for disposal, thereby, reducing waste disposal expenses. The Town has implemented the "pay by the bag" program in October, 1993 which is expected to reduce the amount of waste disposed through increased participation in the recycling programs, as well as through modified purchasing habits to reduce the waste stream or make it more recyclable. This program will be monitored to evaluate the effects of the volume based billing system on waste stream reduction and financial reliability. 1027 CRA 5-3 Waste reduction can also be achieved through backyard composting of yard waste and by leaving grass clippings on the lawn after mowing. Residents in the Town are educated on the opportunities and methods of on-site composting. Information about grass recycling and new lawn care techniques to reduce lawn maintenance while at the same time reduce yard waste is available. The Town will promote the State's waste reduction efforts and encourage lifestyle changes through the above actions. To effectively change public and corporate consumption habits, extensive public education programs will be necessary, along with State and Federal actions to require and create economic incentives for waste reduction. Education programs which encourage shoppers to make "environmentally friendly" purchases will also be initiated. 5.2 Household Hazardous Wastes Recovery and Toxics Removal Household hazardous waste {HHW) can be defined as any discarded household material that may pose a substantial threat or potential hazard to human health or the environment when handled improperly. These wastes can be solids, liquids, or containerized gases. Household hazardous wastes can be categorized into five principal groups: cleaning products, automobile products, home maintenance products, personal care products, and yard and garden maintenance products. The most common household hazardous wastes include paint and paint thinners, batteries, wood preservatives, solvents, degreasers, cleaning agents, oils and antifreeze, drain cleaners, polishes (wood, shoe, fingernail), pesticides, herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers, and aerosol cans. Although household hazardous wastes represent only a small percentage of the total waste stream, it is possible that the extent to which they contribute to the contamination of landfill leachate, 1393s/I 1027 CRA 5-4 incinerator emissions, compost products and recyclable materials may substantially exceed their volumetric proportion of the waste stream. In addition to the potential environmental hazards caused by improper disposal, household hazardous wastes can jeopardize the safety of waste collectors, processing and disposal facility operators and can cause damage to collection and processing equipment. On an individual level, the most effective way to reduce the amount of household hazardous wastes is to purchase less toxic products. Additionally, consumers should buy only what is needed and recycle whenever possible. However, collection and disposal alternatives must be available for those unusable, banned or unrecyclable materials. The available methods for recovering household hazardous wastes are: o Regularly scheduled collection events; o Permanent collection/storage facilities; and o On-call collections. The establishment of a permanent collection and storage facility can provide a convenient means for residents to participate in the recovery of household hazardous waste materials on a long-term basis. It has been demonstrated that the establishment of permanent drop-off facilities has a substantial impact upon toxics removal. In t989, Southold recovered a total of 44 barrels of HHW. In 1990, 1991, and 1992 with the full operation of a permanent drop-off facility, 100, 182, 145 barrels of HHW, respectively were recovered. In addition to providing the convenience necessary to enhance participation, it is essential to the success of the HHW collection program that public education programs be implemented. While publicity and education is important in any recycling program, it is particularly critical in HHW collection programs because of the large number of materials that are both acceptable and nonacceptable . Another collection method is curbside pickup. Although, curbside collection of paper, glass and metals has proven successful, it is not encouraged for household hazardous wastes aside from household batteries because of potential safety hazards caused by the handling and storage of mixed hazardous materials. However, collection could be a viable alternative if a separate collection 1027 CRA 5-5 service was provided strictly for the recovery of household hazardous wastes. Preferably, collections would be organized on an as needed basis and materials hand received from the resident at the door. Service would be provided to residents calling in for pick up. This approach would allow for the proper handling and packaging of HHW by trained personnel and on less time restricted collection schedules. Although on-call collection of HH~4 appears to be the most effective method for recovering the maximu~ q%/antity of HHW available, there are several implementation issues that must first be overcome. HHW, in many cases, are exe/r~t from Hazardous Waste Regulations. However, in order to collect hazardous materials from individual households and transport them to a permanent facility, the collector must obtain a hazardous waste transporter license under New York State Part 364 Permit Regulations. In addition, the NYSDEC has unofficially taken the position of not supporting household collection of HHW and might not approve facility or transporter license permit applications. The concern of NYSDEC relates to the health and safety hazards from the lack of control over material segregations such as incompatible materials being commingled, HH~4 set out at the curb, accidents during transportation and the handling of unknown materials. However, these issues should also be concerns of permanent facilities and scheduled collection events. Inherent in the recovery of HHW is the issue of liability. Besides the previously mentioned obstacles to household collection service, sponsors of any recovery program are faced with Joint and Severability Liability under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) which holds the generator responsible for the cleanup of any site contaminated by the disposal of waste from that generator. These issues must be addressed prior to the implementation of any program. Finally, HHW must be carefully packaged to prevent leakage or migration of hazardous materials into the environment. Annually, nearly 2,000 pounds per day of packing materials could be required to safely transport the HHW anticipated to be recovered in the Town of Southold. HHW generally represents one-third of the barrel weight while the remaining two-thirds are estimated to be packaging materials. Packing materials are generally those which have a high absorbency rate such as vermiculite (a hydrous silicate often used in the horticultural industry to increase soil absorption rates), sawdust and fibrous materials. 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-6 This 2,000 pounds per day demand would present an opportunity to create new markets for other materials that are targeted for recovery in the Town. For example, wood chips and sawdust from a wood waste processing facility could be utilized in HHWpackaging and potentially shredded newsprint or other lower grade papers. BATTERIES While many types exist, batteries can be categorized into two general groups: automotive and household. The environmental threat, particularly of metals contnmination {see Table 4.1-2), posed by the disposal of all types of batteries has become a growing public concern. To avoid potential environmental threats, such as incinerator emissions, contaminated compost, or leachate from landfills, many communities are initiating the collection and recovery of batteries. A. AUTOMOTIVE BATTERIES Automotive batteries typically contain a sulfuric acid compound encased in lead plating, and must be carefully handled in a manner different from other types of batteries. Lead acid batteries are most commonly used in cars, trucks and golf carts. From January 1, 1989 to June 1990, the Town recovered approximately 29 tons of automotive batteries. This represents approximately 1600 batteries assuming each battery weighs 36 pounds. Although lead acid batteries are not regulated as hazardous waste, they are subject to solid waste regulations. The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed New Source Performance Standards which would require all batteries (both automotive and household) to be removed from the solid waste stream prior to waste incineration. With this and other legislation pending at the federal and state levels, it is desirable to establish battery collection and recycling programs in anticipation of source separation mandates. There are three primary objectives which must be met for the collection and storage of lead acid batteries, including the control of leakage, the avoidance of exposure to weather and the prevention of permanent electrical discharge. Careful precautions must be taken in the collection, transportation and storage of lead acid batteries to prevent the breakage, leakage or explosion of batteries. 1027 CRA 5-7 There are several ways to recover batteries and prevent long-term storage and improper disposal. The primary mechanism for removing auto batteries from the waste stream in New York is proposed through legislation making it possible for consumers to return spent batteries to the retailer where a new battery will be purchased. The legislation which was recently passed by the New York State Legislature requires retailers selling auto batteries to accept at no charge up to three (3) batteries per person per day. The legislation also calls for an additional $5.00 charge if the old battery is not turned in at the time of the new purchase. Provisions for a refund of the penalty fee is proposed if a battery is returned within 30 days. Additionally, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed through its New Source Performance Standards, a ban of automotive batteries at all solid waste incinerators. Although legislation was adopted in New York to encourage removing lead acid batteries from the municipal solid waste stream, source separation progranls for batteries must be established. Two primary alternatives include both drop-off and curbside approaches. The more common approach is to require waste generators to deliver spent batteries to a recycling drop-off center along with other recyclable materials or to the household hazardous waste collection depot. This is the current collection method occurring in the Towuu of Southold. Batteries can be delivered to the collection center where they are stored for market. Although drop-off recovery of spent batteries is more common, curbside collection is offered in some communities. This practice is not recommended because of potential safety hazards that may result from handling and transporting loose used batteries. However, with proper equipment and personnel trained in proper handling procedures, lead acid batteries can be effectively recovered through an on-call curbside collection program. B. HOUSEHOLD BATTERIES Household batteries are primarily available in seven different types which can be categorized into two distinct groups: primary and secondary. A primary battery is one that is not designed to be recharged, but rather disposed once its power is depleted. Secondary batteries are those which are rechargeable. Out of the seven most cormmon 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-8 household batteries, only nickel-cadmium batteries are rechargeable. Table 4.1-2 in Section 4.1 provides a summary of the most common types of household batteries, their use, and their scrap value. The most common batteries sold and recovered are carbon zinc batteries. It is estimated that every person in the United States purchases eight carbon zinc and alkaline batteries per year to keep electronic devices operating. According to studies performed at the University of Arizona, household batteries represent approximately 1.5% of the total household hazardous waste strea/~. Although mercury use in household batteries has declined substantially (nearly 80%) between 1983 and 1989, as the industry has been phasing in substitutes for the mercury coating on zinc electrodes, there is still a need to recover these items from the solid waste stream. According to the Federal Office of Technology Assessment, household batteries continue to be one of the most common contributors of mercury in solid waste, despite the mercury reduction. Mercuric oxide and silver oxide button cell batteries can be processed for mercury recovery. The silver oxide cells can be further processed for separation and recovery of silver. Both the recovered mercury and silver can be purified and returned to normal channels of commerce. The carbon zinc and alkaline cells contain smaller amounts of mercury. These batteries can also be processed for mercury recovery. However, the process is expensive and difficult. Similar to carbon zinc and alkaline batteries, lithium cells are not typically processed for metal recovery. Several battery manufacturers, including Eveready, Inc. and VARTA (of Gerrmany), are producing batteries with a mercury content of less than .05%. The mercury in the battery which causes the electrical discharge is being replaced with other elements less toxic that will create the same reaction. However, it has been represented by battery producers that reduced mercury levels reduces the life span of the battery. One new low mercury battery currently being introduced into the United States market is a "zinc/air" battery which becomes active upon the exposure to oxygen. Once activated, the battery runs continuously until the battery's energy is depleted. However, recovery of these new batteries and their potential for reuse is currently unknown. 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-9 Each type of battery, because of its specific chemical composition, must be handled differently. However, collection programs can be organized to collect mixed household batteries that can later be sorted at processing facilities. The recovery of household batteries can be effectively accomplished through either of two methods: drop-off or curbside. Currently, the most common collection alternative is retail battery drop-off centers. Drop-off can occur at retail establishments or incorporated as part of existing recyclable drop-off centers. Although curbside collection of batteries is not commonly practiced, results from a pilot program conducted in Hennipen County, Minnesota demonstrate that a sixfold increase in recovery rates can be achieved through such a program. In Hennipen County, bags of mixed household batteries are set out with other recyclable materials at the curb. The bags are then hand picked enroute from the set out container and stored in a designated compartment on the collection vehicle. Although the bags are being manually emptied in Hennipen County, it is possible for them to be mechanically removed through magnetic separation with ferrous containers in material processing facilities. This could result, since the majority of recovered batteries are cased in ferrous metal. Following this initial separation step, the bags could be hand picked from the ferrous cans, opened and emptied into final storage containers. Alternatively, a reusable rigid container could be provided to each household for commingled battery collection. Containers, under one gallon in size, could be emptied, just like those used for cor~ningled glass and metal, into a designated compartment on the collection vehicle. The cost effectiveness and processing efficiency of these options must be carefully evaluated. Another mechanism proposed to remove batteries from the waste stream is through financial incentives. Legislation is pending in New York State that would place a $0.25 deposit on all alkaline batteries, i.e., flashlight, radio and toy and a $0.10 deposit on mercury and silver button cell batteries, i.e., hearing aid, camera and watch. These deposits would be returned upon proper disposal at one of the established drop-off sites. In order to be effective, waste reduction efforts are intended to address large geographic areas or communities where it is more cost effective for the supplier or industry to comply with the legislation. While local efforts can 1027 CRA 5-10 address smaller private enterprises, larger regional or national businesses may not respond to local concerns; therefore, waste reduction efforts can be more effective when addressed by State(s) or Federal legislation opposed to local concerns. It is clear that legislation will be passed at the federal, State or local levels to deal with increased waste reduction efforts in the future. Depending upon the extent of these efforts, it is reasonable to assume that a 10% waste reduction effort is possible. 5.3 Recyclable Material Collection Alternatives In developing a recycling plan it is necessary to evaluate the technical alternatives for collecting, processing, and marketing recyclable materials to be recovered by the Town. The preferred technical approaches can then be considered for implementation based upon a set of policy decisions that establish the framework to support the program. The system design alternatives, discussed in this Section, have been identified based on their ability to reduce the Town's overall waste stre8~ by at least 40% which is the goal set by New York State to be achieved by 1997. To achieve the State's goal of 40% recycling by 1997, the Town must recover recyclable materials from the residential, commercial and institutional sectors of the com~nunity. The collection, processing and marketing system options will be designed to accor~nodate the recycling of paper, plastic, food waste, textiles, metals, glass, wood, rubble, batteries, rubber, household hazardous waste, and yard waste from the overall waste stream. The most effective way to reduce the volume of the waste stream is to recover the greatest number of materials practicable, items which consume large volumes of space when disposed and obtain participation from all public and private sectors of the community. The most effective way of achieving high recovery levels is to maximize participation in the program. This is being accomplished by the economic incentive of the Town's "yellow bag" program. 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-11 Collection, processing and marketing of materials is a highly systematic process. The following factors must be considered in desiGninG a successful collection system: the materials identified for recovery; the sources of materials; delivery specifications of material recovery facilities and markets; choice of collection agent; equipment choices; and collection frequency. Materials Identified for Recovery Recyclable materials such as bottles, cans and paper products from residential sources may require the development of specialized collection routes. Materials that are generated in a more homogeneous form, such as construction/demolition debris, commercial compostables and yard waste may only require redirection of collection vehicles to specialized recovery facilities. Sources of Materials Commercial and industrial sources of waste usually contain high quantities of paper waste and other materials such as metals, plastics and food wastes. Waste Generated by these sources are more readily recovered than the more heterogeneous materials of the residential sector. 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-12 Delivery Specifications The design of a collection progra/n is highly dependent on the provisions made for the delivery of materials. For example, if a market is able to accept commingled container materials then materials may be collected in mixed form. On the other hand, if materials must be delivered separately, then they must either be collected separately or sorted enroute. Choice of Collection Aaent There are several options for the collection of recyclables which include: collection by the Town (municipal collection), municipally contracted collection, franchise or district collection, private subscription service and/or residential drop-off. The choice of equipment is highly dependent upon delivery requirements. The primary options available are: single compartment compacting vehicles, single compartment compacting vehicles with multicompartment trailers, and multicompartment compacting vehicles. At drop-off areas, roll-offs, trailers, and specialized collection bins can be used. Collection Frequency The frequency of collection will be highly dependent upon the types of vehicles utilized, delivery requirements and the number of materials targeted for recycling. For example, if multicompartment units are chosen for collection of separated materials, collection could occur weekly utilizing a single collection route. If noncompartmentalized vehicles are used to collect separated materials, only one material could be collected per route. For multiple materials, trucks would need to run multiple routes or collect a different material each collection period. Therefore, for the recovery of multiple materials, a more frequent schedule would be required. The purpose of a collection system is the accumulation of designated materials from a nu/nber of sources for delivery to Southold's already established 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-13 storage and collection center or a final user. The collection system, in order to be effective, must incorporate into its design functions services which will ensure maximum participation by waste generators and conformance to the quality and delivery requirements of the collection center or final markets. ~esidential Recvclable Material Collection In order to identify the preferred curbside collection strategy for the Town, it is necessary to discuss some of the most feasible system options. The primary difference between these options are the level of separation required by the resident, collection agent or receiving facilities. Although curbside collections are necessary for maximizing household participation and material recovery rates and a voluntary curbside progrem has been initiated by two carters, recycling drop-off centers could significantly increase and maintain the effectiveness of the materials recovery programs, especially in Southold, where approximately 40% of the population delivers trash to a drop-off area. The following discussion will include an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each option for curbside collection. Drop-off facility options will not be focused upon since the Town already operates a drop-off collection center which is centrally located and easily accessible by most residents. The area has been designed to receive materials that have been collected curbside and is therefore valued as an integral part of the curbside collection program. In addition, the collection alternatives must take into consideration the material quality and delivery specifications of the drop-off center. Option A: Complete Separation by Participants With Materials Collected by Multi-Compartment Vehicle Under this collection scenario, residents are asked to store the following materials in separate containers; newspaper, glass by color, tin and aluminum cans and plastic containers. This approach currently exists in the Town with residents providing the set-out containers. These containers for storage could either be provided by the resident, hauler or public entity (Town). This strategy entails sorting in the household of six or more categories of recyclables in addition to nonrecyclable mixed wastes. 1393s/i 1027 CRA 5-14 The major advantage of this collection scenario is that residents assume the responsibility for all necessary material separations. This reduces the burden on receiving facilities. Further, if materials are delivered to collection points in a fully separated state, they could be shipped directly to market with minimal processing. The bi-level and drop-off areas at the landfill currently are designed to receive source separated recyclables. The materials are not processed or upgraded prior to marketing. A potential disadvantage of this scenario is that increased separation requirements might decrease participation rates which reduce recovery rates. It has been assumed that this approach would result in low collection efficiency. Option B: Cor~ningled Set Out by Participants and Enroute Sorting by Collection Agents with a Multi-Compartment Vehicle Under this scenario, residents separate container materials (glass, ferrous cans, aluminum cans, or plastics) from paper. The mixed bottles and cans are placed roadside (or curbside) in a container and newspapers are bundled and placed next to or on top of the set out container. The collection agent loads the newspaper into one compartment of a vehicle. The mixed containers are then sorted by the collection crew and the materials are loaded into separate compartments. The cost of these collection systems is correlated to the effort that must be made by collectors. [393s/1 [027 CRA 5-15 AdvantaGes The primary advantage to this collection approach is that it will decrease the separation burden on the resident, producing increased participation rates. In addition, this approach reduces the need for processing. The primary disadvantage of this approach is the limitation it places on the number of materials that can be recovered. The second disadvantage is the possible decreased efficiency of the collection crew. It is estimated that this collection strategy requires approximately 15 to 20 seconds per stop depending on materials which must be compared with the time required to collect materials under other scenarios and the investment necessary to sort materials at one or more regional facilities. In addition, the more materials targeted for collection, the more compartments that will be needed per truck. This increases the possibility that one compartment will fill faster than others, increasing the amount of time collection agents must spend unloading off-route. This approach is also difficult to incorporate into multi-family collections. The final disadvantage to this approach is that it requires the use of specialized collection vehicles; however, two specialized vehicles have been developed by two of the haulers for use in the existing curbside program. OPtion C: Separation of Recyclables Into Two Streams by Participants With Further Sorting at Receiving Points Using a Multi-Compartment Vehicle Under this scenario, residents would be asked to sort materials into the same two streams as in Option B (mixed containers and mixed paper). The collection crew would load the two streams into a two compartment vehicle which would be delivered to a sorting facility. In this case, residents could use set-out containers or bags to store and set out the recyclables. The containers could be boxes, buckets or cans ranging in size from 10 to 90 gallons. In some programs, covers are utilized to protect the recyclables from degradation by rain or sunlight or vandalism. In addition to reusable, rigid containers, paper or plastic bags may be utilized. Recently, companies 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-16 such as Exxon and First Brands have begun to manufacture plastic bags specifically for recycling (i.e., handles for easy storage). First Brand is also designing a debagging machine that would enable efficient emptying of the bags at a central processing facility. Advantages From a participation and collection perspective, this approach has many advantages. It is more likely that participation rates and collection efficiency will be maximized under this system since residents would be asked to sort recyclables into only two categories. In addition, collection crews would not be required to sort on route which would reduce the collection time per stop to approximately 6 seconds. The utilization of a two compartment vehicle would also make incorporation of the maximum range of materials more feasible. Most collection prograuns have demonstrated that the paper bin on a vehicle fills much more rapidly than the separated container bins (with the clear glass or plastic bins filling more rapidly than the other containers}. Therefore, by loading the newspaper separately from the mixed containers the fill rates can be equalized, thus minimizing off-route time. Disadvantages The primary disadvantage of this collection system is that a facility or facilities for the separation of materials will need to be developed. During the early phases of a program, the volumes collected through curbside collection may not justify extensive capital investment in facilities. Further, the design, development and siting of such facilities is a time consuming process and could delay the expedient implementation of a recycling program. Com~euc%al. Industrial and Institutional Collection The incorporation of collection into institutional and commercial establishments and the manufacturing sector requires a separate strategy from low density residential areas. The customers are often served by an entirely different collection system utilizing large detachable roll-offs or bins that are collected by specialized vehicles. These methods are more closely related to collection in multiple family dwelling units. 