HomeMy WebLinkAboutOrchard Street Farm Subdivision
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A STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
for the
ORCHARD STREET FARM SUBDIVISION
in
ORIENT, TOWN OF SOUTH OLD
SUFFOLK COUNTY, NEW YORK
PROJECT ARCHAEOLOGIST AND CONTRIBUTORS:
David J. Bernstein, Ph.D.
Allison J. Manfra
The Institute for Long Island Archaeology
Department of Anthropology
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York 11794-4364
October 2005
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MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
SHPO Project Review Number
N/A
Involved State and Federal Agencies
N/A
Phase of Survey
Stage 1; reconnaissance survey.
Location Location: Town of Southold
Minor Civil Division: 10310
County: Suffolk
Survey Area Number of Acres Surveyed: 2.013 acres (0.8052 hectare)
NYS DOT 7.5 minute Quadrangle Map Orient, New York (1991)
Archaeological Survey Overview Number and Interval of Shovel Test Pits: 32 shovel test pits dug at 15 meter
(49 foot) intervals
Number and Size of Units: N/A
Width of Plowed Strips: N/A
Surface Survey Transect Interval: N/A
Results of Archaeological Survey Number and Names of Prehistoric Sites Identified: none
Number and Names of Historic Sites Identified: none
Number and Names of Sites Recommended for Phase llIAvoidance: N/A
Report Authors David J. Bernstein, PhD
Allison J. Manfra
Institute for Long Island Archaeology
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Date of Report October 2005
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ............
..................... II
LIST OF FIGURES, PHOTOGRAPH, AND TABLES .........
...................111
INTRODUCTION
ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE SEARCH AND SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT
Project Description
Background Research .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I
Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I
Site File Search ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Historic Maps ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
Sensitivity Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prehistoric Context ...................................
Historic Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......... 12
12
12
Disturbance
12
Testing Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS.......................
. . . . . . .. 13
Field Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......13
Surface Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .. 13
Subsurface Testing. . . . .
Results...... .
........ 13
13
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............
....... 14
REFERENCES. .
........ 15
APPENDIX: Shovel Test Pit Excavation Inventory
.......17
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I Figure I.
I Figure 2.
Figure 3.
I Figure 4.
I Figure 5.
Figure 6.
I Figure 7.
Figure 8.
I Photograph I.
I Table I.
I Table 2.
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LIST OF FIGURES, PHOTOGRAPH, AND TABLES
Map of Long Island showing the location of the project area ............. .............. 2
199 I NYS DOT topographic map, Orient. New York 7.5 minute series showing the location
of the project area ................................................. 3
Archaeological testing of the Orchard Street Farm subdivision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1975 USDA Soil Map showing the location of the project area..............
1797 Map of the Town ofSoutho/d ..........................
1858 Chace Map ofSuffo/k County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1873 Beers At/as of Long Is/and. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . .
1904 USGS topographic map, Shelter Is/and ..............................
........ 5
........ 8
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Field crew member excavating shovel test pit in Lot 3. View is north. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Project area soils .......................................
Known archaeological sites within 1.6 kilometers (I mile) of the project area . . . . . .
iv
........ 6
7
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INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of a Stage 1 archaeological survey undertaken for the Orchard Street Fann
subdvision in Orient, Town of Southold, Suffolk County, New York (Figures I and 2). The survey was conducted
by the Institute for Long Island Archaeology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook in September of
2005. All field data and photographs generated by this survey are curated at the Institute for Long Island
Archaeology.
The purpose ofthis study is to detennine if the proposed subdivision will impact archaeological remains of
prehistoric and/or historic age. This required archival research and an archaeological survey with subsurface testing.
The study was perfonned in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the Standards Jar Cultural Resource
Investigations and the Curation oj Archaeological Collections issued by the New York Archaeological Council
(1995) and the Phase I Archaeological Report Format Requirements issued by the New York State Office of Parks,
Recreation, and Historic Preservation (2005).
ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE SEARCH AND SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT
Project Description
This survey was conducted to detennine if proposed subdivision will impact archaeological remains of
prehistoric and/or historic age. The project area, located north of King Street and west of Old Fann Road, consists
of two lots, designated Lot 2 and Lot 3, totaling 2.013 acres (0.8052 hectare) (Figures 2 and 3).
Background Research
Environmental Setting. The project area is located in Orient on the North Fork of eastern Long Island
(Figures 1 and 2). It is situated on the outwash plain of the North Fork, just south of the rolling hills of the
recessional moraine, a geological feature created over 15,000 years ago by meltwater runofffrom the Wisconsin ice
sheet (Sirkin 1995). Topography is gently sloping, with an average elevation of23 meters (76 feet) above mean sea
level. The nearest potential source of fresh water consists of a kettle pond located roughly 457 meters (1500 feet) to
the south (Figure 3).
