HomeMy WebLinkAboutWaste Loads for Land Use Nass/Suff Plan Bd 1975 DETERMINATION OF
UNIT WASTE LOADS FOR
VARIOUS LAND USE GROUPINGS
NASSAU-SUFFOLK REGIONAL PLANNING BOARD
APRIL 1975
DETERMINATION OF UNIT WASTE LOADS ~)R
VARIOUS I~hND USE GROUPINGS
Table o£ Contents
Methodologies
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Development of Land Use Mixes in Each Grouping
1.3 Development of Discharges for Each Land Use Cate-
gory
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
1.3.8
1.3.9
1.3.10
1.4
PAGE
1-1
1-1
1-5
1-21
Sewage 1-21
Solid Waste 1-30
Stormwater Runoff 1-37
Space lleating Emissions 1-40
Motor Vehicle Emissions 1-47
Fertilizer Losses, Agricultural and Lawn 1-53
Agricultural Wastes 1-59
Power Station Emissions 1-65
Industrial Discharges 1-66
Boating Discharges 1-74
Development of Weighted Average Waste Loads for
Each Land Use Grouping 1-78
2. Review of Methodologies
Introduction
Transferability of Land Use Groupings
Environmental Significance of Types of Discharge,
and Limitations of Methods Used to Compute Tt~em
2.1
2.2
2.3
2-1
2-1
2-2
2-12
PART I
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1-1
1-2
NO,
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
1-13
1-14
1-15
1-16
Title
Land Use Classification
Revised Land Use Classification
Typical Composition of Domestic Sewage
Typical Composition of Ordinary Refuse
Institutional Solid Waste Composition
Industrial Solid Waste Composition
Stormwater Runoff Constituents
Flue Gas Emissions from Domestic
Heaters
Atmospheric Emission Rates from Com-
mercial and Industrial Land Use
Categories
Estimated Automobile Emissions on
Major Highways
Atmospheric Emissions from Diesel
Locomotives
Fertilizer Usages and Losses for
Various Crops
Waste Generation Rates for Duck,
Poultry and Dairy Farms
Agricultural Solid Waste Generation
Rates
Industrial Waste Discharges
Products of Gasoline Combustion
Page No.
1-8
1-17
1-21
1-29
1-33
1-36
1-39
1-41
1-45
1-50
1-51
1-57
1-61
1-63
1-68
1-76
iii
vii
0
0
0
0
0
1. METHODOLOGIES
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 ~cope
The work described in this report is that section
identified as Task 2, Work Element 2, in "A Methodology to
Achieve the Integration o£ Coastal Zone Science and Regional
Planning", by Lee E. Koppelman, Executive Director of the
Nassau-Suf£olk Regional Planning Board (NSRPB). As stated
on page 65 of that document, "The objective
2] is to identify the types of environmental
with Plan land uses and activities".
[of Work Element
loads associated
Work Element 1 had been "to identify, locate, and
quantify those land uses and related activities specified
or implied in the Plan" (see page 64 of the above), based
upon 1985 land use projections. It is the scope of Work
Element 2 to examine each of the land uses identified in
Work Element 1, and to determine its waste generation
characteristics.
Part 3 of this report presents this data, but, for the
sake of clarity~ it includes only the minimum amount of
description of the methods by which the waste generation
characteristics were determined. The details o£ these methods
are presented in this part of the report, with numerical
examples, where desirable, drawn ~rom the work of Part 3.
1-1
1.2 Development of Land Use Mixes
A land use plan will generally be defined in terms of a
limited number of broadly defined groupings, each of which
encompasses possibly widely disparate land use categories.
Naturally, the fewer the groupings, the broader they must be.
Insofar as the land use plan itself is concerned, placing a
limit on the number of groupings makes for simplicity. However.
this study requires that waste generation characteristics be
generafed for each land use grouping. If each category within
a grouping has significantly different characteristics from the
others, then weighted averages must be computed for the grouping.
In order to compute the weighted averages, some determination
must first be made of the composition of each grouping, i.e..
what fraction each of its categories represents.
1-5
Sheet ] oJ 3
TABLE 1-1
LAND USE CLASSIFICATION
grouping
residential
Commercial
categm'y
Residential
Hotels-Motels
Retail g Ser-
vices
Automotive
Marine
Recreational
1-7
detail
Sincle Yamily
Two-Family
Multi-Family
Farm Houses
Estates
Rooming g Boarding Houses
Seasonal Houses
Trailers
Commercial establishments in
which short-terwa lodging is
the major business activity-
Hotels, Motels, Cabins
Establishments whose main pur-
pose is the sale or rendering
of a personal service on a re-
tail level and not listed und~,r
"offices"
S~rvice Stations
Dealers
}~epair, painting and washing
Tire sales
Sear cover installation
Boat yards and marinas
vate)
Sales and services
Fishery services
Boat storage
(pri-
Amusement parks
Beaches and pools (profit
oriented)
Billiards
Bowling
Dance (school, hall, studio,
etc.)