1027 CRA 5-17 It is also true with commercial, institutional and industrial collections that recycling and solid waste collection should run as parallel as possible. Therefore, the collection system should utilize similar equipment and strategies as the existing waste management system. Some generic issues that should be addressed in commercial, industrial and institutional collection programs are: Substantial amounts of corrugated material are generated by institutional, con~nercial, and industrial sources that this material is often recovered by the industry or waste hauler. To capture the remaining volume from small quantity generators, dedicated corrugated collection routes can be established or they could be encouraged to separate, flatten and bundle corrugated for delivery to the collection center; Mixed papers could be sorted and/or densified through compaction or baling by large generators and delivered directly to processors for further processing and marketing and provide recycling documentation to the Town; Office paper collection programs could be established to recover co~uter printout, white and color ledgers and mixed file stock from all commercial, institutional, and industrial establishments. o Sorted plastics, glass and metal containers could be source separated by large and smaller generators and collected on a separate route for delivery to the collection center; Leases must incorporate future costs of recycling, especially if mandatory ordinances are pending; o Separation requirements should be incorporated in leases; o Tenants should be educated on how to participate; o Ail waste receptacles should be labeled with recycling reminders; and o Ail recycling containers should be clearly labeled. The following technical options discuss the collection design options for achieving the separation and recovery objectives of the Town. OPtion A: Delivery of Separated Materials to Drop-Off Stations This strategy would require the recyclable materials which are frequently generated by commercial and institutional sources such as corrugated containers, 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-18 high grade paper and glass and other recyclables to be delivered to the Town's collection center located at the landfill. Additional centers could be developed to maximize delivery convenience by locating these centers in commercial and industrial strips. They would consist of compacting or noncompacting roll-off or small dumpster units depending on the available space and the type of material collected. Advantaaes The primary advantage to this approach is the accessibility to disposal alternatives for businesses, helping them reduce collection costs. Disadvantaaes Under this system, businesses would be required to deliver (or arrange) the delivery of their materials to the collection center. Lacking other incentives, such as mandatory ordinances, this delivery requirement might lower participation rates. OPtion B: Collection of Materials The Town could encourage the private sector to provide separate collection of source separated materials for items such as corrugated, high grade papers or glass containers generated from their commercial accounts or execute a contract for this service. The establishment of a separate collection route would be preferable for the recovery of commercially generated corrugated paperboard. Advantages The primary advantage to this approach is that it would encourage maximum participation rates. Cost is the primary disadvantage. This option may be less feasible for low value or low density materials. However, revenues for certain commodities such as high grades and glass are relatively stable and would help offset collection costs (Section 4.1). I027 CRA 5-19 5.4 Recyclable Material Proceeeing Strategies The successful development of a recycling program for the Town of Southold will require a system capable of providing for the collection, transportation, processing and marketing of recovered materials. However, the collection, transportation and processing system is highly contingent upon the ability to move the recovered materials back into the economic mainstream in the form of raw materials. To this end, the Town has two options for preparing materials for market. o Segregated; and o Cormningled. Commingled materials refer to the mixture of containers which might include glass, aluminum, steel, bimetal and/or plastic containers. Paper grades are kept separate. Segregated materials refers to each recyclable item on an individual basis. Given the current market conditions as described in Section 4.1 and the material marketing preparation and delivery requirements (Section 4.3), the following options are available for consideration: o Direct marketing of segregated materials; o Export commingled materials to a private materials recycling facility (MRF); o Develop a MRF for the Town; o Participate in an existing MRF with another Town; and o Participate in regional cooperative marketing arrangements. The advantages and disadvantages of each alternative are discussed below. Secreaated Materials The Town is currently marketing materials in a segregated form to various local waste haulers and scrap processors or brokers. Besides the presence of markets to purchase recyclable items, another advantage of recovering segregated material is the avoidance of processing costs. This, however, demands high 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-20 quality control on the Dart of the agency responsible for marketing hauler, municipality). The responsibility is passed on to the residents in that materials are asked to be set out in a source separated form or haulers which must sort materials enroute. This added burden to the resident often reduces public participation and subsequently recovery rates. Exportation of ComminGled Materials Over the past several years, the consuming industries in the metropolitan area, for the most part, have developed the capacity to process commingled materials. Although some private capacity utilizes low technology methods which are often labor intensive and charge high fees for the service, the capability to accommodate con~ningled recyclables does exist. Municipal efforts also have led to increased processing capacity. Facilities on Long Island include the operation, by OM/~I Inc., of a merchant MRF in Westbury and the development of state-of-the-art MRFs in Brookhaven, Islip and Babylon. One example is the 80 ton per day MRF designed and operated by OMNI Inc., as a joint venture with Westbury Paper Stock Corp. This facility is currently processing commingled containers from the Town of Hempstead and potentially from New York City. Paper is handled under a separate contract with Westbury Paper Stock Corp. The Islip ~RF has been designed by OMNI Recycling, Inc. and processes 1,500 tons per week per shift of commingled paper, glass, metals and plastic containers. This facility has been sized in anticipation of receiving commingled recyclable materials from all ten communities in Suffolk County, including Southold. Although, Islip is located approximately 50 miles from Southold, the option to deliver materials to this facility from Southold is available. This facility is designed with a larger operating capacity than OMNI's existing facility in Westbury, in order to accor~odate other Long Island communities. Other potential marketing opportunities include utilizing the MRFs operating in Brookhaven or Babylon. Brookhaven will consider processing and marketing materials recovered from Southold at the 300 ton per day per shift facility. i393s/1 1027 CRA 5-21 Regionalization of resources would be the preferred approach for handling recyclable materials recovered from the East End of Long Island. The economic advantages are increased by processing and marketing materials at an existing facility. Also the economies of scale created by regionalization reduce overall capital and operating costs for all participating come, unities. For Southold to achieve high levels of material recovery from residential, cor~aercial, institutional and industrial waste generators, processing capability to upgrade materials will likely be necessary. This option is not considered an interim or mid-term solution, but should be considered over the long-term. Although, it is more economically efficient to regionalize the processing and marketing efforts for recyclable materials in a town the size of Southold, there are several potential advantages to a local MRF. First, the MRF could take advantage of low-technology processing methods for separating relatively small quantities of material. This would reduce the overall capital and operating maintenance costs of the system. The system would utilize simple sorting and compacting techniques. In addition, local citizens could be employed at the facility. Second, the schedule for developing (permitting) and implementing (construction) could be minimized for a small scale facility. Finally, Southold would benefit from reduced transportation costs for co~ingled material, if a MRF was located within its borders. Another possibility for the Town is the development of a recycling transfer station. This type of facility would allow collection and drop-off of commingled recyclable materials that are then segregated according to the requirements of the out-of-town MRF that would be accepting the Town's recyclables. This system would be adaptable to changing markets, market conditions, be lower in capital cost and allow for an inspection program to upgrade the materials shipped to an out-of-town MRF. Further, this facility would provide for the minimization of contaminants and act as a check point on deliveries before being shipped. Some form of intermediate processing or sorting may be necessary, over both the short and long-term, to meet the requirements of processors and markets. This might include material densification such as baling or compaction of newsprint, corrugated paperboard and/or plastic containers. It is possible that one baler could be utilized to densify those three materials. East End Marketina Proaram 1393S/1 1027 CRA 5-22 The opportunity exists for the East End Recycling Association to provide the processing and marketing services needed for the region by entering into marketing contracts on behalf of all five member municipalities. These market contracts might include facility procurement or attracting marketing and collection services from firms in or out of the Town of Southold. The East End Recycling Association might consider the four Long Island Town marketing cooperative as a guide or a partner. ReGionalized Cooperative Marketing Suffolk County has been studying the feasibility of coordinating cooperative marketing programs for its municipalities. Under these marketing arrangements, an individual municipality gains market strength that it would not normally have alone. This is due to the total increase in material volume through collective marketing. The most successful demonstration of cooperative marketing for recycling is the New Hampshire Resource Recovery Association program which operates on a statewide basis. Also, proposed is a cooperative marketing service for all Long Island communities. Suffolk County and NYSDEC are assisting the ten Suffolk County Tow-ns to expand and coordinate marketing opportunities. One idea being investigated is a marketing cooperative for Nassau and Suffolk Towns, which has initially resulted in the four Long Island Town marketing cooperative. Processing Recommendations The guiding premise is the availability of markets for materials. Materials will continue to be collected and marketed in segregated form as long as market conditions uphold the demand for recyclables on a local level. Therefore, the processing and marketing actions in the interim and mid-terms will be oriented toward materials requiring little or no processing, such as sorting or densification, prior to shipment to users. The processing and marketing scope would be reevaluated during the long-term phase to be certain that maximum participation is being achieved for all the designated recyclable materials for which "economic markets" exist. In order to maximize materials recovery, additional recyclables will be recovered (i.e., aluminum foil, other rigid and flexible plastics, other paperboard and other low-grade paper) which might 1393s/i 1027 CRA 5-23 necessitate the development of processing capability. The long-term objective of the Town's marketing plan will be the identification and development of sustainable marketing solutions for all recyclable materials found in the municipal waste stream. These marketing solutions will dictate the processing needs. 5.5 Compostable Material Collection Options Of the Town's total waste stream, nearly 15% is identified as yard wastes. Although yard wastes are most commonly composted, other organics, such as agricultural and food wastes and low-grade paper (excluding newspapers, magazines) can also be composted. These materials represent over 12% of the total waste stream. Therefore, approximately 27% of the Town's total waste stream can be composted (excluding sludge). To effectively recover leaves and brush for composting, a system for collecting, processing and marketing must be developed. Leaves were composted at an operation sized for less than 3,000 cubic yards at a site near the collection center. Currently, this facility is being expanded to compost over 9,000 tons of leaves and brush annually. However, this reflects only approximately half of the total compostable waste stream. The composting collection, processing and marketing needs can be assessed based upon the marketing opportunities in the region (Section 4.1), and the preferred collection and recovery system. Therefore, this Section will discuss the technically feasible options for collecting yard wastes, as well as food and agricultural wastes and low grade papers. Leaf Collection Although a significant portion of leaf waste generated in Southold is not disposed at the Town landfill, it is still necessary to develop collection systems. Many residents utilize leaves and yard waste on-site. Leaf collection places the heaviest demand in terms of volume upon collection methods. The following discussion compares the alternatives and equipment selection options in tei~as of their effectiveness for collecting leaf waste. When utilizing a mechanical claw/loader and receiving truck, or a leaf vacuum, leaves are normally swept by residents onto the streets. The loader scoops or grabs the leaves and deposits them into a receiving truck while the vacuum inhales the leaves into the truck. Both of these methods require the 1393S/1 1027 CRA 5-24 least amount of resident participation and do not require the use of bags or containers. The leaves should be collected dry. These forms of collection are moderately efficient, however, both require a moderate degree of labor input and a high capital cost for equipment, although the Town may currently have loaders for other purposes. Leaves must remain in the street until pickup. This results in the potential for clogged runoff drains and possible hazardous road and street conditions from wet and slick leaves. Winds may also disperse leaves on roadsides, causing a general nuisance. With a six person crew collecting, an average of 15 tons of leaves can be collected per day. A packer truck can also be used to collect leaves. In this approach, bags of leaves are placed curbside by residents and a two person crew loads the bags into a waste compactor truck which, in turn, compacts the load as it progresses on its collection route. This method of collection requires a moderate amount of residential input involving the bagging of leaves. This is a very efficient means of collection requiring a minimal amount of labor input. An average of 20 tons of leaves could be collected per day by a two person crew. Capital costs are moderate and may even be low since the equipment required is the same as that used for collection of municipal residential waste. Curbside bagged pickup by packer truck is not dependent on the weather, since the leaves are bagged and can be loaded easily into the trucks, reducing nuisance and hazard problems normally associated with loose leaves. If plastic bags are utilized, the leaves must either be debagged during collection or at the compost site. However, bags are required for collection purposes and their accumulation must be managed. Curbside collection of leaves should take place at least twice per month during the Fall to avoid burdensome accumulation of leaves at roadside. Plastic bags can create a residue problem since they do not decompose. An alternative to durable plastic bags is the utilization of degradable plastic bags. They are inexpensive and are available at the retail level. Should a municipality decide to distribute bags for yard waste to residents, the cost involved would not be excessive. However, biodegradable plastic bags are not 100% decomposable. Some residue will result at the compost site. When shredding the leaves at the compost site, the shredder must be run at slower speeds to accommodate the biodegradable bags to prevent jamming. 1027 CRA 5-25 Compostable kraft paper bags can also be used in such a program. These bags will hold more material than the plastic bag and stand upright when being filled. Compostable bags are easier to handle at curbside and do not have the tendency to break open as some plastic bags may. Additionally, compostable kraft paper bags will shred easily with the leaves as they are composed of wood pulp fibers. Thus the result is complete decomposition leaving no residue. Kraft paper bags are more expensive ($.05 versus $.30 per bag for plastic and paper respectively, when purchased in bulk quantities) and not as widely distributed. In many cases, distribution of bags for leaf recovery is sponsored by a municipality. The Town could either sell the bags out of Town Hall or through designated retail outlets. For example, the Town of Brookhaven has occasionally distributed bags to residents who come to pick them up. Also, the Town of Huntington guarantees the collection of leaf waste if it is set out in town provided bags. Finally, residents are encouraged to deliver yard waste to the collection center. Residential and commercial deliveries can be accommodated. Drop-off alone, however, is not expected to achieve high recovery results. 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-26 Brush Collection Residents can place brush curbside in a loose row fashion with pieces consisting of certain maximum lengths. Collection crews with mechanical claws, packer trucks or dump trucks can load brush into trucks for removal. This method requires the least effort of residents since they place brush loose at the curb. A moderate amount of labor is required for pickup as well as the need for specialized equipment. Residents can also place brush curbside in bound bundles of certain maximum lengths. Collection crews can load materials into trucks for removal. This requires a low degree of labor since the crew consists of two person and one packer truck. Pickup is relatively easy with the handling of bound bundles. Paper is another compostable fraction of the waste stream. The decision to compost or recycle paper should be driven by market availability. Given the volatility of markets for low grade paper, it is advisable to investigate composting as a strategy for managing the material. However, consideration of composting must be conditioned upon a clarification of the SCDOH policy which would allow use of compost on land within the deep recharge area. The options for collecting source separated paper from residential sources are through curbside or drop-off. Curbside programs are often oriented towards the set out of mixed paper products. These materials can be collected by compartmentalized recycling vehicles or other single compartment trucks and delivered to material recovery facilities, which are designed to separate recyclables into marketable fractions. Low grade paper collected through this approach could be separated from higher grades and be delivered to a composting facility for further processing. The advantage of this approach is that special collection of low grade paper would not need to be arranged. Food and AGricultural Waste Another compostable fraction of the waste stream is food and agricultural processing waste. These materials constitute a substantial portion of the waste stream and are highly putrescible. The major difficulty in collecting food waste from residences in a source separated fashion is the odor that results from its ~393s/1 2027 C~A 5-27 storage in the household. Some programs in Europe and Canada provide containers designed to prevent this problem which are collected on a regularly scheduled basis. The other option for recovering residentially generated food waste is by collecting it with mixed solid waste. However, under this scenario, the material must be delivered, along with a heterogeneous mix of materials, to more elaborate composting facilities which are more costly to operate. In addition to generating large quantities of paper, certain nonresidential sources, such as; restaurants, supermarkets, convenience stores, hospitals, nursing homes, cafeterias and retail establishments dispose of large quantities of food wastes. These materials are often mixed with low grade paper products. The solid waste collected from these generators would make an appropriate feedstock for a composting facility designed to handle semi-source separated organic wastes. In some situations, collection of these materials would not require the establishment of special collection routes. However, it may be necessary to reroute vehicles to collect materials from establishments that generate highly organic loads. The system would need to be designed to direct materials from the appropriate establishments to the composting facility. 5.6 Compostable Material Processing As previously discussed in Section 3.2, the Town operates an exempt (less than 3000 cubic yard) yard waste composting facility at a designated site at the landfill. This facility is expected to be expanded to accommodate all of the yard waste generated in the Town. This facility currently accepts deliveries from residential and commercial sources. The materials to be targeted for processing from residential, commercial and institutional sources are yard wastes including leaves, grass and brush. A portion of the leaves that are generated in Southold are currently being managed at the Town yard waste compost facility at the landfill. The remainder, currently remaining on-site or disposed with household trash, could either be handled through the development of increased leaf processing capacity, encouraging agricultural or horticultural operations to develop processing capability or by directing the materials to an organics processing facility. Grass generated by residential sources is difficult to incorporate into leaf 1393S/1 1027 CRA 5-28 processing systems. The natural respiration process depletes the available oxygen before aerobic decomposition can begin. Therefore, grass may begin to produce odors due to anaerobic conditions before they are delivered to the compost site. However, grass clippings are also high in nitrogen and moisture, which speeds up the rate of decomposition~ Mixing them uniformly with organic material low in nitrogen and high in carbon (such as paper) will slow the rate of decomposition and speed the process of other materials. Prunings from trees and shrubs are generated throughout the year. However, generation peaks in the Spring. These materials can either be managed through composting, or through wood recovery facilities. The existing chipping operation should be expanded to accommodate increased quantities. Residentially, commercially and institutionally generated newsprint and other iow grade papers could also be managed through composting. Source separated paper could be directly delivered to a composting facility or be separated from higher grades at a materials recovery facility. Paper products would require shredding or some other form of size reduction prior to their incorporation into a composting system. Listed below are specialized systems and equipment which would be necessary to compost organics, and papers. Many developed originally in conjunction with sludge composting which have since been modified for management of other wastes. o Windrow/static piles; o Drums; o Silos; o Digester bins; o Tunnels; o Multiple hearths; and o Troughs. Ail composting operations generally incorporate either windrows, aerated static piles or in-vessel technology. Windrows are the oldest method of 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-29 composting, well understood and are often used for managing leaves. Aerated static piles, long used for sewage sludge and similar to the windrow method {except for air being blown or drawn through the material) is also a well known technology. The third type of in-vessel composting started in Europe and Japan and has been developed for advanced organic composting of food wastes, sludges and mixed household refuse. To maximize recovery rates, materials delivered to the composting facility would include source separated grass, small brush, food waste, low grade paper and sludge (if metals and contamination levels are suitable) over the long range goals of the Plan. However, it is expected that composting efforts will gradually be expanded from source separated yard waste composting to demonstration low grade paper and sludge composting projects and potentially expanding operations to accor~modate food wastes. It is assumed that these source separated materials would be relatively free of noncompostable contaminants. Such materials would initially pass through a simple screening process where toxics and large uncompostables, which are unlikely due to source separation, would be removed. From there, they would be shredded to increase surface area for more uniform and rapid decomposition. This can be accomplished with harmmer mills, shear shredders, grinders, and rotating drums. The addition of water may also be necessary since 60% moisture is recommended to insure an adequate composting rate. It is assumed that a facility to handle all of the source separated organic materials, sited above, would be semi-enclosed with odor control. The likelihood of implementing advanced organic composting operations is questionable depending upon Suffolk County Department of Health Services policy regarding the application of the compost product. Advanced organic composting of source separated materials, including food wastes, would only be considered in future long range planning. Additional evaluation of advance composting and private sector municipal solid waste composting facilities is recommended to be performed throughout the long-term phase of the Town's program. Another material which can be incorporated into the composting programs can be dirt. According to the solid waste quantification and characterization analysis performed for the Town, (Appendix A, Table 1 of the DGEIS), nearly 17% of the total waste stream is categorized as dirt. This includes sand and sod and portions of landclearing debris. Since this material is delivered in relatively homogeneous loads, it can be redirected and reused as daily landfill cover or be 1393s/1 1027 CRA 5-30 processed to produce a high quality compost product or topsoil. Backvard ComDostin~ In Southold, a significant percentage of the leaf crop never arrives at the landfill for disposal. A majority of the leaves are unmanaged, turned into the ground or composted for agricultural uses on site. Therefore, a viable management approach is through backyard or on-site composting. The Town should encourage this strategy and make available the various low, medium and high technical approaches as follows. The least technical approach to backyard composting is soil incorporation. This includes incorporating the organic matter, i.e., leaves and/or food scraps directly into fields or gardens. This approach is preferable when space is limited and organic wastes is minimal. Another way of utilizing organic materials is through mulching. Leaves, grass clippings and brush can be spread beneath shrubs or on the garden around plants to contain weeds. Finally, for handling larger a~nounts of yard and food wastes, the development of turning and holding bins is preferred. Composting bins can be made of scrap lumber, wire and mesh or steel drums. The bins could range in diameter from 2 to 8 feet and must have adequate drainage. 