The project area consists of actively plowed t"ann fields. Disturbances appear to be limited to the southern
portion of Lot 2 along King Street (Figure 3). Disturbed areas have a low potential for the presence of intact
archaeological deposits.
Soils in the project area are Haven loam, 0-2% slopes (Figure 4). This soil series consists of deep, well
drained, medium textured soils with low natural fertility (Warner et al. 1975:71, Table 1).
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Figure I. Map of Long Island showing the location of the project area.
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Figure 4. 1975 USDA Soil Map showing the location of the project area.
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Photograph I. Field crew member excavating shovel test pit in Lot 3. View is north.
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Table I. Project area soils
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Name Soil Horizon Depth Color Texture Slope % Drainage
Haven loam A: 0-8 em (0-3 in) dkgb 1m 0-2 well
BI: 8-25 em (3-10 in) dk bn 1m
B2: 25-48 em (10-19 in) ob 1m
B3: 48-70 em 19-28 in) b Imw/ v
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Site File Search. The files of the New York State Museum (NYSM), the Office of Parks, Recreation, and
Historic Preservation (OPRHP), Suffolk County Archaeological Association (SCAA), and the Institute for Long
Island Archaeology (ILIA) document six prehistoric archaeological sites within 1.6 kilometers (one mile) of the
project area. There are no State or National Register of Historic Places listed or previously determined eligible
properties within or adjacent to the parcel (Table 2).
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Table 2. Known archaeological sites within 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) of the project area.
Site identifier Site name Age/Cultural Affiliation Comments
A10310.000261 King Street prehistoric? Noted on the Southold Bicentennial map.
A 1031 0.000254 Major Banks prehistoric? More information is available at the
Southold Indian Museum.
A I 031 0.000008 Five Acres prehistoric Extensive shell midden.
Indian Village
A10310.000263 Orient Flaking prehistoric Small workshop near village.
Station/Hallock
site
A10310.000262 Peters Neck prehistoric? More information is available at the
Southold Indian Museum.
A1031O.000253 Mount Pleasant prehistoric? More information is available at the
Southold Indian Museum.
Historic Maps. A survey of late eighteenth through early twentieth century maps reveals minimal
documented activity in and around the Old Orchard Farm property. The 1797 Moore Map of the Town of South old
(Figure 5) depicts the approximate route of Main Road (New York State Route 25) through Orient. A linear
settlement pattern is shown along Main Road in Oysterponds (present-day Orient). No structures are shown within
or adjacent to the project area south of Main Road.
An increase in settlement in Orient is shown on the 1858 Chace Map of Suffolk County (Figure 6). The
inset for this map shows the historic nucleus of the Orient community along Village Lane west of the project area. A
few homesteads are also shown along Orchard Street north of the project area and along King Street to the
southwest. No structures are shown within the area of potential impact. A similar settlement pattern is shown on the
1873 Beers A tlas of Long Island (Figure 7). Homesteads line Main Road, Village Lane, King Street and Orchard
Street. However, the project area remains devoid of structures.
While the 1904 USGS topographic map (Figure 8) does not indicate land ownership, it does provide
information about natural features and general use of the land. This map depicts the project area as relatively
unchanged since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. No structures are shown within or adjacent to the property.
The survey of historic maps indicates that the project area witnessed minimal development during the
historic period.
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I Figure 5.
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1797 Moore Map of the Town of South old showing early settlement along Main Road in Oyster Ponds.
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I Figure 6.
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1858 Chace Maps of Suffolk County showing increased settlement in Orient west and north of the project
area.
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Figure 7. 1873 Beers At/as of Long Is/and. No structures are shown within or adjacent to the project area.
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Figure 8. 1904 USGS topographic map of Shelter Island, New York showing the project area north of King Street.
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Sensitivity Assessment
Prehistoric Context. Although little modem archaeological research has taken place on the North Fork of
Long Island, the region is known to have been well-populated by Native Americans prior to the European arrival in
the seventeenth century (Ritchie 1959; Smith 1950). The Orient region would have been attractive to prehistoric
peoples, as marine resources such as fish, water fowl, and shellfish were available nearby, and upland areas
contained game and edible plants. Similarly, areas adjacent to freshwater wetlands would have provided abundant
natural resources, and thus acted as focal points for human activity.
The project area has a moderate sensitivity for the presence of prehistoric remains based on the proximity of
known sites and favorable environmental conditions.
Historic Context. The English permanently settled the northeastern end of Long Island in the mid-
seventeenth century. At the time of contact the North Fork was occupied by the Corchaug Indians, speakers of the
Mohegan-Pequot-Montauk Algonquian language (Salwen 1978). Oriett has been a fishing and farming community
since the mid-seventeenth century.
Based on the results of the site file search and the historic map overview, the project area has a low
sensitivity for the presence of historic period Euro-American sites.