Day camps and nursery schools
Miniature golf and driving
Theaters indoor and drive-in
Sports arenas, skating rinks
Race tracks
gr~pin~
Institutional
(cont'd.)
Open Space
Roadways
Agriculture
Uater
Sheet 3 of 3
TABLE 1-1
LAND USE CLASSIFICATION
category
Public
Quasi-Fublic
Public
Quasi-Public
Roadway s
Agriculture
Inland
Tidal
1-9
detail
IIunicipal buildings
Courts
Hospitals
Post offices
lntian reservations
Fire stations
Churches~ convents, seminaries
Colleges and universities
Nursing and rest homes
Schools parochial and private
Synagogues and temples
Fraternal organizations
Hospitals
geaches and pools
Golf courses~ conservation
and wildlife areas, arboretum
Cemeteries
Marinas and boat ramps
Par~s
Plavgrounds (not school con-
nected)
Beach clubs, golf clubs, gun
clod, s
Cemeteries, scout camps and
ai3 no~,-profit recreation
Streetn and parking
~ar~:wdvs
Crop
i. u] Fry and ducks
n.~i~zv and livestock
r!ursery
I,a_Large basins drainage
Lakes and inland fresh water
%nuth Shore only
Channels and bays (excludes
Peconic Bay)
Uetlands - conservation water
Agriculture - "The Comparative Importance of Suffolk County,
New York Agriculture" (7). This report delineates several
agricultural uses by number of acres and amount of production.
Open Spa_e - "The Inventory of Public Lands and Facilities"
(11) presents open space acreage figures by specific category
(i.e., conservation, golf courses, etc.) and according to
governmental jurisdiction. "Transportation Inventory,
Analysis Plan" (12) discusses the total transportation system
within Nassau and Suffolk Counties and includes parkways and
expressways. Traffic volumes and road capacities are also
presented.
Utilities "Utilities - Inventory and Analysis" (14) identifies
· and discusses drainage areas, water supply systems, sanitary
sewers, waste disposal facilities and power lines and pipe
lines. "Transportation - Inventory, Analysis Plan" (12) dis-
cusses the total transportation system within Nassau and
Suffolk Counties. Included in this report and of interest here,
bus facilities, railroads, air transportation and water
transportation.
Institufional "The Inventory of Public Lands and Facilities"
(Il) presented acreage and enrollment figures for each public
school (elementary, junior and senior high schooIs) within the
Nassau/Suffolk County area. Colleges and universities, both
1-11
Industrial - "Directory of Manufacturers - Suffolk County"
(32). This report is divided into two basic sections. The
first section consolidates manufacturing establishments within
Suffolk County into 20 distinct use groups.
correspond to the system established by the
Classification Manual prepared by the U.S.
They are commonly known as SIC groups and have corresponding
numbers and descriptions. The total number of employees and
firms falling in each SIC group is listed in the report. The
second section lists all
group. "County Business
employees and the number
These groups
Standard Industrial
Bureau of the Budge~.
firms within Suffolk County by SIC
Patterns" (31) lists the number of
of firms for each SIC group within
both Nassau and Suffolk Counties. "Directory of Commerce and
Industry for Nassau/Suffolk" (33) lists each business or indus-
trial firm located in the Nassau/Suffolk County area.
Water - "Utilities - Inventory and Analysis" (14) contains a
section on urainage areas. "Marine Wetlands" (71) specifically
locates all tidal wetland areas within the Bi-County area.
1-13
b) The Long Island Railroad - Real Estate Department (16).
c) Long Island Lighting Company - Executive Headquarters (17).
Institutional Two agencies were contacted regarding total
hospital acreage figures for Nassau and Suffolk. a) The
Long Island Health and Hospital Planning Council (169).
b) The New York State Department of Health - Comprehensive
Planning Section (170). In addition, a number of hospital
administrators were contacted in order to determine specific
individual hospital acreage figures (18-28).
1-15
1.2.4 Determination of Land Use Mix
As noted previously, the Land Use Classification Table
(Table 1-1) from the 1966 Existing Land Use Survey did not
precisely fit the needs of this study. In developing a Re-
vised Land Use Classification Table (Table 1-2) for this
~'eport, several factors came into play. The first and most
important factor involved th? significance of each particular
land use in terms of waste generation.