5.7 Construction and Demolition Waste Processing Alternatives As previously identified in the market analysis of Section 4.1, C&D waste processors exist for segregated or mixed construction and demolition materials. Therefore, the collection of this material is anticipated to be delivered by the contractor, hauler or individual to the designated processing facility. This Section will focus on the available technologies for recovering marketable materials from mixed debris as well as processing systems for clean, sorted construction and demolition materials. Several factors should be considered prior to requiring separation, processing and marketing of any one of the three fractions (wood based materials, pavement and concrete and mixed waste) of the C&D waste stream. These elements include the evaluation of: 13938/1 1027 CRA 5-31 o Existing and proposed private sector processing operations; o Available and potential markets for processed materials; o Proven technologies available to separate and process C&D materials; and o Options for ownership and operation of the processing facilities. These alternatives are necessary to consider because the capital investment in processing equipment and land could be quite significant. Processing C&D involves numerous pieces of heavily constructed equipment. Three different processing concepts can be utilized for: o Land clearing, clean and used wood debris; o Aggregate based debris from roadway, and building demolition and construction projects; and o New construction waste, demolition debris and mixed waste from municipal bulky waste collection, small construction and demolition projects and the commercial and industrial sectors. The following processing systems generally apply to each waste stream fraction. Land Clearino. Clean and Used Wood Debris Processin~ In this process materials are delivered to the processing site in dumping vehicles. Land clearing debris, stumps and tree sections are piled separately prior to processing. Materials are fed by a hydraulic grapple or grapple bucket loader to either a high speed (800 - 1,200 rpm) or low speed (40 - 200 rpm) shredder which shreds and crushes materials into 18 inch minus material. Separation of humus is often accomplished prior to shredding by a vibrating grizzly screen. Secondary shredding by hal~ner mills and sizing by trommel or vibrating type screens is also used to classify end products by size for various markets. Rubble Processino In this process materials are delivered to the processing site in dumping vehicles. Asphalt paving debris is often dumped separately from concrete based debris. Oversized materials are broken up by a tractor-mounted impact breaker. Materials are loaded into a feed hopper where fine materials are separated 1393S/1 1027 CRA 5-32 by a vibrating grizzly screen prior to crushing. The primary crushing stage is accomplished with either a jaw or han~ner mill crusher to reduce materials to less than three inch size. A belt style ferrous material raagnet then removes n~aterial from the flow. Material is then conveyed to a multi-deck vibrating screen for sizing. Optionally, oversized materials remaining on the top screen are funneled to a secondary crushing and screening process for additional size reduction. Finally, sized materials are conveyed by radial stacking conveyors to stockpiles, · C W Several mixed C&D waste transfer stations and recovery facilities operate in eastern Long Island to separate materials and process them into products, including construction aggregates; mulch humus and wood chips and boiler fuel, Both North Fork Sanitation and Mattituck Sanitation have proposed mixed C&D recovery operations for the Town. In this process, material is consolidated into two stockpiles for separate processing due to new construction waste's higher corrugated material content, Separated materials are dtunped into an elevating feeder hopper. Materials are then conveyed over either a disc or bucket screen. Course materials greater than 12 inches are fed to a manual sorting belt where corrugated materials, oversized ferrous, nonferrous metals, and plastics are removed, Negative sort materials (materials not removed) are then size reduced by a hammer mill crusher. Crushed materials is then returned and blended with the previous fines passing the prin~ary screening process. Materials are then conveyed under a belt style magnet which extracts ferrous material from the flow. A rotating trommel screen operates to size materials. Materials less than 1-1/2 inches passing the screen are stockpiled for fill material or marketed as compost. Course materials retained are either conveyed to a classification cyclone or wash tank for separation into heavy and light material fractions. Heavy materials are marketed as fill or compost bulking agents. Light materials consisting of wood and plastics are used as mulch and humus. The most important processing procedure is reducing the volume of the raaterial and screening the product for the reduction of contamination and meeting market specifications. The following discussion of processing equipment will provide an overview of the requirements for any C&D system. Size Reduction Shredders 1027 CRA 5-33 Size reduction allows for better handling of processed bulky materials and a greater processing efficiency in subsequent processing steps. Primary and secondary size reduction of wood waste is accomplished by the use of shredders. Shredding reduces the particle size of the waste, and makes it more homogeneous. The waste is therefore easier to separate into its constituents for recycling and for use as a fuel in a combustion process. The basic shredder types usually found in a C&D processing facility are the horizontal or vertical hammermill, the tub grinder or the jaw and cone style aggregate crushers. Horizontal Hammer Mill The horizontal hammermill uses swing har~ners attached to a single horizontal shaft to reduce waste by several different actions. Material is fed into the unit from the top. Initially, the hammers strike the material, causing size reduction by impaction. Material is then carried with the hammer arm and sheared by rubbing against the hammermill casing. Shearing also occurs both at the adjustable breaker bar and the grate openings. Finally, extrusion of the waste through adjustable grate openings provides the desired sizing. Vertical Hammer Mill The rotating shaft is vertically oriented in this type of shredder. Material drops vertically through the unit and is made smaller in a way similar to the method used in a horizontal hammer mill. The cone shape housing provides decreasing clearance between the material and the impactors, resulting in decreasing size ranges as multiple impacts occur during the downward travel of the refuse and enabling a staged reduction and separation of material by size, if desired. Shearing action occurs in a vertical hax~nermill in the neck section, rather than on grate bars. Tub Grinders Size reduction of wood waste is accomplished by a horizontal haramer mill located at the base of a rotating circular feed hopper. Bulky waste fed by a hydraulic grapple or other loading equipment is directed, by action of the rotating tub to the hammer mill. 1393s/1 I027 CRA 5-34 Size reduction is governed by screens located at the base of the hammer mill housing. Materials are conveyed by belts or auger style conveyors to stockpile or to screens for sizing into marketable materials. Magnetic Separators Removal of ferrous materials from demolition wastes for resale is performed in the recovery process by magnetic separators. Segregation also reduces wear on downstream processing equipment. Belt type and "hockey stick" belt separators are the main equipment types used. They are highlighted below. ~91t Type Magnetic Separator This separator is usually positioned above the mixed material discharge belt. Magnetic attraction lifts and holds ferrous components onto a moving belt. The metal is conveyed beyond the magnetic field and released into a storage container. Nonmagnetic refuse falls from the discharge belt into a separate container or onto another conveyor belt for further processing. ~ockev Stick Belt Magnetic Separator This type of separator is a derivative of the belt type and was developed to eliminate entrapment of pieces of plastic and paper along with ferrous metal; a frequent occurrence with the belt type. The name of the design refers to the angle in the belt; similar to the angle of a hockey stick. It may be used for all construction and demolition wastes and any wastes with ferrous materials. Shaker. Grizzly and Trommel Screens For further refinement and sizing of concrete, asphalt, land clearing and buildings demolition wastes, a shaker or vibrating grizzly or trommel style screen may be placed in the processing scheme to facilitate desired particle size separation. The shaker or grizzly may be described as a vibrating screen or grate which may be placed at an angle between two infeed and outfeed conveyors. Materials are conveyed over the grid face where the smaller sized materials pass through the selected screen size. A tror~nel screen consists of a rotating screen drum which tumbles materials with internal lifting bars to increase rotation of bulky and cohesive materials. 1027 CRA 5-35 A~re~ate Crushers Size reduction of aggregate materials from construction and demolition activity is performed by jaw or cone style rock crushers. These heavily constructed units efficiently size reduce materials into marketable road sub base aggregates and decorative landscape materials. They are discussed below° The jaw crusher is usually positioned after a feeder and grizzly screen which feeds into the crusher opening, kn oscillating plate forces material against an opposing stationary force to size reduce the aggregate. These crushers are used to further crush materials produced by jaw crushers° Materials are top fed onto an oscillating cone shaped structure. As materials flow downward, they are crushed against the stationary outer housing. Further crushing action occurs as materials flow through a progressively smaller cavity toward the base of the cone° Mixed construction and demolition debris can be separated into processible, components by a flotation process. Mixed materials are conveyed into a water filled tank to separate heavy aggregates from lighter-weight wood, paper and plastic materials. Aggregates are conveyed from the bottom of the tank by a conveyor and floating materials are a skimmed off for additional processing. 1393S/1 1027 CRA 5-36 6.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF RECYCLABLE AND COMPOSTABLE MATERIALS RECOVERY PROGRAMS This Section integrates the results of the previous sections, particularly existing collection practices, preferred technical collection options, and available marketing opportunities, into a proposed action plan for the realization of high material recovery and recycling levels for the Town of Southold. This objective will be accomplished through a discussion of: Material recovery objectives; Policy development; Materials marketing; Collection and ~acilities development strategies; Required management, legislation, and public information actions; and o o o o o o Implementation scheduling. The proposed actions are designed to maximize the reduction, of materials recovered from the Town's total waste stream. recycling, and reuse The programs will focus on residential, commercial, institutional and industrial recovery activities as well as programs to recover compostable materials, construction and demolition debris and other bulky wastes, and household toxic materials. 6.1 Material Recovery Projections The Town of Southold is committed to achieving the State goals and exceeding these goals where feasible in compliance with New York State directives. Currently, the Town is recovering approximately 11% of total incoming waste stream, or nearly 14% of the residential waste stream. These current recovery rates are based on 1992 actual tonnage docLunented and estimated 1992 maximum residential waste generation calculations. This rate is approximately the same as the 1991 recycling rate. Southold expects to achieve high levels of waste reduction, recycling, and reuse through the implementation of recovery programs in three phases: interim, midterm and long-term. The interim strategy includes the existing recycling progra~ which establishes the infrastructure to achieve high levels of recycling. CRA 6-1 TABLE 6.1-1 (Page t or4) TOWT~ OF $OU'rHOLD, NEW YORK ESTIMATED MATERIAL RECOVERY RATES I~SED ON TOTAL WASTE STREAM INTERIM PHASE - 1994 PERCENT OF MAi t:M~AI. WASTE 8~REAM T~Y ~ P~ N~pap~ 4~ t 8% 3.78 92% 85% M~ Pap~ (magazines, 4.00% 3.62 60% 80% junk ~il, oflm pep~, etc.) Co~m~ Bag L40% 2.1~ 80% PET> 1 L~ 0.46% 0.42 70% 70% PET< 1 ~t~ 0.06% 0.05 70% HOPE 0.50% 0.45 70% 70% Fo~ Cans 1.88% 1.70 50% Wh~e ~ Ename~ 2.60% 2.35 ~% ~um~um Cans 0.06% 0.05 50% ~a~nes (Household) 0.05% 0.05 40% 70% ~l I~IES ~d ~ 0.~% 0.~ 40% Grin 1.00% 0.90 90% 85% ~ber 0.25% 0.23 90% 85% Flint 2.75% 2.49 90% 85% RU~R* 1.14% 1.03 70% 100% O W~ _ -aves 9.50% 8.59 80% 100% Bmsh~mn~es 14.50% 13.11 80% 1~% MI~E~S HHW 0,23% 0.21 40% Te~les 2.20% 1,99 20% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 100% 95% 95% 95% 95% 2.81 1.65 t.48 0.19 0.03 0.21 0.48 1.81 0.02 0.01 0.0T 0.66 0.16 t.81 0.72 6.53 ,9.96 0.06 0.23 LBtCAP~AY 0.22 0.13 0.12 0.02 0.00 0,02 0.04 0.14 0.0o 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.14 0,06 0.78 0.00 0.02 TOTAL 47.60% 43.20 28.88 2.27 Tons~Day Percent Gross Waste Generation 90.38 100.00% Waste Recovered 26,68 31.95% Waste Remaining 61.50 68.05% (1) Based on the total estimated waste sm~am's quanl]ty and charactenstics for the year 1994, exc~udinq Fishers Island. RR = AQxPRx SExPE. where far rm~f~Jn~. AQ = AVAILABLE QUANTITY - The amount o~ mate~at pre~eflt la I~e waste slmam PR = PARTICIPATION RATE - The pe~centego ol the to~aJ pocula6o~ o~ waste ge~emtom par6opahn g in a mcyctilg program. SE = SEPARATION EFFICIENCY - The pemefltege o~ mate~al which is acaJally kep~ separate from refuse by program paaicipants PE = PROCESSING EFFICIENCY - The percentage et' rnateci81 rem~inin9 alte~ processing RR = RECOVERY RATE ~he amount of mstenal whic~ can be dive,ted from ~e waste smeam. CRA 6-2 TABLE 8.1-1 (Page 2 o~ 4) TOWN OF SOUTHOLD, NEW YORK ESTIMATED MATERIAL RECOVERY RATES BASED ON TOTAL WASTE STREAM MID-TERM PHASE - 1995 - 1997 PF_RCF..NT OF AQ MA[ER[AL WASTE STREAM T~Y PR SE PE Newspaper 4.18% 3.78 92% 85% 95% Mixed Paper (magazines, 4.00% 3.62 70% 80% 95% junk mail, office paper, etc.) Con-JBmwn Bag 2.40% 2.17 80% 90% 95% Pt. ASTIC~ PET> 1 Liter 0.46% 0.42 T5% 70% 95% PET< 1 Liter 0.06% 0.05 75% 70% 65% HOPE 0.50% 0.45 75% 70% 65% FERROUS I~-TALS Food Cans 2.18% 1.97 80% 65% 95% White or Enameled 2.60% 2.35 80% 95% 95% NON.-FERR(XJS METALS Aluminum Cans 0.06% 0.05 50% 60% 95% Batteries (Household) 0.05% 0.05 40% 70% 05% BAI I Ir-..~IES ~ ~¢~d) 0.04% 0.04 49% 70% 95% GLASS Green 1.00% 0.90 00% 85% 95% Amber 0.25% 0~23 90% 85% 95% Flint 2.75% 2.46 90% 85% 95% WOOD ~ qets 0.26% 0.23 90% 90% 95% lber 0.60% 0.54 90% 90% 60% ,J~er Wood $.87% 0.21 90% 100% 100% RUI~i.E Asphalt 1.44% 1.30 100% 100% 100% Conc./Rock/~dck 8.81% 7.96 100% 100% 100% RUBBER* 1.14 % 1.03 70% 100% 100% OI¥1ER & FINES Dilt 17,42% 15.74 00% 90% 95% Y~M~D WA~[E Leaves 9.50% 6.59 80% 100% 95% Brush/Branches 14.50% 13.11 80% 100% 05% MISCF! l N~IEOUS HHW 0.23% 0.21 40% 70% 95% Textiles 2.20% t .99 20% 60% 05% 2.81 1.92 1,45 021 0.03 0.23 0.02 0.01 O.f16 0.16 0.18 0.26 5.59 1.30 7.96 0.72 6.53 9.96 0,06 0.23 RR LB/CAP/DAY 0.22 0.15 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.02 0,07 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.14 o.01 0,02 0.41 0.59 0.06 0.99 0.51 0.76 0.00 0.,32 TOTAL 83,50% 75.45 56,96 4.21 Ton~13a¥ Percent Gross Waste Generation 90.38 100.00% Waste Recovered 58.96 83.02% Waste Remaining 33.42 36.98% (1) Based on the total estimated waste stream's quan~y and characteristics for the year 1994, excluding Fishers Island. :AQxPR x SE x PE, where AQ = AVAILABLE QUANTITY - The amount of male,al present in the waste slmam PR = PARTICIPATION RATE - ]'he percentage o! the total population ol waste §eneratom part]c~paan§ m a mcyclino pro, mm. SE -- SEPARATION EFFICIENCY - The percenta§e of mstedal which is ac~ualN kept separate from reluse by program participants PE = PROCESSING EFFICIENCY The percentage ol mate~al remaining alter processing RR = RECOVERY RATE - The amount o! material which can be diverted th3m the waste sfteam. CRA 6-3 T,~g-- L.E 0.1-1 (p_age 3 ~ 4) TOWN OF SOUTHOLD. NEW YORK ESTIMATED MATERIAL RECOVERY RATES E~ASED ON TOTAL WASTE STRF-AM LONG-TERM PHASE - 1998 - 2007 ~ 4.18% ~ Paper (magaZines. 4.00% junk mail, ~ ~r. etc.) PET< 1 Liter 0.06% HOPE 0.50% ~ ~ 0.79% Bananas (~s~) 0.~% Fum~re 0 02% t 2.75% Y~ W~ WA,~FE ~ TON~DAy PR ~= 3.78 80% 85% 9~% 3.62 75% 80% 95% TO~DAY 2.44 2.06 2.17 80% 90% 95% 1.48 0.42 70% ;'0% 95% 0.19 0.05 70% 70% 95% 0.03 0.45 70% 70% 95% 0.21 0.71 80% 80% 95% 0.43 1.37 85% 85% 95% 0.72 5.85 65% 55% 95% 1.99 1.97 80% 65% 95% 0.97 2.35 80% 95% 95% 1.70 0.0E, 50% 60% 95% 0.05 40% 70% 95% 0.01 0.08 80% 85% 95% 0.05 002 80% 75% 95% 0 01 0.04 40% 70% 95% 007 0.99 9~% 85% 95% 0.66 0.23 90% 85% 95% 0.16 2.49 90% 8S% 95% 1.81 023 90% 90% 95% 054 90% 90% 60% 8.21 100% 100% 100% 1 30 100% 100% 100% 7 96 100% 100% 100% 1.0~ 70% 100% 100% 018 0.26 621 RR 1 30 7 96 0.72 15.74 00% 90% 95% 10 77 8.59 8~% 100% 95% 13.11 80% 100% 95% 0.21 40% 70% 95% 1 99 20% 60% 95% 853 996 0.06 0.23 0.18 0.15 0.11 0.01 000 0 02 0.0.3 0.05 0.15 0.OT 0.13 000 0.00 0.00 0 O0 0 01 oo1 0.13 0.01 0.02 O46 010 0 59 0 80 048 0.74 0.00 0 02 59.18 437 Tons/Oe¥ Percent Gross Waste Generau~n 30.38 10000% Waste Re~overed 5~ 18 ~.~% Waste Re~ 31 20 34.52% '1~ = AQ x PR x SI: x PIE, where AQ = AVAILABLE QUANTITY - The an~unt ~' mateeal p~e~en~ in the waste s~ream PR = PARTICIPATION RATE - The pe~c~ntel~e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ wasle generat(xs p~lJopetex~ in plogram pe~c~pents PAPER Mixed Pal:~r (m~g~zmos, junk mad, ~ ~r. ~c.) PET< 1 Liter HDPE TABLE 6.1-1 (page 4o~ 4) TOWN OF SOUTHOLD. NEW YORK ESTIMATED MATERIAL RECOVERY RATES BASED ON TOTAL WASTE STREAM LONG-TERM pHASE - 2008 - 2015 P~ICENT OF AG WASTE ~ TONS~AY PR s~: 4.18% 3.78 95% 85% 95% 4.00% 3.62 75% 80% 95% 2.40% 2.17 80% 90% 95% 0.48% 0.42 00% ;'0% 95% 0.06% 0.05 80% 70% 95% 0 50% 0 45 80% 70% 95% 0.79% 0.T1 80% 80% 95% 1.52% 1.37 65% 85% 95% 2.18% 1.97 80% 65% 95% 2.60% 2.35 95% 95% 95% 0.06% 0.05 85% 60% 95% 0.05% 0.05 00% 70% 95% 0 09% 008 80% 85% 95% 0.02% 0.02 80% 75% 95% 0.04% 0.04 95% 70% 95% TONS/DAY 2.09 0.22 0.03 024 0.43 0.72 0 97 2.01 0.03 0.02 005 001 0 07 RR 1.00% 0.90 90% 85% 95% 0 68 0.25% 0.23 90% 85% 95% 0.19 2.75% 2.49 90% 85% 95% 1 91 0.29% 0.23 90% 00% 95% 000% 0.54 90% 90% 60% 0 97% 6.21 100% 100% 100% 1.44% I 30 100% 100% 100% 8.81% 790 100% 100% 100% 1 14% 1.03 100% 100% 100% 019 0 26 621 I 30 790 103 17 42% 15.74 90% 90% 95% 12.11 9.50% 859 95% 100% 95% 7 75 14.50% 13.11 95% 100% 95% 11 03 0.23% 021 90% T0% 95% 0 12 2.20% 1.99 ?'5% 60% 95% 0.85 021 0.15 0.11 0 02 0 00 0 02 0.03 0.05 0.15 0 0T 0.15 0 O0 0 O0 0 O0 0.00 0 01 003 001 013 0 01 002 046 010 0 59 0 08 0 89 0 57 087 0 01 0 06 TOTAL 92.39% 83 49 4.84 Tons/Day Percent Gross Waste Generalx~ g0 38 100 00% Wasle Recovefecl 65.48 72.45% Waste Re~nmnlog 24.90 27 55% z~ = AOxPRx SE xP¢-. w~ere CRA 6-5 The period up until 1995 is considered interim. During the interim period, it was estimated the Town could achieve a materials recovery rate of nearly 9%. Based on 1991 and 1992 actual recycled tonnage, the Town has not only achieved this goal, but exceeded it. During both these years, the Town reduced its waste stream by 11 - 12% due primarily to recycling and waste reduction programs. Table 6.1-1 summarizes the material recovery rates, including materials targeted for recovery and the necessary participation, separation and processing efficiency rates in order to meet the projected goal. Recovery levels are anticipated to increase to reach the long-term levels of recovery consistent with the Town's adopted policy of pursuing an evolutionary implementation strategy. Long-term rates will be gradually achieved by 1997 following a period called midterm (1995 - 1997). During the midterm phase, the recycling program will be expanded to include additional materials, such as wood, rubble, dirt and grass clippings. Recovery rates are expected to increase not only as a result of recovery programs for these additional materials, but as a result of collection programs becoming routine, continued educational efforts, and changes in consumer purchasing habits. The midterm recovery rate projected to be achieved between 1995 and 1997 is approximately 61%, as illustrated in Table 6.1-1. The achievement of maximized recovery rates over the long-term will depend upon 1) the addition of recyclable low-grade paper {i.e., other paperboard and other paper), other rigid and flexible plastics and nonferrous furniture and structural items; 2) high participation and separation efficiency rates from residential, com~aercial, institutional and industrial establishments; 3) composting of organic materials, including yard, food, sludge, low-grade paper and agricultural wastes; 4) availability of economic markets for recyclable materials; 5) large scale wood and rubble processing capability; 6) aggressive commercial recycling activity; and 7) full cooperation from private commercial establishments in documenting recycling tonnage. Assuming that all seven criteria can be achieved, the long-term recyclables management program is projected to result in a reduction in the total waste stream greater than the State's 50% goal (see Table 6.1-1}. These long-term rates are expected to ~ throughout the planning period. By 1997, the Town will secure processing capability for construction and demolition debris. The Town will encourage private vendors to develop processing capability to recover rock, brick, concrete, rubble and wood wastes generated in the Town during construction, demolition or renovation activities. Currently, C&D processing facilities on Long Island are accessible to Southold. However, over the long-term if these facilities do not have capacity or capability enough to handle C&D generated in Southold, the Town will develop C&D processing through transfer operation contract so that C&D debris must be recovered and recycled in 1027 CRA 6-6 compliance with NYSDEC economic market definitions. Similarly, the Town will secure access to a mixed bulky waste recovery facility either through privately contracted facilities or through a town/regional developed facility. Although efforts have been initiated by private C&D processing facilities, one option is to extend the use of the temporary C&D transfer operations at the Town complex. Table 6.1-1 demonstrates how Southold's program will achieve progressively increasing material recovery rates throughout the planning period (1994 - 2015) . It should be noted that in the mid and long-term phases of program development, the recovery rates reflect the fact that 100% of the C&D will be recovered through diverting this material to private sector facilities. Also, nearly 100% of the yard waste including land clearing debris, generated in the Town will be composted. Material recovery rates of the total waste stream are su/nmarized on a per capita basis on Table 6.1-2. Based on the residential portion of the waste stream which excludes construction and demolition debris and land clearing wastes, the Town could potentially recover 14% during the interim phase of program development. Table 6.1-3 identifies the types of materials to be recovered and the participation and separation efficiency rates that must be achieved in order to achieve the residential interim recycling rate of 14%. Table 6.1-3 also identifies the mid and long-term recovery rates based on materials recovery from residential sectors. During the midterm {1995 - 1997), approximately 46% of the residential waste stream can potentially be recovered. Over the long-term, it is estimated that nearly 58% of the residential waste strea~n can be recovered, which includes additional organic composting. Midterm rates include organic composting, but at demonstration levels. Long-term rates reflect efficiencies achieved in processing technology and high levels of materials recovery. The projected per capita material recovery rates based on the residential waste stream are provided in Table 6.1-4. CRA 6-7 TABLE 8.i-Z TOWN OF SOUTHOLO, NEY YORK P,ROJECTED PERCAPITA MATERIAL RECOVERY RATE5 YEARS 1990 - 2018 POPULATION TONS/DAY LB/CAP/OAY TONS/DAY LB/CAP/DAY YEAR ([) GENERATED GENERATED RECOVERED RECOVERED 1990 25,783 i32 10.22 11.22 .87 1995 26,783 142 10.59 86.51 6.46 2000 27,433 150 10,96 105.58 7.70 2005 28.433 161 11.35 113.42 8.26 2010 29,433 173 11.76 121.88 8.88 2015 30,433 186 12.18 130.33 9.50 (I) Weighted population which incorporates seasonal population fluctua- tions and includes Fishers Is)and. NOTE: The recovery rates for 1990 are actual rates based upon reported tonnage recycled. The projected 1995 recovery rates are based upon mid-term program actions. The long-term recovery rate pro- jections for 2000 through 2015 are based upon the im~olementation of actions required for achieving Nigh levels of materia)$ recovery over the long-tem phase of program deve)o~ment. These rates are based upon long-tem projections beginning in 1997. CRA 6-8 TABLE 6.1-3 (Page 1 0[4) TOWN OF SOUTHOLD, NEW YORK ESTIMATED MATERIAL RECOVERY RATES BASED ON THE RESIOENTIAL WASTE STREAM INTERIM PHASE - 1994 P~:RC~:~IT [X- AQ RI~ ~ WASIE STREAM TONSf~AY PR SE PE TONS/~Y i.B/C,A~/DAy Newspaper Mixed Paper (magazines, junk mail, office paper, e~c.) Co~JI3mwn Bag Fq. AaTIC~ PET> 1 Liter PET< 1 Liter HOPE FERROUS Ik~TALS Food Cans Wh~e or Enameled NON-FERROUS I~ETALS A~uminum Cans Batteries (Household) E~r,i ~P-~IES (Lead Add) GLAa~ Green Amber Flint D WASTE Brush/Branches MI'~C~I ~ A.qEOUS HHW Textiles 7.64% 5.48 g2% 00% 95% 10.00% 7.17 80% 80% 95% t ~58% 1.08 50% 90% 95% 0.66% 0.47 70% 80% 95% 0.12~ 0.0g 70% 80% 95% 0.48% 0.34 70% 80% 95% 2.37% 1.70 80% 65% 95% 2.82% 2.02 80% 95% 95% 0.23% 0.16 50% 75% 95% 0.09% 0.06 40% 7'0% 95% 0.07% 0.05 40% 85% 95% 1.22% 0,87 90% 35% 95% 0.29% 0.21 90% 85% 95% 3.03% 2.17' 90% 85% 95% 2.06% 1.48 70% 100% 100% 10.00% 7.17' 80% 100% 95% 11.62% 8.33 80% 100% 95% 0.42% 0.30 ?0% 75% 05% 4.03% 2.89 50% 75% 05% 4.31 4.36 0A6 0.25 0.05 0.t8 0.84 0.06 0.02 0.07' 0.64 0.15 1.58 1.03 5,45 6,33 0.15 1.03 0.32 0.32 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.12 0.08 0.40 0 47 O.OB TOTAL 58.65% 42.05 28.41 2.10 Tons~Oav Percent Gross Waste Ge~erstton 71.69 100.00% Waste Recovered 28,41 39.64% Waste Remainmg 43.28 00.36% (1) Based on ~he total esbmated residenlaal waste s~eam's quanl~'y and characteristics tot the year 1904, excluding Fishers Island. The residenltal waste sl~eam is defined as excluding conat~uchon and demolilion delxis and lanc~ea~ng wastes. (i.e., asphalt, concrete, rock, b~ck, dirt, ~ee stumps, wood). RR: AQx PR x SE x PE, where ACI = AVAILABLE QUANTIT~ - The amount of matedal present in the waste stream PR -- PARTICIPATION RATE - The pe~en~age ot the to~al population o1: waste generators participating in a recycling program. SE = SEPARATION EFFICIENCY - The pefc~ltage of matedal which is achJally kept separate ~rom refuse by program paCdcipents PE = PROCESSING EFFICIENCY - The percentage of mstedai remaining alter processing RR = RECOVERY RAI~ - The amount of matedal which can be diverted from the waste stream. CRA 6-9 TABLE 6.1-3 (Pa~]e 2 of 4) TOWN OF SOUTHOLO, NEW YORK ESTIMATED MATERIAL RECOVERY RATES BASED ON THE RESIDENTIAl. WASTE STREAM MIO-TERM PHASE - 1995 - 1997' W~.