Disturbance
As mentioned above, disturbances appear to be limited to the southern portion of Lot 2 along King Street
(Figure 3).
Testing Recommendations
It is recommended that Lots 2 and 3 oflhe Orchard Street Farm property be subject to a surface survey and
subsurface testing. Subsurface testing should consist oflhe excavation of shovel test pits (STPs) at 15 meter (49
foot) intervals to verify suspected disturbance and to ascertain if archaeological remains are present beneath the
ground surface.
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
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Field Methodology
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A two phase survey design was employed to search for archaeological remains in the project arca. Similar
survey designs, used in other areas of Long Island, have proven successful in detecting prehistoric and historic sites
(Bernstein et aJ. 1999; Lightfoot 1986). The initial phase of the survey involved a surface reconnaissance and
inspection intended to locate large and easily visible remains. The second phase entailed subsurface testing.
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Surface Survey
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The cultivated fields were walked over in September 2005, with special attention given to examining the
recently plowed soil for artifacts or other surface manifestations of past activity. Vegetation patterns and
topographic features which might provide insight into early land use were also noted (please see above).
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Ground surface visibility is good throughout the project area (Photograph I). No cultural material other
than recent debris (i.e., less than ten years old) was encountered during the surface survey.
Subsurface Testing
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The second phase of the field survey consisted of the excavation of shovel test pits (STPs) designed to
detect the presence of archaeological remains buried beneath the ground surface. Mapping data were established at a
fence post along the western edge of Lot 2, and at a concrete monument south of Lot 3 (Figure 3). All of the test
units are designated using metric grid coordinates relative to each mapping datum (Figure 3; Appendix). The project
area was tested at 15 meter (49 foot) intervals. Subsurface testing was performed throughout both areas of potential
impact (APE).
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A total of32 shovel test pits was excavated in Lots 2 and 3. Shovel test pits have a diameter of
approximately 40 centimeters (16 inches). All of the shovel test pits were dug well into the B2 subsoil, typically to
60 centimeters (24 inches) below the present ground surface. The soil from each test unit was screened through six
millimeter (1/4 inch) wire mesh to aid in the identification and recovery of cultural materials. All photographs and
field notes produced during this survey are curated at the Institute for Long Island Archaeology at the State
University of New York at Stony Brook.
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Results. The specific data recorded in the field for each shovel test pit, including information on soil
stratigraphy and cultural material, are presented in the Appendix.
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The general characteristics of the soils found in the project area are discussed above in the Environmental
Setting section. The plow zone (referred to in the Appendix as the pz horizon) consists of a homogenous layer of
medium brown clay loam, and extends from the ground surface to roughly 31 centimeters (12 inches). It is underlain
by the lower subsoil (82), an orange brown clay loam. The B3 substratum (yellow brown clay loam) was reached in
five shovel test pits.
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Two shovel test pits in the southern portion of Lot 2 contained disturbed soils below the plow zone. This
disturbance appears to be associated with the edge of the residential lot to the west. In Lot 3, four shovel test pits
contained a layer offill below the plow zone (Appendix). No prehistoric or historic period artifacts or features were
encountered during subsurface testing.
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Archival research and archaeological investigation for the Orchard Street Farm subdivision in Orient, Town
of Southold, Suffolk County, New York indicate that the project area witnessed minimal discemable human activity
in the past. A total of32 shovel test pits was excavated in Lots 2 and 3 of the property. No prehistoric or historic
period artifacts or features were encountered. No further archaeological investigations are recommended.
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REFERENCES
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Bernstein, David J., Michael J. Lenardi, and Daria Merwin
1999 Stage IB Archaeological Survey of the Kycia Property, Head of the Harbor, Town of Smith town, Suffolk
County, New York. Institute for Long Island Archaeology, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
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Lightfoot, Kent
1986 Regional Surveys in the Eastern United States: The Strengths and Weaknesses of Implementing Subsurface
Testing Programs. American Antiquity 51 :484-504.
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Ritchie, William A.
1959 The Stony Brook Site and its Relation to Archaic Transitional Cultures on Long Island New York State
Museum and Science Service, Bulletin 372. The University of the State of New York, Albany.
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Salwen, Bert
1978 Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period. In Handbook of North American
Indians. Volume 15, edited by Bruce Trigger, pp. 160-176. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
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Sirkin, Les
1995 Eastern Long Island Geology with Field Trips. The Book and Tackle Shop, Watch Hill, Rhode Island.
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Smith, Carlyle S.
1950 The Archaeology of Coastal New York. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural
History 43:95-202
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Warner, J. W. Jr., W. E. Hanna, R. J. Landry, J. P. Wulforst, 1. A. Neely, R. L. Holmes and C. E. Rice
1975 Soil Survey of Suffolk County, New York. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,
Washington, D.C.