Industrial Grouping, it was decided to
manufacturing categories since each one
For example, under the
list eighteen specific
generated its own set
of unique waste products. In comparison, the Institutional
Grouping contains only four specific categories. The first
three categories are Schools, Colleges/Universities and
Hospitals. The fourth category consolidates the dozens of
other Institutional uses (i.e., libraries, police stations,
municipal buildings, etc.) that generally produced
waste loads and, therefore, were not considered to
for the purposes of this study.
insignificant
be important
The second factor to be considered involved the avail-
ability of accurate information. If acreage figures were not
available directly from a report or other document, then alternate
information sources were considered. If a particular land use
was considered to be a significant waste producer, every effort
was made to determine its relative distribution within its
Grouping. If this was not possible, the only alternative was
1-17
Sheet 2 ol 2
TABLE 1-2
REVISED LAND USE CLASSIFICATION
grouping
category
Utilities:
Generating stations
Power lines
Raih'oads
Airports
0 t her
Inst itut iona 1:
Schools
Colleges and universities
Ilospitals
Other
Open Space:
Parks municipally
Parks federal, state
county-owned
Conservation areas
Golf courses
Roadways
Agriculture:
Nurseries (b)
Greenhouses (b)
Potato farms
Other vegetable farm~
Sod larm8
Duck farms
Poultry farms
Other
Water:
Inland
Tidal (including wetlaads
not in "Open Space")
FOOTNOTES:
(a)
(b)
Suffolk County only
The only significant agricultural activities
in Nassau County
1-19
1.3 Development of Discharges for Each ~und Use Category
1.3.1 Sewage
1.3.1.1 Residential
It was
and manuals
determined through a review of several text books
(34, 35, 37, 38) that the composition of domestic
~ewage is fairly uniform regardless of population density.
The constituents of domestic sewage are ilIustrated in Table
1-3. For the purposes of this study, only the following six
constituents are considered to be important.
500 mg/1
200 mg/1
200 rog/1
500 rog/1
40 rog/1
10 rog/1
Total dissolved solids
Total suspended solids
BOD5, 20°C
COD
Total nitrogen
Total phosphorus
chosen since
The medium concentration factor for each has been
it was assumed this approach would be more reasonable
than us ing
the strong or weak figures for each component.
An average discharge rate of 60 gallons/capita/day was
selected as a reasonable figure to use for the purposes of
this study. Although average design figures usually approach
or exceed 100 gallons/capita/day, this usually represents n
peak use condition. A review of actual metered flows revealed
that a more realistic figure to use would be 60 gallons/capita.'
day.
This information is ultimately converted into per acre'year
generation figures per Residential Grouping for each of the
selected sewage components.
1-21
TABLE 1-3
TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE
(TABLE 7-3 OF REFERENCE 37)
Constituent Strong Medium Weak
mg/liter
Phosphorus (total as P) 20 10 6
Organic 5 3 2
Inorganic 15 7 4
Chlorides* lO0 50 30
Alkalinity (as CaCO)* 200 100 50
Grease 150 100 50
* Values should be increased by amount in carriage water
** mi/liter
1-23
1.3.1.4 Utilities
Two of the five categories (Power Stations and Railroads)
within the Utilities Grouping produce measurable quantities of
domestic sewage (70, 128). The remaining three categories
(Powerlines, Airports and Other) are considered to have zero
~ewage discharge rates (69). Of the two categories that
produce domestic sewage, Power Stations generate less sewage
than Railroads. It was determined that the rate and composi-
tion of Power Station sewage is similar to sewage generated by
Parks and Golf Courses. The same per capita generation rate
has been used (15 gcd)
discussed in 1.3.1.3.
Determining generation
and the composition is not unlike that
Railroads are a specialized type of use.
rates could not be accomplished through
a standardized procedure. Instead, it was first determined
how many railroad cars operate on a daily basis (800) and how
many individuals are served daily (150,000). ~nsed on this
information, some assumptions were made as to the daily
sewage generation rates and from these statistics, per acre year
figures were derived.
1.3.1.5 Institutional
Each of the four categories included within this Grouping
generates measurable quantities of sewage effluent. The four
categories are schools, colleges/universities and hospitals
and other uses. It was determined that the same per capita
1-25
generation rate of 15 gallons per capita/day was found to be
applicable (75, 77-83). Likewise, the sewage composition is
similar to such non-residential categories as parks and rail-
roads (~6). It should also be noted that the number ol people
per acre accomodated by each category was found to vary
considerably.