~TE ~ TONS~Y PR ~= PE TON~/[~AY L.~C~J~DAY Newspaper Mixed Paper(magazines, junk mail, office paper1 etc.) Corrdl~rmm~ Bag Pt. ASTIC~ PET> 1 Liter PET< I Lite' HOPE FERROUS Food Cans White or Enameled NON-FERROUS METN..S Aluminum Cans Battmies (Household) B~N~I ~IcRIES (Lesd Film W(X~ ~u'l er Wood RUBBER OTHER & FINES Dirt Y/~RD WASTE Brush.ranches MffiCI~I.N~EOU$ HHW TexSles 7.64% 5.48 92% 90% 95% 4.31 0.00% 7.17 80% 80% 95% 4.36 1.50% 1.08 90% 90% 95% 0,83 0.66% 0,47 80% 80% 95% 0,29 0.12% 0.O9 80% 80% 95% 0,05 0.48% 0.34 80% 80% 95% 0.21 2.37% 1 ~70 80% 65% 95% 0,84 2.82% 2.02 ~0% 95% 95% 1,46 0.23% 0,15 80% ?5% 95% 0.09 0.09% 0.06 80% 7'0% 95% 0.03 0.07% 0.05 95% ~5% 95% 0,07 1,22% 0.87 90% 85% 95% 0.8,1 0.32 0.32 0.06 0.02 0,00 0.02 0.06 0,11 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.12 0.0 0.17 0.11 0.13 0:4O 0.47 0.01 0,11 TOTAl. 65.40% 40.89 34.01 2.51 [ons/i3ay Percent Gross Waste Genera~on 71,89 100.00% Waste Recovered 34.01 47.44% Waste Remaining 37.88 52.56% (1) Based on the total es~3m[ed residential waste s~eam's quantity and charactm~s fro'the year 1994. Fish~f~ Island, P~ =AOxPRxSE xPE, whe~ CRA 6-10 TABLE 9.1~ {P~ie 3 ~ 4) TOWN OF $OUTHOLD, NE'W YORK ESTIMAI~_D MAI'E~:~IAL I:~COVERY I:~TI~$ ~ED ON THE P4~$1DENTI~M_ WASTE LONC--TEP, M pHA$£ - 1e97-200? Mixed Pap~ (magazines. jlmK mail. office paper, etc.) C4~ J1~row~ Bag F~ ~ C~ Y~ W~ ? 64% 5.48 95% 95% 95% 4.70 0.35 10.00% T. I T 80% 90% 95% 4.90 0.36 1.58% 1.08 9~% 05% 95% 0.87 3.98% 2.85 86% 85% 95% 1 84 014 0.66% 0.4? 80% 80% 95% 029 0.02 0,12% 009 80% 80% 95% 0.05 900 0.48% 0.34 86% 80% ~5% 0.21 0.02 1.44% I 03 90% 80% 95% 0.63 005 2.77% 1.99 65% 85% 95% 1.04 0.08 9.58% 8.87 0.65 0.55 0.95 2.33 0.1 T 2.37% 1 .Z0 90% 70% 95% 1.02 0 08 2.82% 2.02 95% 95% 95% 1.73 0.13 0.23% 0.16 90% 80% 95% 0.11 0 01 0.09% 0.06 90% 70% 95% 0.04 0 00 0.1~'% 0.12 80% 8,5% 95% 008 0 01 0.05% 0.04 8~% 75% 95% 0.02 0.00 0.07% 0.05 95% 85% 95% 00T 0 01 I 22% 0 87 90% 80% 95% 080 0 04 0.29% 0.21 90% 80% 95% 014 0 01 3.03% 2.17 90% 80% 95% 1 49 0.11 0.12% 0.09 90% 90% 95% 0 07 0 00 0.28% 0.20 90% 90% 60% 0.10 001 3.26% 2.34 100% 100% 100% 2.34 0.17 2.06% 1.4~ 100% 100% 100% I 48 0 11 3.09% 2.22 90% 90% 95% 1 .TO 0.13 10.00% 7 17 95% 100% 95% 6.47 0 4~ 11.62% 8.33 95% 100% 95% 7 52 0.56 9.42% 0.30 90% 85% 95% 0 22 0 02 4.03% 2.99 90% 85% 95% 2 10 0 16 TOTAl. 83.39% 59.Z8 44.16 3.26 Foes/Day Percent Gro~s Waste Geaeca0on T1.69 100 00% Waste Recovered 44.16 61 00% .... = AQX PRxSExPE. w~ere AQ = AVAILABLE QUANTITY - The amount al' malarial p~esent in the waste stream CR~k TABLE 6.1-,3 (Pa~_e 4or 4) TOWN OF SOUTHOLO. NEW YORK ESTIMATED MATERIAL RECOVERY RATES I~ASED ON THE R~SIDENTtN. WASTE STREAM /., O~"~ -'"~'E ~'~'11~ PHASE - '~1 jullk m~, olde9 papal, etc.) 95% 4.45 0.33 95% 5.18 0.38 95% 2.32 0.17 95% 0.32 0.02 95% 0.06 0.00 95% 0.24 0.02 95% 4.70 0.35 95% 0.94 O.OT 95% 004 0.00 95% 0.07 0.01 95% 0.02 0.00 ~m i ~ (Laad ,/~old) 0.07% 0.85 95% 95% ~ ",eh 1.22% 0.87 95% 85% .,it 3.03% 2.17 95% ~% 95% 0.07 0.01 95% 0.67 0.85 95% 0.10 0 01 95% 1.67 0.12 95% 0,07 0 O0 95% 0.16 0.01 95% 1.89 0.14 100% 2.22 0.16 10~% 1.33 010 95% 0.47 0.48 95% 7.52 0.56 95% 0 20 0 02 9~% I 96 0.14 47.49 3.51 TormsJOay Pefce~ Gm~s Waste Genefa~l~ 71.69 100.00% WasY~ Re<~v~m~l 47.49 66.24% Waste Remaml~3 24.20 33.70% CRA 6-12 TABLE 6.1-4 TOWN OF SOUTHOLD, NEW YORK PROJECTED PER CAPITA MATERIAL RECDVERY RATES BASED ON THE RESIDENTIAL WASTE STREAM YEARS 1990 - 2015 POPULATION TONS/DAY LB/CAP/DAY TONS/DAY LB/CAP/DAY YEAR (1) GENERATED GENERATED RECOVERED RECOVERED lggo 25,783 72 5.60 g.84 .76 1995 26,783 78 5.79 35.55 2,68 2000 27~433 82 6,00 47.79 3.48 2005 28,433 88 6.22 51.29 3.61 2010 29,433 95 6.43 55.37 3.76 2015 30,433 101 6,66 58.86 3.87 (1) Weighted population which incorporates seasonal population fluctua- tions and includes Fishers Island. NOTE: The recovery rates for 1990 are actual rates based upon reported tonnage recycled, The projected i995 recovery rates are based upon mid-term program actions. The long-term recovery rate pro- jections for 2000 through 2015 are based upon the implementation of actions required for achieving high levels of materials recovery over the long-term phase of program development, These rates are based upon long-term projections beginning in i997. CRA 6-[3 The key parameters influencing the projected recovery rates are contained in the following equation for estimating the amount of material which can be recovered by a recycling program: RR = AQ x PR x SE x PE, where Recovery Rate: The amount of material which can be diverted from the waste stream. AQ = Available Quantity: The amount of material present in the waste stream. PR Participation Rate: The percentage of the total population of waste generators participating in a recycling program. SE = Separation Efficiency: The percentage of material which is actually kept separate from refuse by program participants. PE = Processing Efficiency: The percentage of material remaining after processing. Recycling by the private sector will be encouraged through the use of Town drop-off facilities or private marketing sources for their recyclables. Recycling of wood waste (excluding brush and branches), including land clearing, construction and demolition debris and dirt is expected to result in a reduction of approximately 53 tons per day or 37% of the total waste stream. Similarly, over the long-term approximately 19 tons per day of yard waste (including brush/branches) is anticipated to be recovered and composted thereby reducing the total projected incoming waste strea/n by 13%. The Town will encourage and assist the private sector in increasing recycling efforts for office paper, newspaper, corrugated, and plastic, metal and glass containers. Mandatory recycling for large volume and commercial generators of yard wastes, land clearing and construction and demolition debris is expected to result in high compliance and recovery rates for these materials over the long-term. addresses all aspects of the waste stream. o o o o o To achieve these high material recovery objectives as illustrated in Table 6.1-1, the recycling program for the Town will involve a multifaceted approach that Key elements of the program are: Residential recycling; Seasonal resident recycling; Private sector recycling; Office paper recycling; Construction and demolition debris recycling and processing; CRA 6-14 Land clearing debris recycling; Composting; Bulky materials collection; Household hazardous waste recovery; Used clothing recycling; Tire recovery; Battery recycling; and Waste oil recycling. These actions represent a comprehensive program that will be developed through interim, midterm and long-term efforts. The following approximate time periods are assigned to each implementation phase: INTERIM: January - December 1994 MIDTERM: January 1995 - December 1997 LONG-TERM: January 1998 - December 2015 Section 6.6 provides a detailed description of the schedule for the implementation of the proposed actions. The following description of the interim, midterm and long-term program strategies outlines the activities the Tow~n must undertake to meet the projected rates. ?327 CRA 6-15 Interim Phase Goals A set of ir~uediate goals were developed based upon the existing solid waste and recycling collection system and the existence of markets for targeted materials that require minimal processing. The primary focus of these interim actions is to establish the infrastructure through which the progra~ could be expanded to reach the long-term goals of nearly 70% waste reduction. The public education and information campaign in the Town will continue to consist of printed literature, newsletters, educational materials for schools, paid advertisements, Public service announcements (radio and newspaper) and direc~ residential mailings. The primary information tool is the annual mailing of a newsletter to each household in the Town. The newsletter provides residents and businesses with information directly related to collection programs, including schedules, costs, set out requirements, drop-off center operations and contact persons for more information. Literature can be obtained at Town Hall or at the drop-off center at the landfill which include brochures on how to recycle, backyard composting and grass recycling and recycling games and puzzles. During this phase, an aggressive waste reduction campaign will be implemented. This effort will include brochures on new lawn maintenance techniques to educate residents about opportunities for reducing waste by leaving ~rass clippings on the lawn. Additionally, an environmental shopping campaign will be implemented to educate shoppers on "environmentally friendly" purchasing practices. Displays will be arranged in supermarkets and literature will be made available. The Town's yard waste composting facility will also be expanded during the interim phase to accommodate the Town's total yard waste stream, excluding grass clippings. The composting facility is being expanded to process approximately 9,000 tons of leaves, brush and land clearing debris per year. A permit application has been prepared in order to obtain an NYSDEC permit for the expansion project. CRA 6-16 The existing recycling programs operating in Town will be maintained throughout the interim. Curbside collection programs will continue with minor modifications to improve collection efficiencies. Also, modifications have been made to the operations of the drop-off collection center. Improvements include efficiencies in handling large quantity deliveries by private haulers and in the self-haul drop-off areas. The materials that are and will continue Co be recovered during this phase include: o Newspaper/Phone books* o Corrugated/brown bags* o Mixed paper (junk mail, magazines, ~.~~ o Leaves o Batteries (auto and household) o Tires o Three colors of glass* o Plastic containers* o Brush o Food cans (ferrous/bimetal)* o White or enameled ferrous (major household appliances) o Household hazardous wastes o Textiles o Waste oil Midterm Phase Goals The goals to be achieved during the midterm phase of program development include significant recycling efforts by the private sector. During this phase, private vendors are developing processing capacity to recover rocks, brick, concrete, rubble, dirt and wood wastes generated in the Town. The Town will make available to general contractors, do-it-yourselfers, and haulers information on existing C&D processing facilities. Higher participation and separation efficiency rates are expected to result in the midterm as source separating programs become more routine and enforcement CRA 6-17 actions are initiated. The Town will enforce the mandatory ordinance and issue sua~nons in accordance with the Town's ordinance for noncompliance. The ordinance is expected to include white goods and textiles as additional mandatory recyclables. Finally, during the midterm phase, the Town will provide technical assistance to commercial, institutional and industrial establishments. Technical assistance will include providing recycling seminars in cooperation with the local chambers of commerce, assisting in performing waste audits, identifying markets for recyclable materials, renegotiating waste hauler contracts to incorporate recycling and employee training. Lona-term Phase Goals The Town of Southold has also adopted a long-term strategy that complies with the State's waste reduction goals (see Table 6.1-1). Therefore, by 1997, the Town is expected to have developed the ability to recover large quantities of a wide range of materials that are currently disposed as waste. In addition to the materials recovered during the interim and midterm phases, the following additional materials are expected to be recovered over the long-term planning period from residential, commercial and institutional sources: o Aluminum foil; o Aluminum furniture; o Structural aluminum; o Other paperboard; o Other {low-grade) paper; o Other rigid plastic; o Other flexible plastic; and o Food waste. These materials will be incorporated into the recycling program as "economic markets" become available. High recovery rates are based upon the assumption that markets and/or processing technologies will be developed to accommodate these currently difficult to recycle materials. ]027 CRA 6-18 In addition to the above materials targeted for recovery from residential, cor~nercial, institutional and industrial sources, the Town plans to compost the materials listed below during the long-term phase. Certain materials are listed as "possible" because 1) their inclusion in composting may be prohibited by the Suffolk County Department of Health Services (SCDHS); and/or 2) processing technologies may not be technically or economically feasible or environmentally sound. o Leaves o Food {possible) o Grass o Other paperboard (possible) o Brush o Low-grade paper (possible} o Land clearing (i.e., stumps) o Sludge (possible) A recovery and processing system for construction and demolition debris, including concrete, rock, brick, rubble, demolition wood, stumps, and dirt will be secured. This will be accomplished through directing C&D debris to existing private C&D processing facilities. Dirt including sod and sand could be recovered as part of C&D recovery operations or included with compost operations in order to produce topsoil or other high quality compost products. Also, dirt can be recovered and used during landfill closure. While it is true that some of these materials targeted for recovery are difficult to collect, process, and market, it is important for these recovery goals to address a wide nuraber of different types of waste materials originating from the institutional, residential, industrial, and commercial sources if the Town is to meet the State's recycling goals.' 6.2 Recycling Policy and Implementation Considerations The successful development of a recycling program for the Town will require a system capable of providing for the collection, transportation, processing, and marketing of large amounts of materials. However, a comprehensive policy framework must be developed along with the technical specifications for the system in order to ensure that all essential aspects of the program as designed will be carried out. CRA 6-19 Recycling program policies must take into account local conditions and preferences in order to be acceptable~ Therefore, the development of the policy framework for the Town as developed during the interim phase of program development is dynamic and will continually be molded as the long-term actions are implemented. The policy review should be conducted utilizing an outline which lists the issues and relevant background considerations for each. The presentation that follows presents issues to be discussed and background from which the issues were identified for discussion. The issues proceed from general to specific in order to provide Town officials and participants with an understanding of the interrelationship among them and between the policy issues and the technical design. Table 6.2-1 presents a surmnary of the recycling policy recommendations and issues to be considered by the Town in order to sustain the proposed technical collection, processing and marketing systems. 6.3 Materials Marketing These actions are concerned with securing outlets for source separated recyclable materials which are based on meeting the delivery and quality needs of scrap processors, brokers or end users. The guiding premise of this section is that marketing actions in the interim and midterm phase will be oriented to materials requiring no processing such as densification, prior to shipment to users. The marketing scope will then be expanded into the long-term phase to include materials which might require some form of processing at a facility for obtaining higher material recovery rates and/or lower transportation costs. The long-term objective of the Town's marketing plan will be the identification and development of sustainable marketing solutions for all recyclable materials found in the waste strea~a. In addition, short, mid and long-term strategies are designed to be consistent with the Town's recycling policies. Interim Phase Marketin~ The responsibility for securing marketing arrangements is expected to be continued by the Town during the interim phase of development. These responsibilities would include: Text Continues on Page 6-24. 1027 CRA 6-20 TAJ]LE 6.2-1 SUMMARY OF RECYCLING POLICY RE£OFaqENDATIONS FOR THE TOWN OF SOUTHOLO 13g4R/1 1027 ISSUE: 1. PROGP, A~( DEVELOPHENT PRIORITIES 2. REGIONAL HANAGEHENT AND CONTROL RECO~lqENOED POLICY(IES) Heet state recycling goals. Exceed state goals where possible. Adopt an accelerated implementation schedule, Create comprehensive regional recycling programs. Utilize private sector services when possible. Maximize program cost effectiveness. The East End Recycling Association (E2RA) has hired a recycling coordinator. The Town and E2RA should manage and coordinate public information. The Town should establish standards for program design and performance. The Town, County and E2RA should undertake market development. The region should consider developing services or facilities to process recyclable materials from the East End. ISSUE: 3. TABLE 6.2-1 (continued) SU~iARY OF RECYCLING POLICY RECOmmENDATIONS FOR THE TOWN OF SOUTHOLD PROCUREiq~ OF EQ(JIPHE)IT AND FACILITIES 4. SOURCES OF FI~ING PAYING FOR OPE~TING COSTS 6. PEPJ~ANIENT ECONOHIC AND LEGISLATIVE INCENTIVES RECOi~ENDEO POLIL'T~(I ES) Use of a regional facility is preferred over a Town only facility. Expansion and upgrading of the Collection Center into a recycling transfer station. Grants. Dedicated funding sources. Disposal surcharges. Waste generators. The systam should be set up to capture the avoided costs of recycling. The Town may develop a system that financially rewards effective recycling programs (tonnage grants). Mandatory recycling ordinances. /l IABLE 6.2-1) (continued) SUI~ARY OF RECYCLING POLICY RECOfl4E~DATIONS FOR THE TOWN OF SOUTHOLD ISSUE: 6. PERMANENT ECO~OHIC ~&(O LEGISLATIVE INCENTIVES (Cont) 7. ENCOURAGING CO(~ERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL ,~J~ID INDUSTRIAL RECYCLIN(~ 8. DESIGNATED REGIONAL AGENCY 13g4R/1 1027 RECO~4ENDED POLICY(IES) Implement disposal bans (Tires, construction and demolition debris, household hazardous wastes). Implement hauler licensing requirements Institute volume based pricing collections. land clearing, yard waste and for solid waste Providing technical assistance. Mandatory recycling ordinances institutional, and commercial sectors. Implement disposal bans. Modify solid waste contractual terms. for residential, Consider Intermuniclpal consortiums or cooperatives. Consider regional solid waste management agency/authority. ISSUE ONE: WHICH PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ARE TO BE GIVEN PRIORITY? WHAT SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED? The focus of these policy questions is identifying those objectives that are necessary for guiding the development of material recovery practices within the Town of Southold. Furthermore, the intent and emphasis of these objectives are expected to evolve over time. This is due to the time that is required for mobilizing resources, establishing programs and achieving desired results. Certain actions require less time to implement, and therefore are more feasible as part of a short-term program development strategy. Other actions, especially those requiring market development, will take more time to come to fruition and are more properly part of longer term schedules. For these reasons, it is necessary for Southold's recycling policies to specify what the desired results of a material recovery action plan should be, what the appropriate routes would be for achieving these results and .the priorities to be observed within a definite time period for implementing recommended actions or practices. BACKGROUND: The program development policy objectives which can be considered for adoption by the Town of Southold are described below: Material Recovery Rates: New York State has adopted through its current statewide solid waste management plan a 50% reduction/recycling objective in the amount of waste generated by weight that would be sent to solid waste incinerators or landfills for treatment or disposal by 1997, of which 40-42% of which is to be achieved through materials recycling. This is the primary material recovery rate objective which must be addressed by the proposed actions of Southold's recycling plan. Southold also has the option of considering for adoption material recovery rate objectives which exceed those established by New York State. These material recovery rates are to be applied to nonhazardous wastes generated from all residential, commercial and institutional and industrial sources. CBA 6-24 These materials also include, household hazardous waste, municipal sludge, dirt, agricultural wastes and construction/demolition debris. It should be understood that these policy options are not mutually exclusive. Progra~ Development Scope: The feasibility of achieving high material recycling rates will depend to a large extent on the geographic and political scope to be assumed for program planning and infrastructure development. The Town of Southold needs to determine what the largest geographic and political structure would be appropriate for taking the responsibility of promulgating regulatory guidelines or sponsoring direct actions that will lead to high recycling levels. The options that can be considered for this policy would be: o Regional, single county program structure; o Sub-Regional, multi-town program structure; o Single Town program structure. Program Economics: The economic basis upon which material recovery programs are expected to operate needs to be articulated. These policies will determine the level of investments into program development and the criteria for measuring the economic results of program operations. The two most important issues to be addressed by these policies are: To what extent must recycling infrastructure development be governed by least cost criteria? In other words, are the requirements for developing effective recycling progra/ns to be subordinate to the desire to keep capital and operating costs as low as possible? How should the cost effectiveness of recycling programs be determined? Are the economic results of recycling program operations to be evaluated independently of all other solid waste management system costs? 1027 CRA 6-25 Service Delivery Preferences: The principal orientation of these policies is to stipulate preferences for recycling service providers; especially with respect to collection, processing and marketing needs. The main issues to be resolved concern which services, if any, would be appropriate to provide through the public sector as well as what mechanisms should be employed for obtaining services from the private sector. The principal concerns that must be addressed for making effective use of private sector service providers are: o Maintaining a competitive environment so that services will be efficiently delivered by private sector organizations. Preventing competitive forces from discouraging material recovery practices due to fears among haulers, real or perceived, that it reduces competitive effectiveness. This will require measures for insuring that a level and equitable "playing field" exists for all private sector service providers. Being certain that the objectives being pursued by private sector service providers are compatible with those goals adopted by the Town of Southold. This requires being prepared to respond to compliance problems. Implementation Scheduling: The New York State Solid Waste Management Plan assumes a 10 year schedule ending in 1997 for meeting its waste reduction goals. It is also necessary for Southold to develop and have a operating material recovery program according to that schedule~ Therefore, it is necessary for Southold to adopt an implementation schedule in its solid waste management plan that is, at a minimum, consistent with State implementation schedules. Environmental Protection Considerations: It is well recognized that material recycling has numerous environmental benefits including resource and energy conservation, pollution reduction and disposal avoidance. It is therefore reasonable to consider to what extent recycling program development strategies should be determined by these t394s/i 1027 CRA 6-26 ISSUE TWO: WHAT TYPE(S) OF CENTRAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OVER SOURCE SEPARATION/RECYCLING PRACTICES IN THE TOWN SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED? The intent of this policy issue is to examine which aspects of recycling program development and operations should be under the direct control or responsibility of a Town or some regional management agency. The resolution of this issue concomitantly defines which operational or management responsibilities should be kept at the municipal level. Policies adopted with respect to this issue therefore are concerned with determining clearly how important recycling management and service responsibilities are to be allocated. BACKGROUND: The principal management and operating functions that should be considered by the Town are: Records Management: This includes collecting and evaluating data on progra/a operations such as tons collected and marketed, cost per household and types of services being provided. Grants Administration: This involves preparing grant applications, funds distribution and complying with specific grant conditions such as progress reports. Evaluating Program Cost-Effectiveness: This would entail compiling and evaluating economic performance data on recycling programs to determine if they are achieving solid waste cost savings and to identify reasons underlying economic results. Public Education and Information Programs: This would include all actions directed at designing, producing or distributing informational and educational materials using printed or electronic media as well as school programs and special promotional activities. CRA 6-27 Establishing Prograra Design and Performance Standards: These would specify the type of services that must be provided in order to achieve high recycling levels and the standards by which the effectiveness of these programs would be evaluated. The purpose of these standards would be to prevent the implementation of poorly designed or operated recycling programs. Procurement and Contracting for Construction, Marketing or Operating Services: The intent of these actions would be to develop facilities to process recyclable materials and provide services where appropriate or necessary such as for the marketing of materials collected by haulers. Enforcement Actions: This would include the adoption of legislative or administrative measures that would require corrective actions where there is poor compliance with adopted policies. Direct Operation of Programs and Facilities: This would involve public operation of collection, processing or marketing systems by a designated Town. Hiring a Recycling Coordinator: This would be for a staff position with technical, educational, marketing or program management responsibilities. The East End Recycling Association has hired a designated recycling coordinator to provide assistance to the Town. CPA 6-28 ISSUE THREE: WHO SHOULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR OBTAINING EQUIPMENT OR CONSTRUCTING FACILITIES REQUIRED FOR COLLECTING, STORING, PROCESSING AND MARKETING RECYCLABLE MATERIALS? The concern of this issue is identifying the appropriate organization(s) for assuming the responsibilities of developing the Town or regional recycling infrastructure that will be required for meeting New York State's recycling goals. BACKGROUND: The options that should be considered for this issue include: o Solid waste haulers; o Existing recycling operations o New business enterprises; o Towns; o County; and o Regional organizations. CRA 6-29 ISSUE FOUR: WHAT SOURCES OF FINANCING SHOULD BE USED FOR PURCHASING STORAGE, COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION, AND PROCESSING EQUIPMENT AND STRUCTURES? BACKGROUND: The development of a system to recover and sell recyclable materials which are currently treated as wastes will require new equipment to collect, store, transport and process these materials. One or more sources of funds to purchase this equipment is necessary. Potential financing mechanisms should be discussed: 1. Grants The primary source of grant funding for recycling program equipment in New York State is the Environmental Quality Bond Act (EQBA) program. The availability of funds is contingent upon an allocation in the State's budget for this purpose. This provides fifty percent funding for certain types of equipment to collect, transport, store and process recyclable materials. There are specific types of equipment necessary for the program which are not eligible for funding such as truck chassis and certain parts of the structures which would house processing equipment. Southold must initially pay the entire amount for the purchase of equipment eligible under this program. The NYSDEC will reimburse one half the price following the purchase. The money to purchase the equipment may come from private sources, who could utilize it under an agreement with the Tow//. However, the equipment must remain the property of the Town for a specified period of time, after which it could be owned by private firms. Another source of funds for program development is the Local Resource Reuse and Recovery Program administered by the NYSDEC. This is oriented toward education and includes funding for educational materials related to recycling. 