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List of Maps
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Moore, T.
1797 Map of the Town of South old. Copy on file, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
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Beers, F. W.
1873 Atlas of Long Island, New York. F. W. Beers, Comstock and Cline, New York.
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Chace, J.
1858 Map of Suffolk County, Long Island, New York. J. Duglass, Philadelphia.
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Hyde, E. Belcher
1896 Atlas of Long Island, New York. E. Belcher Hyde, Brooklyn, New York.
New York State Department of Transportation
1991 Orient, New York. 7.5 minute series. New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, New York.
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United States Geological Survey
1904 Shelter Island, New York. 15 minute series. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
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APPENDIX:
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EXCA V A TION AND ARTIFACT INVENTORY
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Basic descriptive data from the project area are presented in the following appendix. Excavation,
stratigraphic, and artifactual information are included. Excavation information includes shovel test pit (STP)
coordinates relative to mapping datum, level number, stratigraphic designation (stratum), and starting (SD) and
ending (ED) depths (in centimeters) for each excavated level.
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The following abbreviations are used in the appendix:
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Stratum
B2-lower subsoil
B3-substratum
dist-disturbed
pz-plow zone
Soils
bn-brown
cl-clay(ey)
cb-cobbles
gv-gravel
Im-loam(y)
It-light
md-medium
mo-mottled
ob-orange brown
pb-pebbles
st-silt(y)
yb-yellow brown
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APPENDIX: LOT 2
I SHOVEL TEST PIT EXCAVATION AND ARTIFACT INVENTORY
I STP SD ED Stratum Soils Cultural Material
N25/E15 0 26 pz md bn cllm
26 60 B2 ob dim
I N25/E30 0 28 pz md bn dim
28 60 B2 obcllm
N25/E45 0 29 pz md bn cllm
I 29 60 B2 ob cllm
N25/E60 0 29 pz md bn dim
29 60 B2 ob cllm
I N15/E15 0 26 pz md bn cllm
26 60 B2 ob dim
N15/E30 0 26 pz md bn cllm
I 26 60 B2 ob dim
N15/E45 0 35 pz md bn dim
35 60 B2 ob dim
N15/E60 0 32 pz md bn cllm
I 32 60 B2 ob dim
NO/EI5 0 35 pz md bn d 1m
35 50 B2 ob dim
I 50 60 B3 yb dim
NO/E30 0 30 pz md bn cllm
30 40 B2 ob cllm
I 40 60 B3 yb dim
NO/E45 0 33 pz md bn dim
33 42 B2 ob dim
I 42 60 B3 yb dim
NO/E60 0 32 pz md bn dim
32 60 B2 ob dim
I S 15/E45 0 40 pz md bn dim
40 60 B2 ob cllm
S15/E60 0 36 pz md bn cllm
I 36 45 B2 ob dim
45 60 B3 yb dim
S30/E60 0 19 pz md bn dim
I 19 60 B2 ob dim
S45/E60 0 16 pz md bn dim
16 60 dist mo ob dim
I S60/E60 0 22 pz md bn dim w/pb&cb
22 55 dist mo ob dim w/pb&cb
I
I 18
I
I
I
APPENDIX: LOT 3
I SHOVEL TEST PIT EXCA V A TION AND ARTIFACT INVENTORY
I STP SD ED Stratum Soils Cultural Material
NI50fEO 0 36 pz md bn cllm
36 70 fill It gr st 1m
I N150fE15 0 31 pz md bn cllm
31 60 fill It gr st 1m
N150/E30 0 42 pz md bn cllm
I 42 60 B2 ob cllm w/pb&gv
N135/EO 0 32 pz md bn cllm
32 60 fill It gr st 1m
I N135/E15 0 29 pz md bn cllm
29 60 fill Itgrstlm
NI35fE30 0 35 pz md bn cllm
I 35 60 B2 ob cllm
N120fEO 0 32 pz md bn cllm
32 49 B2 obcllm
I 49 60 B3 yb cllm
N120/E15 0 34 pz md bn cllm
34 60 B2 ob cllm
NI20/E30 0 32 pz md bn cllm
I 32 60 B2 ob cllm
N I 05fEO 0 36 pz md bn cllm
36 50 B2 ob cllm wfpb&cb
I 50 60 B3 yb cllm
NI05fEI5 0 28 pz md bn cllm
28 60 B2 ob cllm
I N105/E30 0 38 pz md bn cllm
38 60 B2 ob cllm
N90/EO 0 33 pz md bn cllm
I 33 60 B2 ob cllm
N90/EI5 0 30 pz md bn cllm wfpb&cb
30 60 B2 ob cllm
I N90/E30 0 32 pz md bn cllm
32 60 B2 ob cl 1m
I
I
I
I 19
I