1394s/i 1027 CRA 6-30 2. Fees and Surcharges A permanent source of funding for recycling program equipment (and operations) may be created through the use of fees or surcharges related to disposal or recycling services. User fees are often utilized for collecting funds for water supply, sewerage treatment and solid waste disposal services. The fee is linked to the extent to which such services are needed by users. Therefore, fees for single family dwellings, multifamily dwellings and commercial establishments will differ. The creation of a user fee system requires an extensive effort to develop a listing of all properties by user class within the service area and to establish the billing, payment and collection system for funds. Funds may also be obtained by levying a surcharge on disposal fees at the landfill. States such as Pennsylvania and New Jersey have followed this approach for funding recycling programs. The fees charged to utilize recycling collection services or facilities may also be set at a level necessary for the continuing equipment replacement needs of the program. Either public or private sector program operators may use this approach. The use of this approach must await the operation of the recycling program. 3. Private Financing Private firms who may be involved in the collection, transportation or processing of recyclables may use their own cash or obtain loans in order to obtain equipment as they would for any other business function. Tax Exempt Bonds The sale of tax exempt bonds by a legally empowered agency is a common means of financing public or public-private partnership activities. A number of entities may issue varying types of tax exempt bonds. Each potential issuing agency is subject to a number of legal restrictions on how such bonds may be CRA 6-31 issued and the proceeds utilized. A primary advantage of these bonds is that they have lower interest rates and correspondingly lower debt repayment costs than taxable financing approaches. The primary options for entities which may issue tax-exempt bonds are the Town, an authority established to address solid waste management, and State agencies such as the New York Environmental Facilities Corporation (NYSEFC) and the New York State Energy Research And Development Authority (NYSERDA). The two primary options in this respect are General Obligation Bonds and Revenue Bonds. Revenue Bonds. New York municipalities may not sell revenue bonds, bonds secured by a specific stream of revenues. These bonds must be issued through a public benefit corporation or authority. Existing public benefit corporations, such as NYSEFC or NYSERDA have been mentioned above. The establishment of a regional (East End) Solid Waste Management Authority would require legislation by the New York State Legislature. If the project were publicly owned and operated and disposal costs were funded from sources other than ad valorem taxes, it could be financed with revenue bonds. Revenue bonds would, in most instances, be more expensive than GOs because the bonds would not have the full faith and credit pledge. Revenue bonds could be structured in equal annual debt service payments, lowering the fees in the early years of operation when compared with GO bonds. The security for any solid waste revenue bond financing (including industrial development bonds, discussed below) could be either special solid waste tax assessments or revenues derived from tipping fees and, perhaps, user fees billed directly to residents and coramercial establishments. However, whenever tax receipts are pledged to pay debt service, the bonds would be considered tax supported debt. Within this framework, special assessments are considered taxes and would cause the debt to be considered tax supported debt on the books of the Town. A primary reason for issuing revenue bonds, where the facilities are to be publicly o~ed and operated, rather than general obligation bonds, is to structure a financing in which the bonds would not be considered part of the 1027 CRA ~-32 issuer's net direct debt. If tipping fees and/or user fees are pledged to the bondholders, the financing could be structured so that the bonds are not considered tax supported debt. In addition to pledging a revenue stream to repay bond holders, a revenue based financing structure, as opposed to a tax supported structure, would require the passage of flow control legislation. Flow control legislation would give the Towns, authority to direct haulers to a specific processing site. The issuer of the bonds will have to guarantee that a minimum number of tons of materials will be delivered to the facilities and generate revenues sufficient to pay operating and debt service expenses. To provide bondholders with this guarantee, the entity operating the disposal facilities must contract with the entity{s) that have authority to direct haulers. If no flow control legislation is passed, the financing would have to be secured by tax receipts, either ad valorem taxes or special assessment taxes, in which case the debt would be considered tax supported with the attendant implications for the Town's credit standing. Finally, New York municipalities are prohibited from pledging general fund revenues {taxes) for the benefit of a private entity. As a result, if the project were privately owned or operated, funding for debt service would have to be provided by nontax sources or a repayment mechanism between the municipalities and the entity operating the disposal system would be required. CRA 6-33 ISSUE FIVE: WHO SHOULD PAY THE OPERATING COSTS FOR COLLECTION, PROCESSING AND MARKETING SERVICES? BACKGROUND: While the operation of a comprehensive recycling program serving the Town of Southold is expected to be more economical than other solid waste management options, there will be substantial costs associated with the operation of the program. Three primary sources of funds to pay annual operating costs have been identified. They are the waste generators, the municipality or a regional agency. Since most waste generators are also taxpayers, they are the ultimate source of funds. However, it is worthwhile to distinguish among the three in order to understand the options for raising the required amounts. It should be kept in mind that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. They may be used in combination to obtain the required funds. In addition, the issue of raising funds to pay annuai operating costs could become critical in obtaining capital funding to build facilities if bonds were to be issued by the NYSEFC, NYSERDA or an authority. These bonds would be sold on the basis of guaranteed project revenues. In this case, the payment mechanism would be established contractually. 1. Waste Generators The tyl~ical approach for paying the costs of collection, transportation and disposal by residents, businesses and institutions is through the service fee paid to the collection service provider. Collection services may be private or public collectors. Private firms charge a fee to their customers which covers costs for collection through disposal. Public waste collection, transportation and disposal are typically paid through local taxes. In each instance the additional costs associated with the provision of recycling services could be paid in the same way. This approach would have the advantage of maintaining the current system of payment for services. However, it was recognized that requiring generators to bear the full cost of recycling may inhibit participation. Recycling opinion surveys conducted in New York revealed that residents state a low willingness to pay additional costs 1394s/1 1027 CRA 6-34 for recycling. It is possible to provide waste generators with the opportunity to reduce the amount they pay for waste collection services as a result of participating in a recycling program, thereby mitigating negative impacts of recycling service fees. 2. Municipalities The Town could bear all or part of the costs of the recycling program by contracting with a firm to provide recycling collection services or providing services with municipal crews. This would represent a significant departure from current practice for the system. Regional Agency The agency may pay all or part of the net costs of opera~ing the recycling system through direct budget appropriations from taxes or through revenues obtained from tipping fees at recyclable materials handling facilities or obtained from disposal fee surcharges at transfer stations or landfills. CRA 6-35 ISSUE SIX: WHAT TYPES OF PERMANENT ECONOMIC AND LEGISLATIVE MEASURES SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED TO ENSURE THE PROGRAM'S SUCCESS? BACKGROUND: Issues one through five of this policy review dealt with the establishment of program goals, defining roles and assigning responsibilities to various parties. In order to ensure that the goals are attained and that various parties (residents, businesses, the Town, solid waste haulers) fulfill their designated roles and responsibilities, a series of economic and legal measures must be established. These measures, which are discussed below, will provide incentives and specific directives necessary to guide the development and operation of Southold's recycling program. 1. Mandatory Separation Ordinances These ordinances would require that waste generators keep certain materials separate from their wastes. These would be recyclables, and possibly other materials that may be beneficial to divert from disposal (e.g., batteries). Regulations prepared in conjunction with the ordinances would have as their key provisions specifications for the materials to be separated, the form in which they are to be set out for collection or delivered to a drop off point, and the date on which the separation requirements become effective. The New York State Solid Waste Management Act requires that each municipality enact such an ordinance by September 1, 1992. However, it is desirable for the Town to do so at an earlier date. This would substantially assist Southold's program in achieving high participation rates sooner, thus enhancing the progress toward the State's forty percent goal. Mandatory separation ordinances have been shown to be highly effective in causing significant increases in participation over voluntary recycling programs. The most successful recycling programs in the country utilize these ordinances. CRA 6-36 2 Collector/Hauler Licensing In order to ensure that waste collection and hauling firms provide for the collection and transport of recyclables, a licensing requirement could be established by the Town. All firms engaged in waste collection and hauling would be required to obtain a license. All licensed haulers would be required to provide recycling collection services in compliance with performance standards established by the Town. Any licensee failing to provide the service could have the license revoked. 3 Flow Control Flow control refers to legislation or other measures which direct certain materials, such as recyclables or waste to designated handling, processing or disposal facilities. It serves to guarantee that the facilities developed by program sponsors, such as the Town or its designated agency, will receive the quantity and types of materials they were designed to accommodate. This aids in ensuring the efficient operation of a waste management system and a steady source of revenues to the operators of the facilities. Flow control is typically used in conjunction with revenue based facility financing to guarantee a flow of funds for the payment of interest and principal on bonds. Flow control legislation, passed by the legislature and signed by the Governor, could give the Town, or an Authority, power to direct waste and recyclables to designated facilities. However, in practice, flow control authority has not been explicitly granted for recyclable materials in New York State. Plow control over recyclables may also be established by entering into contracts with collector/haulers which commit them to deliver materials to specific facilities. However, flow control over recyclable materials may be established indirectly by creating conditions where it is impractical not to deliver recyclables to the facilities created to handle them. This may be accomplished by establishing flow control over solid waste and directing it to transfer stations or disposal facilities. Facilities for receiving recyclable materials could be provided at those locations, providing a strong practical incentive for their delivery CRA 6-37 along with wastes. The Town could utilize flow control powers to obtain revenues to pay for the recycling program operating costs by surcharging disposal fees at the facilities as discussed in connection with issue five. The fact that all those firms and agencies delivering wastes to transfer or disposal facilities would be paying a surcharge to support recycling and would be able to deliver recyclables to facilities at no cost, will provide economic incentives enhancing other flow control measures. 4. Disposal Bans A motivating factor to participate in recycling could be provided by banning certain recyclable materials from disposal facilities. Wastes containing the recyclables would not be accepted at the facilities. A disposal ban for newspapers has been enacted by the City of Albany at its Refuse Derived Fuel facility. Orange County has enacted a disposal ban for a wide variety of recyclable materials. The State of New Jersey has banned leaves from landfills. In order to enact a disposal ban, the Town would have to obtain a greater degree of control over the operation of the landfills. A potential negative impact of disposal bans would be the encouragement of illegal dumping. 5. Differential Tipping Fees Charging a higher fee for the disposal of wastes which have not had recyclables removed through source separation would provide a potential economic motivation to participate in the recycling programs. The creation of the differential fees could also be utilized as a mechanism to obtain funds for operating recycling programs as discussed in connection with issue five. A differential tipping fee has been enacted by the C.I.D. Landfill in Chaffee, New York. Wastes which have not been reduced by fifteen percent through recycling are charged twenty dollars per ton extra. CRA 6-38 Shared Savings The Town could provide an incentive for waste haulers to offer recycling services by offering to share the savings which could be obtained through reduced disposal costs. The sharing could be based upon the tonnage of materials recycled and the tipping fees at the landfill serving the Town. However, in order to create a shared savings system, substantial changes in the payment system for waste disposal would be required. This is due to the fact that the Town does not pay for disposal. Waste disposal fees are currently paid by waste generators. 7. Cost-Per-Container Pricing This system would require waste generators to buy bags or stickers from collection service providers and use them in order to have their wastes collected. A variable can rate can also be established, wherein generators are charged on the basis of how many trash cans are put out for collection. This is a common approach for commercial collection service. Its use for residents could provide an economic incentive to reduce waste. The price of the bag would include fees for collection, transportation and/or disposal of the amount of waste in the bag. These fees could be collected wholly or in part through the price of the bag. A cost-per-container system would provide an economic incentive for waste generators to participate in recycling. In so doing, they would lower the number of bags, tags, drop-offs, or pick-ups they need to purchase, thereby reducing their waste disposal expenses. These programs have been established in a variety of locations where every type of solid waste collection service is provided (i.e., municipal, municipal contract and private). Cost-per-bag systems have recently been instituted in several municipalities in Oneida and Herkimer Counties, including the City of Utica. CRA 6-39 Assistance In Equipment Procurement The Town can provide incentives for waste collection, transportation or processing service providers to become involved in providing recyclable materials collection services by helping them in obtaining collection equipment. This may be done in one or more of the following ways: Equipment Leasing - Equipment purchased using the EQBA fifty percent matching funds may be leased to service providers at a nominal rate. Long-term Service Agreements - The municipality may offer to enter into long-term service agreements with service providers for collection, transportation or processing of recyclables. This would provide the service providers with commitments that would justify their investments in the equipment and facilities and hiring of labor necessary to provide the services. These agreements would have to be based upon the results of competitive procurement processes. Financing Assistance The Town could provide assistance for certain recycling activities through an Industrial Development Agency. This assistance could be made available for private firms which need equipment in order to prepare recyclable materials generated in their facilities for collection. The firms may also obtain assistance in order to enable them to utilize recyclable materials as feedstocks to their manufacturing processes. The New York State Department of Economic Development is also developing programs for financial assistance to recycling programs. i394s/1 1027 CRA 6-40 ISSUE SEVEN: HOW SHOULD COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE GENERATORS BE ENCOURAGED TO RECYCLE? BACKGROUND: Tho typo of mochanisms that could be omployod for discouraging the disposal of recyclable materials and encouraging their recovery are similar to those discussed for issue six. This would include extending the scope of mandatory separation ordinances to cover commercial, institutional and industrial operations; stipulating in hauler licensing agreements that recycling collection services must be made available to nonresidential accounts, disposal bans for materials which are prevalent in nonresidential waste streams such as corrugated and fine paper, and flow control actions at solid waste facilities. In addition to these regulatory measures, specific programs could be established by providing: Marketing assistance by matching sources of nonresidential recyclable wastes with markets which are interested in recovering these materials. This would include encouraging participation in waste exchanges sponsored by the Northeast Industrial Waste Exchange located in Syracuse, New York. o Technical assistance such as conducting on-site audits which would seek to identify waste reduction opportunities as well as distributing information on how successful business and industry recycling programs can be implemented. Assistance in reviewing provisions of solid waste service agreements to determine where modifications would be feasible and appropriate for achieving economic savings through waste reduction or recycling. o Collection assistance to encourage the development of collection systems oriented to recovering specific types of recyclable materials such as corrugated paper. o Equipment financing assistance to businesses or industries which have sufficient quantities of recyclable materials to justify the acquisition of recovery equipment such as paper balers. CRA 6-41 ISSUE EIGHT: WHO SHOULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TOWN PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION, OR POLICY ENFORCEMENT? OPERATION This issue seeks to identify the appropriate lead agency for implementing and maintaining policies adopted with respect to issues one through seven. BACKGROUND: The following lead agency alternatives should be considered: o Creation of a regional authority; o Town of Southold; and o Intermunicipal consortiums or cooperatives(East End Recycling Association). o Conducting periodic assessments of market demand; o Establishing and maintaining marketing relationships; o Verifying the weights of all loads of recyclables; o Procuring of bulk material hauling services for delivery to the market; o Marketing and service contract oversight; o Maintaining quality control procedures; o Responding to complaints from markets; and o Compiling and analyzing tonnage, revenue, and expense data. ~-~continue its marketing arrangements and maintain commitments from the brokers and haulers for the disposition of recyclable materials. This guarantees an outlet for the materials as well as minimizes staff time trying to identify markets and prices. Composted leaves and chipped brush will be marketed to residents for gardening and landscaping purposes. In addition, the Tow~ will utilize compost and wood chips on Town properties. With the expansion of the yard waste composting facility, it is possible that finished compost may be available to commercial landscaping companies, nurseries or other interested agencies. CRA 6-42 MidTerm Phase Marketin~ The marketing arrangements during this phase will be consistent with those of the interim phase. Segregated recyclable materials will be marketed under individual contractual agreements. Construction and demolition debris will be marketed independently through private processing facilities and marketed under the current or new contract for a C&D transfer station. The Tow~, which is responsible for disposing of C&D delivered to the transfer station, will specify the disposal location (i.e., processing and recovery facility) for all material received and transferred. C~A 6-43 Lon~-Term Phase Marketin~ The collection, processing and marketing program of the interim and midterm phases will be reevaluated over the long-term in relation to the availability of markets and the ability to secure markets for the targeted recyclables. Materials will continue to be collected and marketed in segregated form provided that market conditions are suitable to these practices. However, over the long-term phase, this approach will be reevaluated to be certain that participation is maximized for all the designated recyclable materials for which "economic markets" exist. The addition of aluminum foil, other rigid and flexible plastics, low-grade paper and other paperboard might necessitate a commingled curbside collection program and subsequent processing capability. In addition to using yard waste compost in Town projects and offered to Town residents and local commercial landscaping and horticultural service establishments, long-term markets will be investigated for use of finished compost in nonagricultural and horticultural operations. More than 40,000 acres of land are currently being cultivated in Suffolk County which represents a significant potential market for this material (Section 4.1). The Town will work closely with Agricultural Extension Agents and local farmers in identifying and developing suitable agricultural and horticultural applications for yard waste and advanced source separated organic compost products. Finally, backyard or on-lot composting will be encouraged through a public education program. Composting of other organics such as grass clippings, food wastes, low-grade paper and potentially sludge shall be considered during the long-term as the technology and feasibility of composting these wastes becomes reliable. The marketing options to be considered include developing a Town composting facility to accommodate source separated organic wastes or to contract for the service with an existing privately operating facility. The long-term marketing objectives for C&D wastes primarily include the encouragement of sorting debris from new construction and demolition projects into wood and aggregate components at the job site. In addition to clean, sorted materials, mixed C&D will be marketed locally through processors and end users. According to the market surveys (Section 4.1), there is a demand for this material on eastern Long Island. Further, the Town of Southold could potentially use the processed aggregate during landfill closure. 1027 CRA 6-44 Another objective of this phase of the marketing plan is the development of marketing solutions for the following materials: o Other low-grade paper; o Rubber (primarily tires); o Food wastes; o Grass clippings; o Nonferrous furniture; o Structural nonferrous; and o Mixed bulky wastes. It is clear, based upon existing marketing opportunities, that market development initiatives must be developed or improved for these materials. Market development actions are underway at State, County, and regional levels. Regional market development is one approach that is actively being pursued by East End communities. Section 6.7 further discusses market development strategies. 6.4 Recyclable Material Collection The purpose of a collection system is the accumulation of designated materials from a number of sources for delivery to either a storage and processing center or a final user. The collection system, in order to be effective, must incorporate into its design services which will ensure maximum participation by waste generators and conformance to the quality and delivery requirements of processing facilities or markets. Interim Phase Collection of materials designated by the marketing plan for this phase will be accomplished through the use of the drop-off center, in addition to residential and commercial curbside collection. This center currently located at the Town landfill accormmodates not only residential deliveries, but large quantity deliveries of sorted materials brought by the haulers. Most of the recyclables collected curbside are delivered to the Town's recycling center. CRA 6-45 The marketing approach during the interim phase is to recover and market segregated recyclable materials, therefore, curbside collections is provided for recyclable materials set out in a segregated form. The existing level of participation in the curbside sorting program is unknown. Also, it is undetermined of those who are participating, the number of materials and sorts actually being set out for collection. Of the 40% of the population that delivers waste to the landfill, it appears that nearly all separate recyclables, according to landfill staff. The Town works with residents, landscapers, and haulers in developing effective collection systems for compostable yard wastes. The following strategies are being pursued: Information is distributed through the assistance of appropriate local agencies and the Cornell Cooperative Extension on suitable backyard composting methods. The objective of this action is to reduce the quantity of compostable materials requiring collection from residential sources. Provide information and educational programs for new lawn maintenance techniques which would utilize grass clippings on-site. Residents are encouraged to leave grass clippings on-site through promotional programs in lawn care management; o Evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of providing yard waste collection, at no charge, during Spring and Fall clean up. The collection frequency might need to be increased as well as upgrading the equipment used in collecting the material. Household hazardous wastes (HHW) are collected at the collection center through direct residential deliveries. All deliveries of recyclables and residential and commercial trash are accepted seven days per week except holidays, during the hours of 6:45 a.m. to 5:15 p.m., excluding HHW. The HH~4 STOP Facility is open twice weekly. The permanent drop-off center provides convenience for residents in that the drop-off hours are not limited. However, it does limit those households who find access to the center difficult. During the interim, to maximize public participation in the S.T.O.P. program, extensive promotional literature and educational information shall be prepared and disseminated. 1027 CRA 6-46 MidTerm Phase The Town~aaD~ directly with commercial concerns which have been identified through a review of commercial and industrial listings as possibly generating significant quantities of recyclable or compostable waste materials. One effective form of assistance is conducting an on-site solid waste audit with the store or facilities manager. The objectives of this audit would be to identify and characterize all waste sources within the establishment, estimate what percentage is potentially recyclable or compostable, and determine potential approaches for recovering this material. The result could aid them in complying with the mandatory separation ordinances by identifying the recyclable materials present in their waste stream. The Town also provides assistance in designing source separation programs for each firm. This is done in cooperation with their hauler. The Town will continue to work with private haulers in developing collection services for all recyclable materials and developing their own recovery program for Town offices. CRA 6-47 Collection systems are geared to recovering small quantities of materials from a dispersed number of sources. This is accomplished through collections dedicated to one material such as high-grade paper or designed to recover multiple materials. Information on the efficiency of these collection approaches are available for use and adaption by the public and the private haulers. Through these two collection mechanisms, the Town will effectively achieve interim, mid and long-term recovery goals. Bulky waste recovered during clean up events or routine drop-off may require sorting by Town personnel to extract for recycling scrap metals, tires and other recyclable ferrous and nonferrous metals and other items. The collection of C&D and land clearing waste is primarily provided by the contractors involved in the construction or demolition project, hired solid waste haulers or individual do-it-yourselfers and is delivered to existing private processing and recovery facilities or, if necessary, the Town's transfer station of C&D is being accepted. Small amounts of residentially generated C&D debris are accepted at the collection center for management under the Town's current temporary transfer station arrangement. At this phase of program development, regularly scheduled curbside collections of recyclable materials has been available to all residents, businesses and institutions and industries. Therefore, a principal objective of this phase will be the inclusion of additional materials in setouts by residents, including mixed paper, aluminum foil, other rigid plastic containers and plastic films. 1394s/1 1027 CRA 6-48 As a result of the inclusion of these additional materials, curbside segregation of materials may need to be reevaluated in terms of: o Aggregate and per capita recovery rates; o Solid waste and recyclables collection productivities; o Comparison of curbside and drop-off recovery rates; o Costs for collection services; and o Feedback from haulers, residents and businesses. It is recommended that a survey be conducted by following recycling vehicles to identify the participation levels. Based on the results of this analysis, the collection program emphasis could be modified to obtain higher participation and material recovery rates. If lower than projected recovery rates are determined, the emphasis of the curbside program will be on encouraging the use of a two stream setout. The participant will only need to source separate recyclables into paper and commingled container products. This would be consistent with the requirements of existing operating MRFs on Long Island. According to public attitude surv~ents are more likely to participate in the recycling collection program that requires two or fewer material separations. However, in Southold, the residents have demonstrated their willingness to separate as many as five categories of recyclable materials. Given that convenience is the primary factor cited for participating in recycling programs, commingling of materials for setout could be considered. However, should the survey analysis result in high compliance, the existing practices would be continued. Collections of recyclable materials are currently being performed using separate trailers or vehicles with fixed or modifiable compartments/containers on the truck for receiving materials sorted by the collection crew. Vehicles with fixed compartments would not be recommended over the long-term since the flexibility of responding to changes in recovery rates or procedures is then lost. Manual top loading vehicles are generally the simplest and least costly to operate. These vehicles can be converted into a two compartment configuration during the long-term phase if commingled collection is required. The commingled containers set out by residents during the long-term phase can then be collected without enroute sorting in the first compartment and mixed paper products in the second compartment. The experiences of many recyclables collection systems indicates that the !394s/i 1027 CRA 6-49 scheduling of collection services with respect to when it occurs and frequency has a great impact on participation. It is therefore recommended that collections occur: o On the same day as solid waste collections; and o At least two times per month. It has been estimated that as high as 40% of Southold's year-round population are senior citizens. As a result of such a high elderly population, the materials collection program design must take into consideration factors which might affect the ability for senior citizens to conveniently participate. Such limiting factors might include inconvenient setout locations, complicated material preparation and handling procedures, confusing collection schedules and complicated instructions. Therefore, the above recommendations including providing commingled recyclable collection on the same day as trash collection and utilizing designated household recycling containers will not only enhance program participation for all residents, but provide the level of convenience necessary for participation for approximately 40% of the population. Compostable yard wastes such as leaves and brush will continue to be collected during Spring and Fall cleanup days as described in the interim and midterm phases. Large quantity deliveries from landscaping firms and commercial establishments shall also continue to be received at the Town's compost site. During this phase, the Town will evaluate acceptable methods for collecting and composting grass clippings, food, low-grade paper and/or sludge. On-lot and backyard composting will continue to be strongly encouraged by public education and involvement programs to be developed by the Town, as well as the "Let It Lie" slogan associated with leaving grass clippings on la,ms and not collecting them for processing or disposal. Textiles will continue to be recovered, as described in the interim phase. Existing drop-off containers provided by St. Vincent DePaul will remain the primary means of recovering textiles delivered to Town facilities. Seasonal Efforts A significant percentage of the total waste stream during the months of May through August is generated by a population of transient residents, including second home owners, seasonal renters and tourists. The population during these four months increases by nearly 50%. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement a strategy which aims to reduce this seasonal waste stream. The primary focus is to identify the current means by which household trash is 1394s/1 1027 CRA 6-50 disposed. The second home owners have the option, like year-round residents, to deliver trash to the landfill or retain the services of a private waste hauler. Those who choose to deliver trash shall become informed and educated on the requirements and procedures necessary for participating in the recycling program at Town Hall when residential trash and parking permits are bought or at the collection center (landfill). The remainder who subscribe with a collector for service shall become informed and educated by the collector. Solid waste ~rt~ as part of their operating license, are ~ mandated to pickup recyclable materials from each customer; therefore, seasonal subscribers ~r~ provided with the service. CRA 6-51 In many cases, the migration of seasonal residents is from other western Long Island communities where recyclable material source separation and recycling collection programs have been ongoing. Therefore, it is likely that most second home owners will be familiar with source separation habits and will seek the opportunity to participate. A greater effort is required to obtain program support from seasonal renters and weekend tourists. In addition to the above methods, there are several ways to obtain compliance. Landlords shall be required to leave trash disposal and recycling instructions for all renters in the unit. In addition, rental agencies would be required to provide instructions to renters. Finally, neighborhood organizations could be utilized to inform newcomers of the collection practices. Household recycling containers will visually stimulate an interest in the program and provide peer pressure for those households not participating. Finally, increased promotional efforts during the summer will assist in maximizing participation. Efforts should emphasis printed media, radio announcements and direct mailings. Recycling activities should become a part of all summer community events and festivals. 6.5 Facilities Development The objective of facilities development is to provide the necessary physical infrastructure that will link local collection systems with markets for recyclable and compostable materials. This linkage is achieved through the provision of a number of important services, especially for storage, transportation, processing and material quality control. There is usually a positive relationship between the size and complexity of a facility's design and the time required for its development. The principal strategic focus of this part of the plan will be the existing collection facility and the ability for expansion, adaptability, and design enhancements over the long-term, if necessary. Interim Phase Development The existing collection center at the Town landfill accommodates large quantity deliveries from haulers, businesses and residents. The primary function of the recycling center is to receive materials which have been sorted by residents or on the route by collectors. Materials which are delivered in a separated condition are then transferred to open top shipping containers or vehicles directly. No form of volume reduction or sorting is performed. The function of the recycling centers is primarily the storage and transfer point for the recyctable materials generated in the Town. 1394o/1 1027 CRA 6-52 The existing collection facility/bi-level area has been designed to be simple to establish, maintain and operate. These requirements have been met by the use of roll-off containers or standard dumpsters. A minimum of six containers is provided for the recycling transfer station. One 30 cubic yard container is used for mixed plastics, green, amber and clear glass containers, respectively. A 40 cubic yard roll-off is used for commingled aluminum and ferrous cans, and another compacting unit for corrugated container (OCC) collection. To accommodate commercial deliveries of OCC, the designated roll-off should be relocated to the transfer area where vehicle ra/np access is available. A small eight (8) cubic yard dumpster will be utilized in the residential drop off area for separate self-haul deliveries. This material can then be transferred to the roll-off in a similar fashion as for other materials. The Town is expanding its existing compost facility from accommodating 3,000 cubic yards of yard waste to 9,000 tons annually. This facility will be permitted under the Part 360 regulations, and be operated in a manner that will not lead to problems such as odors, illegal dumping or uncomposted materials. This program will be expanded for the full volume of leaves and brush the Town generates. 4T~--'~~' ~,~'~'~---~'~~ In 1989, the Town established a permanent HHW containment facility at the collection center. This facility, manufactured by Safety Storage, can securely hold approximately 16 to 28 drums of hazardous material. Based on previous HHW removal schedules, the Town anticipates approximately 10 to 12 pick ups per year. HHW deposited at the collection center is removed for permanent storage by the operating staff throughout the days of operation. This facility is secured during nonoperating hours. Commercially and residentially generated C&D debris is currently delivered to the Town's temporary C&D transfer station at the complex. Under contract with a private operator, C&D debris is transferred to a disposal or processing facility. Also, C&D debris is being independently managed through existing private processors. Finally, the drop-off container provided by St. Vincent DePaul for used clothing recovery will remain at the collection center. This method of recovery will be considered the primary collection mechanism for used textiles and will be publicized as such. Midterm Phase CRA 6-53 It is not anticipated that any new facilities will be developed during this phase. However, during this phase, the feasibility of a second recyclable material drop-off location will be evaluated. One objective of this phase is to evaluate processing and marketing opportunities for commingled materials. If technical and economic evaluations performed during the long-term phase indicate that commingled collection is necessary to maximize materials recovery, a strategy to direct materials through a contractual or procurement arrangement to a materials recovery facility will be considered. The Town could expect to utilize the processing and marketing abilities of one of the MRFs and/or cooperative marketing arrangements on Long Island. In the event that Brookhaven, Islip or other opportunities are not available to Southold, the Town would be prepared to upgrade the existing central recycling drop-off center and recycling transfer station into a low-technology (simple sorting and compacting) intermediate processing facility. It should be realized that development of a low technology intermediate processing facility is a fall back position to be implemented only in the event that regional or cooperative arrangements are unavailable to the Town. Construction and demolition debris and land clearing and other wood wastes are expected to be processed through existing private facilities or Town managed program. The preferred strategy is for C&D processing facilities to be developed by the private sector. However, should adequate private capacity not be available, the Town will procure these services through competitive bidding procedures. This would primarily be implemented through Town transfer station contracts. Another objective of the long-term program phase is to identify collection and processing alternatives for food and agricultural wastes, low-grade paper, grass clippings and sludge~ Cocomposting processing systems utilizing grass clippings, food wastes, sludge and low-grade papers will be considered, however, the processing operations and facilities are more sophisticated than simple leaf composting windrow operations because of potential odor and vermin problems. Two options will be considered: 1) participation in composting facility being developed in the Town of Riverhead; and 2) development of a low technology system at the Town's yard waste composting facility. However, should the Riverhead facility or other similar facilities not become available for Southold's use, the Town will be prepared to develop their own system for effectively composting part or all of the source separated organic wastes to maximize waste reduction and materials recovery. The second option considered 1394s/~ CRA 6-54 in evaluating the feasibility and technological suitability of source separated organic waste composting is a system that will utilize low technology composting mechanisms. This technology would be evaluated in terms of its effectiveness for product marketability. Depending on the results, this operation can be modified to process all or part of the food, agricultural, grass clippings, sludge and low-grade paper generated in the Town, The Town's ability to pursue this approach could be affected by Suffolk County Department of Health Services policy which might restrict the use of certain compost end products on lands located in the deep recharge zone. 6.6 Implementation Schedule A detailed schedule of the activities and timing necessary for implementation has been prepared and is shown in Table 6,6-1~ It is subdivided between interim, midterm and long-term program actions. 6.7 Market Development Identification of the factors that contribute to developing and expanding markets is necessary for planning future activities. This section discusses the potential markets for future aspects of a recycling program. Recyclable Materials Markets provide for the disposition of recyclable materials for productive use rather than disposal. Therefore, market development is defined as a strategy that fosters a productive use of the materials occurring independent of governmental intervention. It is essential to the success of the recycling progra/n that uses for the recovered materials be increased. There are three ways in which the demand for recyclable materials can be increased, including: o Expanding of existing recycling industries to use more materials and/or purchase materials locally; o Encouraging existing operations to substitute recycled materials for virgin materials; and o Developing new applications for the recovered materials. Increasinc CaDacitv of Current Operations An opportunity to increase the capacity of the recycling infrastructure, on a local and regional basis, is to identify those existing users and buyers of text continues on pg 6-61 !027 CP~ 6-55 TABLE 6.6-1 (1 OF 4) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN TOWN OF SOUTHOLD, NEW YORK PROJECT SCHEDULE INTERIM PHASE (Present 1994) ACTION ACTION DATES (glass, metal, plastic); newspaper o Backyard come, sting and ~Let it Lie" grass recycling 1991 o Hauler licensing implanted 1991 o Curbslde collection programs initiated by all llcensed haulers o Waste reduction eaa~algns initiated o Ex, and yard waste Co~oostlng facility to process all leaves and brush genera~ in Town (9,000 tons) - Submit permit a~llcatlons to NYSDEC ~rgetlng seasonal residents Businesses an~ institutions pay haulers for services. Town Staff. Ja~ 94 Fee to ~btaln ll~ense. Costs ~ald by private sector and passed on ~o ~ustomers. Haulers requlr~ to obtaln Town staff. Built into all public information and audttlng efforts. 3e~t 94 NYSDEC Part 360 solld waste faclllty permlt ls required. A~r 94 A~r 94 CRA 6-56 TABLE 6.6-1 (2 OF 4) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN TOWN OF SOUTHOLD, NEW YORK PROJECT SCHEDULE MID-TERM PHASE (1995 - 1996) - Conduct waste audits Ongoing Town staff. o Develop ~nstration office ~r 95 pa~er recycling program ln ~and Yard Waste C~sting ~une 95 Costs to publicize progrmm. Capital costs for e~uip- o Enforce mandatory recycling o ~alyze resid~ntial And c~clal rates of partici- pat±on. o Make i~rov~nts to self- hauler drop off site o Private v~ndors process C&D debris o ~u~lish newsletter on recycling & solid waste o Town requires C&D d~-bris to be recycled under a trmnsfer station contract. Modify law to add m~xed paper mandatory recyclable Jan 95 Jun 95 Jan 97 Sept 95 Town staff will enforce Po~ential additional cost of products. This analysis will k~ uti- lized cb/ring long-term in e~luating collection Should e~hance quality and participation rate of self- haule~ recyclists. Ensure existing C&D proces- sing capacity is adequate to acc~te Southold. Bhould ioprov~ knowl~e and un~rstand~ng of recycling If private sector capacity is not a~q~ate, the Town will procure ~e service. CRA 6-57 TABLE 6.6-1 (3 OF 4) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN TOWN OF SOUTHOLD, NEW YORK PROJECT SCHEDULE MID-TERM PHASE (Cont' d) Ac'~o~ ACT~O~ ~ES ~co~o~zc ~m~Ac~s cobH]n~s o Collection, processing and marketing sysCem evaluation o E%-~luate t~chnical and eco- feasibility of organic waste To~n staff. Town staff. Technologies evaluated as LONG-TERM PHASE (1997-2015) o Collection, processing and marketing syst~ ~valuation o Obtain cooperation from private ~ecyclers and haulers o l~ndate recycling of household hazardous wastes Private recyclers and haulers dev~lep aacount~ng/repor~ing Private recylers and haulers develop accounting/reporting High recovery rates will not ~ achi~ without full re~or~ing compliance. o Consider imp~--nta~lon of collection programs for organic waste (i.e., food, low-grade paper, grass clippings, sludge) o E%~aluate technical and econon~c Continuing Potential a~t~onal aol~ CRA 6-58 recyclable materials to determine if a greater percentage of recyclable materials can be used by expanding existing operations~ The recycling market cooperative formed by the Towns of Islip, Oyster Bay, Huntington, and Babylon is one example of expanding operations in an effort to develop stronger markets. Additionally, most scrap processors and end users receive materials from a variety of and sometimes distant sources. This can often be a costly proposition to consuming industries, in that transportation costs often cut into profit margins. Where these materials can be obtained locally, the industry benefits from reduced transportation costs at the same time supporting local recycling efforts. Subst~tut%oD of Recycled Materials For Vircin Materials This market development approach encourages industries to switch from using virgin feedstocks to secondary scrap materials in their processes. In Suffolk County, legislation has been passed requiring the increased use of recycled newsprint in newspapers. Newspaper publishers recently agreed to increase the percentage of used newsprint to 40% by 1997. It is uncertain at this time as to whether or not this approach could be used in other areas to increase the use of recycled material in lieu of virgin materials. There are many companies that could use recyclable materials in their existing processing operations, instead of using virgin material supplies. Although most paper mills already use a small percentage of waste paper, for example, they could be encouraged to increase that percentage thus reducing virgin pulp usage. This approach is an integral concept of the actions discussed above for increasing population capacities. New Applications The third opportunity for creating a demand for recyclable materials addresses the need to create new markets that consume these materials. The use of compost as top dressing at a public golf course is one example of this. With a consistent supply of materials, consuming industries can justify an investment into research and development of new product applications made from recyclable materials. The development of plastic "lumber" as produced by several plastic recycling companies in eastern Long Island are examples of research and development efforts for increasing recyclable materials markets. Also, there appears to be a tremendous opportunity in Southold to market pelletized and potentially shredded plastics as an aeration product to replace vermiculite, in horticultural applications. In particular, this application is directly appropriate for containerized nursery crops. Research and development of new product applications is a growing field in the packaging 1027 CRA 6-59 and chemical industries. Finally, Suffolk County produced a guide that identifies potential uses for recovered recyclable materials as part of landfill closure operations. These actions will require the assistance of local material processors (i.e., producing plastic piping for methane venting) to produce the applicable product. Market Development Tools This section focuses on the various mechanisms for stimulating market development. Actions are being initiated at three levels, federal, state and local, to create more opportunities to utilize the recyclable materials that are being generated from local recycling programs. The primary focus of market development efforts is: o Technical; o Financial; and o Legislative. The technical and financial assistance programs offered by the State of New York are directed toward the generators, processors or the end users of recyclable materials. Specifically, three agencies have been designated with market development responsibilities, The Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), the Department of Economic Development (DED) and the Environmental Facilities Corporation (EFC). Much of the assistance provided by DEC focuses on the collection and processing of recyclable materials. However, the DEC has compiled a directory of material markets by region and will provide information and assistance on an individual basis. The DEC is also responsible for assisting the DED in their market development responsibilities. The DED, however, was designated as New York State's lead agency for recycling market development through the Secondary Materials Processing Promotion Act, enacted by the Legislature in 1987 as an amendment to the State's economic development law. The Solid Waste Management Act of 1988 expands those responsibilities, one of which is to establish a statewide system for collecting, updating and distributing information about suppliers and consumers of secondary materials recovered from New York's waste stream. This information would be available to public and private recycling leaders to facilitate supply and demand linkages. ~394s/~ CRA 6-60 1!}27 The DED will also research and monitor trends in the secondary materials sector in order to anticipate changes in market conditions that may affect local recovery programs. In addition, the agency will be able to target specific regions or industries for focused market development efforts. The emphasis of the DED effort is on secondary materials processing industries and therefore is undertaking a marketing effort designed to promote the full range of business development incentives and services that can be accessed by this target group. Finally, the DED will initiate targeted outreach efforts to the recycling industry to stimulate expansion of existing enterprises and to develop new operations in the State. In addition, program staff will be available to facilitate market arrangements between suppliers and consumers of recovered materials. Another technical assistance program offered is the Industrial Materials Recycling Program. The objective of the Industrial Materials Recycling Program, administered by the New York Environmental Facilities Corporation, is to provide technical assistance to industry thus encouraging and enhancing waste reduction, reuse, recycling and exchange. The program provides assistance not only to waste generators, but to industrial and hazardous waste users and municipalities needing recycling assistance. Through publications and workshops, technical information such as potential methods, economics and technologies for recovering and recycling materials from the waste stream is provided. Another market development tool is the Northeast Industrial Waste Exchange (NIWE) which provides information to both waste generators and end users. The exchange, sponsored by the New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation, the states of Maryland, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Connecticut and Ohio, the Central New York Regional Planning and Development Board and the Manufacturers Association of Central New York, serves as an information clearinghouse for recycling industrial wastes and other nonhazardous materials. Its primary objective is to assure that materials remain part of the manufacturing process by putting waste producers in touch with waste The Recycling Unit of the Suffolk County Department of General Services has adopted similar strategies to provide technical assistance to help encourage local market development. In addition, the County has developed a strategy to expand and attract recycling industries by identifying existing economic development services and incentives and those recycling industries currently handling recyclable materials. As a result, the County has produced a compendium of basic information relating to the expansion and attraction of 1027 CRA 6-6I recycling industries. This compendium contains a list of agencies and organizations that provide economic development services and assistance, a list of buyers and processors of recycled materials, financial incentives for using recyclable materials, potential uses of various recyclable materials and, manufacturers using recyclables to produce new products. Financial To stimulate private sector investment in recycling capacity, the State Department of Economic Development offers grants and loans to qualifying companies. Grants are available to firms for evaluating the feasibility of recycling projects they wish to undertake. The grants can be used for assessing the technical and/or economic feasibility of employing specific recycling technologies, processes or systems. The assessments can include performance research or testing, market and waste strea/n analyses, and cost analyses. Grants, however, may not exceed $50,000 or 80% of the total study cost, whichever is less. Additionally, Secondary Materials Technology Adoption Loans are available to finance the acquisition, construction, alteration, repair or improvement of buildings and equipment used for recycling° The maximum loan available is $250,000 per applicant or 90% of project cost whichever is less. Both the grant and loan assistance programs require that there be documentable energy savings resulting from the funded projects and that the projects make an important contribution to increasing the level of recycling in the State. There are a variety of other incentives that the Suffolk County Department of Economic Development, and other regional agencies can offer to industries utilizing recyclable materials, as outlined in the Suffolk County Compendium Regarding Expanding and Attracting Recycling Industries, May 1989. These incentives are geared towards stimulating business growth within in the region. However, many of these programs and incentives can be applied to industries expanding existing recycling business or relocating to the region. Such economic incentives include: o Real Property Tax Exemptions; o Revolving Loan Funds; o Revenue Bond Financing; o Industrial Development Bonds; o Tax Credit Programs; o Job Training Assistance; and o Other Loans and Credit Services. 2027 CRA 6-62 LeGislative The final effort to stimulate markets for recyclable materials is through legislative actions. For example, the Town of Southold might establish a policy where products made from paper, plastic and asphalt procured by the Town contain a certain percentage of recyclable material content. A price preference could be established for those materials which meet specific recyclable percentages. The previously mentioned Suffolk County law relating to the use of increasing percentages of recycled newsprint in publications distributed in Suffolk County is another example. On the State level, the DED has targeted specific waste materials for aggressive market development actions. Old newspapers are the first material that the DED will focus its market development initiatives. The State of New York is cooperation with the Northeast Recycling Council (a subsidiary of the Council of State Governments) is investigating opportunities for companies that produce a recyclable product to utilize that same product again in its production process. The first group targeted are newspaper publishers. Initial discussions focused on perceived abilities to facilitate market development. Publishing companies in the State agreed to jointly establish a Task Force with State officials that examined the opportunities for using more recycled newsprint in newspaper production and to devise a strategy to attract a paper mill(s) to the region to supply additional recycling capacity. These types of efforts could be duplicated or publicly encouraged by the Town. Compostables The development of markets depends on a variety of factors which include the determination of the type of compostable material to be processed and the quantity of that material. In addition, it is necessary to determine the needs of available markets in terms of material quality, handling, and packaging specifications. If existing markets are such that they exceed the potential compost production, a processing strategy can be chosen that will allow for the most cost-effective processing. Where more limited markets are available, processing must be tailored to produce a product that meets market specifications. Where markets are tight, building flexibility into the compost processing system becomes critical to a successful operation. This diversity will allow the production of a range of products that can be marketed to a variety of users. This will eliminate dependency on any one type of market. Immediate Opportunities for the Use of Recycled Materials The Long Island Landfill Law, discussed in the Solid Waste Management Plan, CRA 6-63 has forced the closure of landfills on Long Island. Those landfills that are in the process of developing closure plans present a unique opportunity to use recycled material and develop markets for the products of recycling. Suffolk County has a program for financial assistance to the towns in Suffolk County for closure of their solid waste landfills. This program promotes the use of recycled materials and products as part of the landfill closure efforts. The program has identified the following examples: o Use of screenings from construction and demolition debris as fill material; o Use of capping materials manufactured from recycled plastics; o Use of plastic piping for gas venting or gas collection and recovery systems manufactured from recycled plastics; o Use of recycled aggregate, reclaimed from crushed concrete or glass for concrete structures or base course of roads; o Use of plastic lumber manufactured from recycled plastics for use in place of wood, where appropriate; o Use of leaf compost as a soil conditioner in the final cover top soil layer; and o Use of hydromulch, manufactured from used newspapers, for seeding the final cover top soil layer~ The Recycling Unit of the Suffolk County Department of General Services conducted a study of these materials and products. Further, the Recycling Unit identified a partial listing of local Long Island, nearby regional and, national markets from which these materials may be obtained. During the closure of the Town's landfill, the Town will utilize the opportunity to consider the use of products made from recyclable materials in closure operations. The Town's landfill could also use an acceptable 40 mil thick geomembrane. Much of the 24 inch soil barrier protection layer, and the six inch final cover topsoil layer, can use recycled materials. Geomembranes manufactured from recycled materials are available. Larger landfills facing closure would require even more material, and are considered to be a potential market for local processing operations. 6.8 Public Education and Waste Reduction Programs Source separation and waste reduction practices must be encouraged and reinforced through an effective and comprehensive public information and education program. The commitment to the implementation and management of these activities needs to be sustained to ensure long-term success. The responsibility for public information and education is the Town's. 1394s/1 1027 CRA 6-64 However, this effort is supplemented by regional efforts. The East End Recycling Association has performed public education for the region to date, and will continue with Town support. The Town applied for and received funding from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation as part of an East End Recycling Association application. These funds are expected to be utilized to assist the Town in promoting recycling and educating its residents. As part of this regional grant, Southold received bumper stickers {regional theme), printed literature and signage incorporating directions and instructions for recyclabte material deliveries arriving at the collection center. The specific public education and information programs that will be undertaken by the Town during all three program development phases include the following: o Initiate "Environmental Shopping" campaigns, whereby consumers are encouraged to purchase products that are readily recyclable, have minimal packaging or can be reused. Obtain support of the local supermarket. o Public notices, direct mailings and media promotions to support and encourage current and new recycling programs. o Town assistance to elementary, middle and high schools in implementing recycling programs for the schools. o o o Town/school sponsored educational events, such as essay, picture and/or logo contests. Town cooperation with schools, and the State, to develop curriculum, special events and tours concerning recycling and recycling operations. Town advertisements and promotion of the use of compost from the yard waste composting operation. o Encouragement by the Town for landscapers and others to promote backyard composting and on-site grass recycling. o An outreach and educational effort to public and private users of the complex to general cooperation and involvement in new recycling programs. o Town discussions with waste haulers to address collection and recycling concerns and to obtain an effective transition as new programs are implemented. Town outreach efforts targeted to seasonal residents, tourists and seasonal businesses for active participation in recycling and other programs. The Town will pursue the following waste reduction efforts. These efforts will be performed during the midterm phase of program development. o Develop an inventory of supplies and purchasing patterns to be cross referenced with other Departments in terms of possible material reuse. In addition, the quantities of materials purchased and the timing of purchases will be evaluated to determine if waste reduction measures [394s/i CR~ 6-65 1027 could be applied to avoid the waste of unused products; Specifically evaluate measures for waste reduction and materials reuse in Department of Public Works maintenance and construction efforts (i.e., paint, road signs}; Coordinate with the Department of Purchasing to institute a program, whereby bulky items, such as furniture and office equipment could be refurbished, if determined feasible, as opposed to disposal and newly purchased; and Identify and educate Town employees as to waste reduction and recycling measures that could be initiated on an individual basis in the office. This includes using ceramic coffee mugs instead of plastic disposable cups, making double sided copies, using discarded paper for scrap paper and using refillable pens. 6.9 Staffing This section identifies the staffing needs for the management of the integrated solid waste management program. The Town has made considerable staffing commitments for its present solid waste and recycling program. Its current staffing level is nearly 30. This includes the Department of Public Works, including the Solid Waste Coordination and operating staff at the recycling collection center, composting facility and household hazardous waste STOP Facility. With a large part of the To~rn's program in place, the Tow~ has adequate staff to manage current and projected programs. However, should the Town develop a materials recovery facility or other processing facility, additional staff will be obtained for such purposes. The Department of Public Works is responsible for solid waste and recycling management. The Solid Waste Coordinator has the direct responsibility for facilities oversight and program administration. The Solid Waste Coordinator is assisted by a volunteer recycling coordinator. Two (2) foremen handle daily operations at the recycling collection center. Ten (10) part-time employees are utilized to staff the self-haul drop-off areas for solid waste and recyclable materials and the "reuse center.' Part-time employees also perform the tasks of removing contaminants from the recycling bins and general clean-up. Other staff include one mechanic, three scale operators and six construction equipment operators. The construction equipment operators perform the following tasks: o Transferring solid waste and recyclables from the self-haul drop-off areas to transfer trailers; o Drive newspaper recycling trailer to the paper market; o Operate the brush tub grinder and leaf windrow turning equipment; 1394s/i CRA 6-66 1027 o Grading the composting site; o Load the tire recycling trailer; o Load bulky metals into the transfer trailer; and o Operate the HHW STOP Facility. Figure 6.9-1 illustrates the organization of staffing structure for waste and recyclables management. 6.10 Program Funding Solid waste and recyclables management programs are currently funded through tipping fees assessed on the disposal of waste at the complex, fee assessments to properties and through general Town funding. These funding mechanisms will continue to be the primary financing sources throughout the long-term. 1027 CRA 6-67 FIGURE 6.9-1 1-20-95 Southold Town Solid Waste Management Organization Solid Waste Polio/ Transfer Station Admin. & Staff Equlprne~t Operaor~ (6) Town Board Town Superwsor Solid Waste Coordinator Transfer Foremen (2) Data Entry Oerk ~/t) Solid W~ste Task Force (~ ~) TABLE 6.2-1 SUMMARY OF RECYCLING POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TOWN OF SOUTHOLD ISSUE: 1. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES 2. REGIONAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL RECOMMENDED POLICY(IES) Meet state recycling goals. Exceed state goals where possible. Adopt an accelerated implementation schedule. Create comprehensive regional recycling programs. Utilize private sector services when possible. Maximize program cost effectiveness. The Town should manage and coordinate public information. The Town should establish standards for program design and performance. The Town, County should undertake market development. The region should consider developing services or facilities to process recyclable materials from the East End. ~394s/1 CRA 6-69 L027 3 o ISSUE: TABLE 6.2-1 (continued) SUMMARY OF RECYCLING POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TOWN OF SOUTHOLD RECOMMENDED POLICY(IES) PROCUREMENT OF EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES Use of a regional facility is preferred over a Town only facility. SOURCES OF FINANCING 5. PAYING FOR OPERATING COSTS Expansion and upgrading of the Collection Center into a recycling transfer station. Grants. Dedicated funding sources. Disposal surcharges. Waste generators. The system should be set up to capture the avoided costs of recycling. - The Town may develop a system that financially rewards effective recycling programs (tonnage grants). PERMANENT ECONOMIC AND LEGISLATIVE INCENTIVES - Mandatory recycling ordinances. ts94s/l CRA 6-70 [027 TABLE 6.2-1) (continued) SUMMARY OF RECYCLING POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TOWN OF SOUTHOLD 7 o ENCOURAGING COMMERCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL RECYCLING ISSUE: RECOMMENDED POLICY(IES) PERMANENT ECONOMIC AND LEGISLATIVE INCENTIVES (Cont) Implement disposal bans (Tires, land clearing, construction and demolition debris, yard waste and household hazardous wastes). Implement hauler licensing requirements Institute volume based pricing for solid waste collections. INSTITUTIONAL 8. DESIGNATED REGIONAL AGENCY Providing technical assistance. Mandatory recycling ordinances for residential, institutional, and commercial sectors. Implement disposal bans. Modify solid waste contractual terms. Consider Intermunicipal consortiums or cooperatives. Consider regional solid waste management agency/authority. lSg4s~L CRA 6-71 ]927 SECTION 7.0 LEGAL/INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS This Section describes the local laws and ordinances which must be developed to support the recycling collection, processing and marketing system proposed for the Town of Southold. In addition, existing or proposed legislation that might impede the success of the recovery and marketing program will be identified. 7.1 Local Laws and Ordinances The legal basis for the Southold Recycling Program has been established through the passage of ordinances by the Tow~. Two key aspects of the recycling ordinances include mandatory separation of newspaper, corrugated paperboard, glass, plastic and metal containers; and modifying the licensing requirements of private waste collection service providers. The mandatory separation ordinance requires all residents, businesses, institutions and industries to separate designated recyclable materials from solid waste. It establishes a procedure which specifies the: o Designation of recyclable materials; o Identification of responsibility for compliance (hauler, generator); o Set out container distribution responsibility; o Material preparation and set out requirements; o Establishment of anti-scavenging provisions; o Establishment o~ tipping fees or surcharges at disposal and recycling facilities; o Designation of responsibility for collection; o Collection frequency; o Designation of material ownership; and o Establishment of requirements for hauler participation. lon~te~; Tn acco~Ca~.~.~.~ provisions. ~ ~ne~aI ~iclDa D~ Licensing procedures will continue to require all waste collection service providers to obtain a license from the Town in order to operate. However, an essential condition to be established by the Town for the issuance of a license, CRA 7-1 will be the provision of collection services for recyclable materials in a manner that meets the design and performance standards established by the Town. Over the long-term, license holders will be required to file reports which document the tonnage of materials recycled from private accounts at private recycling facilities. License holders can declare their intention to use the Town processing facilities as a means of complying with the licensing requirements. The enforcement and penalties for noncompliance will be specified in the ordinances. The Town will enforce compliance with the provisions of its ordinance through existing code enforcement procedures which have already been established. Finally, Southold has cor~mitted, by resolution, to consider solid waste and recycling management opportunities which are regional in nature. The five East End communities of Long Island have formed an association to evaluate the potential opportunities. As a result so far, publicity and educational efforts for recycling have developed for the region. In addition, cooperative marketing arrangements are being analyzed. 7.2 Legislative Impediments to Recycling The e~fectiveness of the Town's material recovery program could potentially be constrained by a policy adopted by the Suffolk County Department of Health Services (SCDHS). The SCDHS policy prohibits the use of compost, regardless of NYSDEC classification, on lands which are located in the deep recharge zone. The effects of this policy over the long-term solid waste management planning period could seriously hinder the ability of the Town to efficiently and cost effectively manage its waste stream. It has been demonstrated (Section 4.1) that yard waste and other source separated waste compost can be marketed within the horticultural and agricultural industries within the Town. The compost market survey also identifies the potential for marketing MSW advanced organic Class I and advanced Class II compost within the horticultural and agricultural industries within the Town. With local policies prohibiting mixed organic compost use, the marketable material would subsequently 1395s/I 1027 CRA 7-2 require final disposal which economically would be undesirable. In addition, it is ironic that County policy has not been adopted which prohibits the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and fungicides on lands which are located in the deep recharge zone. It is suggested that prior to the enforcement of this policy, a study be undertaken to evaluate the potential impacts on groundwater in the deep recharge area from land applications of Class I and Class II compost versus chemical fertilizers and pesticides. !027 CRA 7-3 8.0 FUTURE ACTIONS The proposed recycling program for the Town is readily implementable and designed to meet the State's recovery goals by 1997. It is estimated, in Section 6.1, the Town could achieve a 70% long-term reduction in current disposal rates by 1997. The achievement of this rate depends on the success of advanced organic composting systems for low-grade paper, food, grass clipping and sludge. Section 6.0 also discusses the specific actions planned for bringing these goals to fruition. The Town is aware that there are a number of factors which could render this goal obsolete or infeasible, including: o Lack of economic or technical approach to source separated organic waste composting; o Changes in waste generation and composition patterns; o The decline of existing markets for recoverable materials; o SCDHS policy prohibiting compost application on lands located in the deep recharge area. This Section will briefly discuss some of the actions that the Town is considering for identifying, understanding and managing the impact of these factors on its proposed waste reduction program. 8.1 Scope of Existing and New Programs The key management action by the Town will be the systematic compilation and assessment of recovery data from private recycling systems. One of the principal objectives of this assessment will be to determine trends in the recovery rates of different materials. In many cases, significant declines in recovery rates indicates a problem in program operation or management such as insufficient public information or education efforts. However, where these causes can be reasonably ruled out, other explanations have to be considered such as a permanent change in waste stream patterns. This can be due to new developments in consumer products or packaging such as the replacement of ferrous cans by composite films for aseptic packaging. In these cases, the Town may consider conducting new waste stream quantity and composition studies to determine if changes in the designation of materials for recovery are warranted. CRA 8-1 The Town intends to monitor closely data from solid waste collection and disposal operations in order to: o o Determine if changes in material recovery rates result in corresponding changes in collection and disposal patterns; and Evaluate the impact of material recovery practices on the physical and economic aspects of waste management systems. This includes assessing changes in collection and hauling productivities and usable capacity in the Town's solid waste facilities. The Town will also carefully monitor new developments in the demand for recovered materials. The responsibility for collecting new market data will be allocated among several parties. It is expected that contractual provisions will be made for requiring companies providing facility operating or marketing services to the Town to make "best faith efforts" to identify and take advantage of new marketing opportunities. In addition, the Town will work closely with State economic development agencies in assessing new market potential. Sources of information in emerging markets that will be regularly consulted include: o Trade organizations and journals; o Recycling industry operators; o State agencies such as DEC and DED; and o University research programs. 8.2 Other Means of Program Enhancement The Town recognizes that the principal challenge in the future will not be in developing new collection systems or facilities but in making the current practices work more efficiently and effectively. Some of the actions that the Town is considering in this respect are: Working with universities (SUNY at Stony Brook) and private industry in identifying factors which affect productivity in solid waste management and recovery systems and determining how productivity improvements can be made; o Sponsoring the development of new collection or processing technologies; o Assessing in greater detail the relationship between different pricing systems and waste generation or recovery patterns; o Participating in the development and testing of new. products made from recoverable waste materials; and o Supporting research into new strategies for achieving higher levels of 1027 CRA 8-2 waste minimization in commercial, institutional and industrial operations. 8.3 Procurement Practices As part of market development activities, the Town shall include actions within this plan for establishing and maintaining procurement policies which are consistent with its waste reduction objectives. State and Federal governments have established procurement opportunities for which the Town's procurement system could take advantage. They are as follows: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has released, as part of its responsibilities under RCRA, recycled product procurement guidelines for: Paper and paper products; Lubricating oils; Retreaded tires; and Building insulation products. These guidelines apply to all nonfederal agencies which can be determined to be procuring agencies as defined by RCRA. According to this definition, a procuring agency is one that purchases a minimum of $10,000 annually of any of the products covered by the EPA guidelines with a portion of these funds originating from federal appropriations. The NYS Solid Waste Management Act of 1988 authorizes the purchase by Counties of paper products for their own use with a "significant recycled content" through competitive bidding at a price premium not to exceed 10 percent of comparable virgin content products. The Town proposes to pursue the following actions in the development of an effective procurement progra/n: All Town departments and agencies will be directed through executive action to begin the development of procedures that will permit them to develop effective buying programs for recycled products. This will include reviewing all specifications to determine if barriers exist due to: Explicit preferences for virgin materials in product content; Exclusion of recyclable materials in product content; and Performance standards which are unnecessarily restrictive. The initial emphasis will be on paper products but the scope of this action will be gradually expanded to include other materials such as mixed color glass, plastic products and compost products. This effort would also include determining which purchasers could be classified as a "procuring agency" under the EPA's guidelines. Opportunities for buying recycled paper through State contracts will be determined by obtaining purchase specifications and vendor CRA 8-3 o o o certifications from the Coordinator for Nonstate Agencies within the Office of General Services; Definitions and terms for recycled content of products which are consistent with those developed by Northeast Recycling Council established by the Eastern Regional Conference of the Council of State Governments in 1988 will be adopted as feasible. Establish a management system within the Town government for coordinating and preventing duplicative work by agencies for developing effective procurement plans. Assess the feasibility of tracking Town and local purchases with respect to quantity as well as dollar value. Compile available sources of information on products with recycled material content for use by public and private purchasing agents. This will include requesting information on the availability of recycled products from current suppliers. Develop educational programs oriented to purchasing agents and the general public on the quality and suitability of recycled products. Identify opportunities for achieving cost regionalized purchasing of recycled products. reductions through Establish a program for recognizing public and private organizations which have done an outstanding job in developing effective recycled product procurement programs. 1027 CRA 8-4 9.0 GLOSSARY Commingled Materials - Recyclable materials that are mixed together in one container for convenient collection. Usually glass and metal containers are mixed together and kept separate for mixed papers. Compostable Materials - Leaves, brush, grass clippings, food wastes, sewage sludge, paper and other organic components of waste that decompose through a biological precess into a "humus" matter. Baler - A mechanical piece of equipment that compacts and densifies materials, such as paper, metal or plastic. Drop Off Centers - Location where residents, businesses and solid waste haulers can deliver recyclable materials for recycling. Green Waste - Leaves, brush, and grass clippings. Interim Actions - Ail activities necessary to implement Southold's Recycling Program beginning immediately through December 31, 1994. Long-Term Actions - Ail activities necessary to implement the Town of Southold's Recycling Program beginning January 1, 1997 achieved by December 31, 2015. Market - Any broker, processor or end user that will accept recyclable materials for productive uses other than final disposal (i.e., landfilling). Materials Recovery Facility - A facility where commingled recyclables (usually mixed glass, metal and/or plastic containers) are sorted, upgraded and prepared for market through a combination of mechanical and manual processes. Mid-Term Actions - Ail activities necessary to implement Southold's Recycling Program beginning January 1, 1995 through December 31, 1996. On-Route Sorting - Separation of mixed color glass and cans by collection crews in clear, green and brown glass, ferrous and aluminum cans and placement in separate bins on collection vehicles. Recyclable Materials - Components of the waste stream which may be kept separate and directed to a productive end use. These materials may include, but are not limited to newspaper, cardboard, glass, metal cans, plastic 1397S/2 1027 CRA 9-1 containers, office paper and mixed colored paper. Set Out Containers - Special plastic containers provided to waste generators for storage of recyclable materials such as glass and plastic bottles and metal cans or newspapers. Containers may range in size from 7 to 90 Gallons. i397S/2 1027 CRA 9-2 ~48-~ GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE h48-1 Chapter 48 GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE § 48-1. Definitions. § 48-2. Dumping prohibited generally. § 48-3. Town refuse disposal area. §48-4. Fees; issuance and duration of permits and licenses. § 48-5. Conveyance and transportation of refuse. § 48-6. Penalties for offenses. § 48-7. Revocation of permit and/or license. GENERAL REFERENCES Outdoor burning -- See Ch. 36. Junkyards -- See Ch. 54. Littering -- See Ch. 57. § 48-1. Definitions. Words and terms used in this chapter shall have the following meanings: A'PTENDANT -- Any employee of the Town of Southold placed in charge of a town refuse disposal area under the direction of the Town Board. CANS-- Shall be a recyclable and shall mean rinsed- clean containers, with or without labels, comprised of aluminum, tin, steel or a combination thereof which contain or formerly contained only food and/or beverage substances. "Cans" shall not mean oil, paint, pesticide or aerosol cans. [Added 2-5-1991 by L.L. No. 1-1991] 4801 Il} 25 93 § 48-1 GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE § 48-1 PLASTICS- Shall be a recyclable and shall mean all food, beverage or household containers such as soda, detergent, bleach, milk, juice, shampoo or cooking oil bottles, rinsed clean. "Plastics" shall not mean caps, appliances, plastic with metal parts, six-pack rings, biodegradable bags, fiberglass, waxed cardboard containers, vinyl or styrofoam. [Added 2-5-1991 by L.L. No. 1-1991] RECYCLABLE, MUNICIPAL -- Any can, glass or plastic container or corragated cardboard or newspaper, as defined in this section. [Added 2-5-1991 by L.L. No. 1-1991; amended 5-3-1994 by L.L. No. 6-1994] RECYCLABLE, OTHER-- All waste which can be recycled, other than municipal recyclables. [Added 5-3-1994 by L.L. No. 6-1994] RECYCLABLE WOOD [Added 2-5-1991 by L.L. No. 1-1991]: A. Clean, untreated, finished lumber products or remnants containing no nails or other metals; or B. Logs not greater than four (4) feet in length and six (6) inches in diameter. REFUSE-- Shall have the same meaning as "nonrecyclable waste." "Refuse" shall not include cans, glass, plastics or newspaper, as further defined herein. [Amended 10-9-1984 by L.L. No. 9-1984; 2-5-1991 by L.L. No. 1-1991; 9-10-1993 by L.L. No. 20-1993] REFUSE DISPOSAL AREA-- The sanitary landfill site owned and operated by the Town of Southold located north of County Route 48 at Cutchogue, New York, aud any premises designated by the Town Board as a "refuse disposal area" of the town for the disposal of refuse by the residents of the town. [Amended 10-9-1984 by L.L. No. 9-1984] RESIDENTIAL SELF-HAULERS-- Those residents who transport their refuse and/or recyclables for deposit 4803 § 48-2 GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE § 48-2 has been obtained pursuant to the provisions of the Southold town ordinance licensing and regulating secondhand junk and auto parts activities and businesses.~ (Cont'd on page 4805) 4804.1 § 48-2 GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE § 48-3 C. Nonrecyclable waste and town garbage bags. [Added 9-10-1993 by L.L. No. 20-1993] (1) Nonrecyclable waste shall be deposited only at designated areas within the town disposal area. (2) Town garbage bags shall be available at designated areas in the town. (3) The size and design of the town garbage bag shall be determined by resolution of the Town Board. (4) The fee for each size of the town garbage bag shall be determined by resolution of the Town Board. (5) No person shall: la) Duplicate or imitate a town garbage bag. lb) Give, sell or issue in any manner a duplicated or imitated town garbage bag. § 48-3. Town refuse disposal area. A. [Amended 2-5-1991 by L.L. No. 1-1991] No person shall deposit or cause to be deposited in or on any refuse disposal area maintained by the Town of Southold any substance of any kind except in the areas designated by and under the direction of the attendant in charge, whether such direction is given personally or by another person by his authority or by a si~,m or signs erected in the ret'use disposal area by the authority of the Town Boa rd or such attendant. Residential self-haulers and commercial self- haulers. [Amended 11-26-1991 by L.L. No. 26-1991; 11-26-1991 by L.L. No. 27-1991] (a) No cans, as defined herein, shall be deposited at any Town of Southold disposal area unIess such cans are separated from any and all solid waste, trash, rubbish, vegetative yard waste. cardboard, glass, metal or paper. Such cans 4805 § 48-3 GARBAGE, RUBBISH .~YND REFUSE § 48-;5 yard waste, cans, cardboard, glass or plas[ic. Such newspaper is to be deposited only at designated areas within such town disposal area. (f) Nonrecyclable waste. [Added 9-10-1993 by L.L. No. 110-199:1] 11] P, esidential self-haulers. Nonrecyclable waste generated by residential self-haulers shall be disposed of only in a town garbage bag as defined herein and deposited only at designated areas within the town disposal area. [2] Commercial self-haulers. Nonrecyclable waste generated by commercial self- haulers may be either: Iai Disposed of in a town garbage bag and deposited at designated areas within the town disposal area; or lb] Disposed of at the designated areas within the town disposal area upon paying the appropriate charge as set by Town Board resolution fol- weight of nonrecyclab[e was[e deposited. Private residential refuse haulers/carters. Ia) The owners or occupants of ali residences within the town which utilize collection ser~-ices provided by persons licensed to collect ret'use pursuant to the provisions of this chapter shall place recyclab[es in separate rigid containers curbside for collection on such day or days as the licensee serving such residence shall desigmate. § 48-4 GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE § 48-4 § 48-4. Fees; issuance and duration of permits and licenses. [Added 10-9-1984 by L.L. No. 9-1984~] A~ The fees for the issuance of permits and/or licenses for vehicles transporting refuse into any refuse disposal area maintained by the Town of Southold shall be as follows: (1) [Amended 10-23-1990 by L.L. No. 23-1990] Resident landfill permit: for noncommercial vehicles of less than one-ton capacity owned by a resident and/or taxpayer of the Town of Southold and transporting only household refuse, provided that such vehicle displays a valid resident landfill permit issued in accordance with the following: (a) A resident landfill permit shall be issued by the Town Clerk or a person designated by her to all persons who are qualified residents of the Town of Southold. Persons applying for a resident landfill permit shall be requested to sign an application in affidavit form and submit for inspection the following as proof of residence: [1] A valid tax receipt stub for the current year for any taxable real property within the Town of Southold assessed in the name of the applicant. [2] A valid motor vehicle registration in the name of the applicant and to an address located within the Town of Southold or to an address corresponding to the address of a validated tax receipt stub for the current tax year for any taxable real property within the Town of Southold affixed to the application. t3] Such other proof of residence as is satisfactory to the Town Clerk. § 48-4 GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE § 48-4 (2) (b) The Town Clerk or a person designated by the Town Clerk shall inspect such application to determine that the applicant is a qualified resident of the town. Upon approval of the application, a resident landfill permit shall be issued and inscribed with the vehicle license registration number. Such permit shall not be transferred to any other vehicle. (c) Resident landfill permit for motor vehicles shall be permanently affixed to the left side of the front bumper of such vehicle. (d) The fee for the issuance of a resident landfill permit shall be such fee as shall be prescribed by a resolution of the Southold Town Board. [Added 2-26-1991 by L.L. No. 3-1991] Lessee landfill permit: for noncommercial vehicles of less than one-ton capacity owned by a lessee in the Town of Southold and transporting only household refuse, provided that such vehicle displays a valid lessee landfill permit issued in accordance with the following: (a) A lessee landfill permit shall be issued by the Town Clerk or a person designated by her to all persons who lease or rent property within the Town of Southold but do not qualify as residents as defined in § 48-4A(1) hereoi Persons applying for a lessee landfill permit shall present an application in affidavit form, signed by the lessee and the owner of the property, setting forth: [1} The location of the leased or rented property. The persons occupying the same. [2] 131 The term of such tenancy. 4807 § 48-4 GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE § 48-4 payment of the permit fee, such permit shall be issued and inscribed with the vehicle license registration number and shall be affixed to the vehicle in the same manner as provided in § 48-4A(1)(c) hereof. (c) The fee for the issuance of a guest landfill permit shall be such fee as shall be prescribed by a resolution of the Southold Town Board. [Amended 10-18-1994 by L.L. No. 22-1994] (4) Per-load fee of two dollars ($2.) for each noncommercial vehicle of less than one-ton capacity which possesses no permit. [Amended 10-23-1990 by L.L. No. 24-1990; 2-26-1991 by L.L. No. 3-1991; 3-26-1991 by L.L. No. 9-1991] (5) Per-load fee of thirty dollars ($30.) for each single- axle truck which does not possess a permit. [Amended 10-23-1990 by L.L. No. 24-1990; 2-26-1991 by L.L. No. 3-1991; 3-26-1991 by L.L. No. 9-1991; 12-8-1992 by L.L. No. 31-1992] (6) Annual fee of sixty dollars ($60.) for each commercial vehicle transporting liquid septic waste, together with an additional fee of three cents ($0.03) for each gallon of liquid waste discharged. [Amended I0-23-1990 by L.L. No. 24-1990; 2-26-1991 by L.L. No. 3-1991; 3-26-1991 by L.L. No. 9-1991; 12-8-1992 by L.L. No. 31-1992] (7) Annual fee of sixty dollars ($60.) for each commercial contractor's vehicle of less than one-ton maximum gross vehicle weight. [Amended I0-23-1990 by L.L. No. 24-1990; 2-26-1991 by L.L. No. 3-1991; 3-26-1991 by L.L. No. 9-1991; 12-8-1992 by L.L. No. 31-1992] (8) A~nual fee of sixty dollars ($60.) for each farm vehicle of one-ton or more capacity transporting agricultural waste. [Amended 10-23-1990 by L.L. No. 24-1990; 2-26-1991 hy L.L. No. 3-199h 4809 § 48-4 GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE § 48-4 (13) Annuai fee of six hundred dollars ($600,) for each commercial contractor's double-axle and/or tractor- trailer combination of more than one-ton capacity. [Amended 10-23-1990 by L.L. No. 24-1990; 2-26-1991 by L.L. No. 3-1991; 3-26-1991 by L.L. No. 9-1991; 12-8-1992 by L.L. No. 31-1992] B. [Added 11-29-1988 by L.L. No. 29-19884; amended 6-20-1989 by L.L. No. 11-1989; 3-13-1990 by L.L. No. 2-1990; 2-5-1991 by L.L. No. 1-1991; 11-24-1992 by L.L. No. 29-1992; 10-5-1993 by L.L. No. 23-1993] Effective October 9, 1993, in addition to the fees established in § 48-4A of this chapter, there shall be a fee of three and five-tenths cents ($0.035) per pound on loads containing the following: (1) Heavy brush, landscaping and yard wastes, including but not limited to stumps, branches, shrubs, plants, trees, bushes and the like, but not including leaves. [Amended 5-3-1994 by L.L. No. 8-1994] (2) Construction debris, including but not limited to scrap and waste material discarded as refuse resulting from construction. (3) Wood, including but not limited to timber, logs, boards and the like, unless such wood is designated by the landfill attendant as recyclable wood. (4) Demolition debris, including but not limited to waste and rubble resulting from remodeling, demolition and extensive repair of structures, waste cement, concrete, masonry work, bricks, tile, sheetrock, plaster, wood, shingles and the like. (5) Rubbish, including but not limited to furniture, fixtures, television antennas, carpets, awnings, 4810.1 § 48-4 GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE § 484; landfill site at Cutehogue, and the fees paid therefor exceed the fees provided for herein, the Town Clerk is hereby authorized to refund such excess fees to the holders of such permits and/or licenses. F. Amendment of fees. Notwithstanding any of the provisions hereof, the Town Board may, by resolution, change, modify or repeal any of the fees sot forth in § 484 hereof. § 48-5. Conveyance and transportation of refuse. [Amended 3- 24-1992 by L.L. No. 9-1992] No person shall convey or transport refuse and/or recyclables through the streets or public places of the Town of Southold in any earl wagon or vehicle or by any other means unless adequate care is taken to prevent the spilling of refuse and/or recyclables in such public places and streets. § 48-6. Penalties for offenses. [Amended 7-31-1973 by L.L. No. 1-1973; 2-7-1989 by L.L. No. 2-1989; 2-5-1991 by L.L. No. 1-1991] A. Illegal dumping. Any person committing an offense of illegal dumping under this chapter shall, upon conviction thereof, be guilty of a violation punishable as follows: (1) For a first offense: (a) A fine of not less than one thousand dollars ($1,000.) and not more than one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500.); (b) Imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten (10) days; or (c) Community service of forty (40) hours to be per formed within thirty (30) days of the date of sonteneing. (2) For a socond offenso: § 48 7 GARBAGE, RUBBISH AND REFUSE § 48-7 or licensee at his last known address at least five (5) days prior to the date set for the hearing. Said hearing shall be conducted in a manner wherein the accused permittee and/or licensee is afforded full due process of the law. C. At the conclusion of said hearing and as a result of the evidence adduced therein, the Town Board may, in its discretion, revoke the said permit and/or license or, in lieu thereof, suspend the subject permit and/or license for a specified period of time, censure the permittee and/or license or impose a fine, not to exceed two thousand dollam ($2,000.). H i 1.~I.~ I I~G COff~CT (SOLID WASTE) APPENDIX A.1 THIS AOREEMENT, made on the 1st daW of July , 1SS~, bg and between the Town of Southold, a municipal cor~ration of the State o~ New York having its principal place of business at S30~B Main Road, Southold, New York hereinafter celled the "Town" and Tully Construction Co.. Inc., having its principal place of business at 127-50 Northern Blvd., Flushing, New York 11368 hereinafter cailed the "Contractor. W t T N E S S E T H: WHEREAS, Contractor has submitted to the Town a bid dated May 26, , I~S~ ("Bid") in response to the Town's Bid Solicitation for Hauling-Disposal Services dated April 29, 1994 WHEREAS, the Town resolution ~ 31 June 14, 1994 into an agreement with in connection with the handling o~ solid ~aste, NOW, THEREFORE, it is mutuallW covenanted and agreed bW and between the parties hereto as Follows: ,("Solicitation"); and Board of the Town of Souchold adopted bW , authorLzed the Town Supervisor to enter the Contractor to per~orm certain services I. DEFINITIONS - Terms defined in the Bid Solicitation shall have the same meaning as iY defined herein. II. SCOPE OF SERVICES The Contractor shall perform the description of those servicms as accordance ~ith the the Solicitation. APPENDIX A-1 Contractor cc to protect the Town from ios~ on account claims filed or reasonablU anticipated to be filed. VI. CONTRACTOR'S WARRANTIES AND REPRESENTATIONS Contractor makes the following warranties end representations: A. Contractor represents that the Town has made no commitment solid waste to Agreement. under this Agreement with be handled by Contractor respect to the volume of during the term of this B. Contractor warrants that Contractor shall complw with all federal, state regulations applicable to all of Contractor. C. Contractor furnished bg Contractor in the and local laws, ordinances or the services to be performed bW represents that the information equipment schedules included in the bid is accurate and complete and Contractor acknowledges that /own has relied upon the accuracg and completeness of that information in the selection of Contractor as the lowest participate as subcontractors under this Agreement. In the event the contractor subcontracts twentw-five percent (25~) or more of ~Cs work hereunder, Contractor shall submit co the Town an MaE APPENDIX A-3 responsible bidder. O. Ihe Contractor represents that Contractor shall utilize its best efforts to insure that Minoritg and Women Owned Businesses (MBE's and WBE's) have the opportunitw to ace suFFered cc sustained bw the ~own dlcecclw cc bw it~ emplowees, licensees, agents, engineers, citizens or bw other persons or corporations, Dnoluding anW oF Contrac%or's emplowees om agents who maw seek to hold the Town liable therefore. This obligation shall be ongoing, shall survive the term oF this Agreement and include, but not be limited to, claims concerning non-sudden environmental impaimments. The Contractor shall join in the commencement of anw action or proceeding or in the defense oF anW ac~ion or proceeding which in the opinion of the Town constitutes actual or threatened intemference cc interruption with the Town's rights hereunder, including all appeals which, in the opinion of the Tomn, maW be neceseacw. 8. Contractor shall procure and maintain the insurance described in Section A oF the Solicitation for a period commencing on the date of this Agreement earlier than one wear following termination this Agreement. All such insurance oovemage as an additional insured and shall provide and terminating no of services under shall name the Town that the coverage State of New York and acceptable to the Town and shall ~nclude all cidems and additional coverage necessacw to inewme that Contractor will be ~inanciallg able to meet its obligations under ~he foregoing indemn~fAcation. APPEN0[X A-S shall not be changed or canceled until thir~W (~O) daws wmitten notice has been given to the Town Ail such insurance shall be issued bw a compang d~lw auChorized to tmansacc business in the anticipated weather /own or Oisposal earthquake, fire, occurrence, acts of insurrection, an acc conditions for the geographic SiteDT hurricane, landslide, explosion, flood, sabotage a public enemu, extortion, war, 8od (but' not including reasonablw area of the lightning, or similar blockade or state, county, having Jurisdiction Disposal (E) the failure of ang appropriate federal, town or local public agencg or private utilitg in the areas in which the Transfer Station Site is located to provide and maintain utilities, water and semer lines and power transmission lines ~hich are required for the operation or maintenance of the Transfer Station or 0isposal Site; (3) governmental pre-emption of materials services in connection with a public emergencg or ang condemnation or other taking bg eminent domain of ang portion of the Iransfer Station or 0isposal Site~ and (43 the presence of hazardous waste upon, beneath or migrating from the Transfer Station. It is speoificai1w understood that none of the following acts or conoitions shall constitute uncontrollable circumstances: (a) general economic conditions, interest inflation cares, ar cwrrencw fluctuations; £b) the financial condition of the /cmn, the Contractor, anq of its affiliates anW subcontractor; (c) which work mules, requirements or demands which have the effect og increasing the number of emp!owees APPENDIX A-7 riot or civil disturbance; mesuiE 0¢ such cequZmemen~, all co~s ceeu~ULng ~heme Emom be borne exolusivelW bW Contractor. FORCEO ACCOWNTtN6 In the event the Town directs the Contmactor, bw written authoc£zation signed eithem bw Che Town Supervisor Town's Solid Waste Coordinator, to per~orm additional services begond the scope oF Chose described in this Agreement, the Contractor shall be compensaCed For such additional semvices on the Collowing basis: TOTAL COMPENSATION FOR AOOITIONAL SERVICES DIRECT LABOR COST ~ DIRECT MATERIAL COST + OVERHEAD + PROFIT For the purposes oF Chis Section: A. DIRECT LABOR COST shall include hourlw wages, including over%ime premiums actually paid plus the Collowing Cringe benefits associated with those wages - group medical, ~roup life insurance, pensions, FICA, oniCorms, saFetg equipment om special tools. These Cringe benefits shall be separatelw identified and shall not duplicate Fringe benefits paid in connection with work performed within the scope oF the Agreement. B. OIRECT MATERIAL COST shall be ~hose costs actuallw paid bg Contractor For materials utilized bg Contractor in PerCormance of the additional services. ~he costs for macerials shall not include sales tax For anW materials which constitute personal mroper~y incorporated into the s~ructures, buildings, or real propersW of the To~n since such personal APPENDIX A-~ ¢oc ~ Disposal Sits Foc which Contcacuoc does not cuccentlg have all necessacg Federal and state permits, or which after the acceptance of the Bid loses its permitted status, Contractor shall, at its sole risk and expense, be responsible Fcc obtaining and/cc renewing its ps.mits o~ providing the Town an alternate' ang additional hauling) to the Town. The patties agree that this is a full service Agreement and Failure of the Contractor to p~ovide the identified Oisposal Site cc acceptable aitecnative Disposal Site, on cc after the commencement date shall constitute a breach of Chis Agreement. The Contractor acoordingig shall not be excused Fram its obligations hereunder bg reason of ang Failure to obtain or maintain its permits at the identified 0isposal Site. XV. LIMITATION OF FUNOS The Contractor agmees that this Agreement shall be deemed axecuto~w onlg Co the extent of the funds cucrentlw available fcc the purposes of this Agmeement and that the Town incurs no tiabilitw bewond those available bg authorization of the Town Board as of the date of this Agreement. XVI. DISPUTES/ARBITRATiON An~ disputes between the par~ies to this Agreemen% parties. Absent such an agmeement, ang actions or claims bg either pac~g hereto shall be commenced in Supreme tour%, Suffolk CounCw, Ne~ Yomk. APPENOIX A-i! /his Agreementi Exhibits hereto; /he Solicitation Contractor's including Appendices; Bid. E. Without limiting anW other right and/or remedW which the /own maW have at law or under this Agreement, if the Contractor is adjudged bankrupt or makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors cc a receiver is appointed for the Contractor or any insolvency arrangement proceedings are instituted bg or against the Contractor, the /own maW terminate this Agreement. F. Contractor agrees that it will conduct itself consistent mith its status, said status being that of an independent contractor and, Contractor, its employees or agents will neither hold themselves out nor claim to be an officer or emplowee of the /own of Southold nor make claim to ang right accruing thereto including, but not limited to, Worker's Compensation, Unemployment Benefits, Social Security retirement membership or credit. ~. If anW provision of this Agreement shall Eom any reason be held to be invalid or unenforceable, the invalidity or unenforceability of such provision shall not affect anW of the remaining provisions of this Agreement and ~his Agreement shall be enforced as Lf such invalid not been contained herein. H. Contractor and unenforceable prevision had agmees that it shall ncc APPENO[X a-13 the Super%~som of the Town oE Town Hail S3OSS Main Road Southold, New Yomk 11871 Southold With a copy to: Solid Waste Coordinator Town oE Southold S30SS Main Road Southold, New Yomk 11~71 IE to the Contractor: Kenneth Tully, President Tully Construction Co. Inc. 127-50 Northern Blvd. With ~:l~jggtc~l. ew York 11368 Peter K. Tully, Vice President IN WITNESSWH~REOF,~ the pacties/~e~eto have executed /! this Agmeement on the daW and geac first a~o~e written Town or//Soo i L Ihomas H. Wickham Supemvisom By: _l~ully C~>~.~.c//on Co. ,Inc. Peter ~lly, Vice President APPENDIX A-IS