1.3.1.7 Industrial
The Industrial Grouping is divided into twenty separate
categories, all but two involve a manufacturing process of
some type. Although the industrial effluent of each category
may differ, the domestic sewage generation rate and composition
of each is relatively the same. It has been determined that
15 gcd is a reasonable figure to apply to this grouping and
the respective densities for each county have been calculated
to be 24.5 employees/acre for Nassau and 13.9 employees/acre
for Suffolk (84, 87).
1.3.1.8 Water
The Water Grouping consists of three categories; inland
lakes and streams, tidal water areas and tidal wetlands. The
only category that produces any sewage effluent is the tidal
waters category, by virtue of the boating activity surrounding
Long Island. Sewage effluent from boats is difficult to
determine accurately because of the mobile nature of the
activity. A survey of the Great South Bay has revealed that
1-27
TAELE 1-4
NASSAU COUNTY
~PICAL COMPOSITION OF ORDINARY REFUSE
(REFERENCE 40 - Nassau County)
Category Weight Percent
Card board
Newspapers
Misc. papers
Plastic film
Leather, molded
'plastic and rubber
Garbage
Grass, leaves, dirt
Text i les
Wood
Glass. ceramics
Meta llics
and' stone
7
15
25
2
3
12
12
3
3
10
8
100
1-29
park facilities. The manner in which a golf course is utilized,
however, differs somewhat from the way in which a park is
generally used. Solid waste generation figures as well as
usage figures were obtained from actual golf course operations
(59, 143). From this
677 lbs/acre/year was
reasonable. Both the
waste was
areas.
data a solid waste generation rate of
calculated and was determined to be
composition of park and golf course solid
determined to be similar to that produced in residential
1.3.2.4 utilities
As with sewage, two of the five categories (Power Stations
and Railroads) with the Utilities Grouping produce measurable
quantities of solid waste (67, 70, 135). The remaining three
categories (Powerlines, Airports and Other) are considered to
have zero discharge rates (67, 69). Of the two categories that
produce solid waste, it was found that railroads generate more
than power stations. This conclusion was based on an analysis
of the operation of one LILCO plant which produced approximately
420 lbs of solid waste per acre/year. This appeared to be a
reasonable average figure to use for power stations in each
county. The amount of solid waste generated by railroads was
determined by making a number of assumptions. First, the
number of cars utilized per day and the number of passengers
serviced were studied. It was then determined that a reasonable
per passenger generation rate was 1./2 lb per passenger per week
1-31
TABLE 1-5
SUFFOI,K COUNTY
INSTITUTIONAL SOLID WASTE CO~IPOSITION
(Ref. 39 - Suffolk County)
Item
Percent
Garbage
Rubbish
Bulky Junk
Demo. ~iateria 1
Incinerator Residue
Paper and Cardboard
et her
Tota 1
28 5
14 5
11 5
19 0
12 5
13 5
10 5
100
1-33
29,336 lbs/acre/year, marine 36,000 lbs/acre/year, commercial
recreation - 34,000 lbs/acre/year.
1.3.2.7 Industrial
All of the Industrial categories generate solid waste.
The industrial solid waste products that are not handled by
average collection procedures will be discussed in Section
2.3.9. The composition of "normal" industrial solid waste is
described in Table 1-6. This description applies to both Nassau
and Suffolk Counties. However, as would be expected, the genera-
tion rates differ between Nassau and Suffolk, with Nassau having
the higher rate. This conclusion is based exclusively on the
information that is contained in the solid waste studies for
Nassau and Suffolk Counties (39, 40).
1.3.2.8 Water
Based on an analysis of the water categories, it was
determined that the amount of solid waste generated was neg-
ligible. Only one category, tidal waters, was determined to
produce any solid waste at all. It was felt, upon further
analysis, that boating enthusiasts deposit solid waste within
shore receptacles. It has been assumed, therefore, that the
solid waste generated by boats has already been included in
one or more of the previously discussed categories (i.e., Open
Space, Commercial).
1-35
1.3.3 Stormwater Runoff
The fraction of the total rainfall that does not percolate
into thc, subsoil, but runs (~'i', is essentially determined by
the degree to which the land has been covered by impermeable
surfaces, namely buildings, streets, roadways and parking lots.
Clearly, this is a phenomenon of human settlement and urbani-
zation. However, the approach taken here is to estimate the
percentage of impermeable surface associated with each type of
land use. Then, the distribution of land use, i.e., the number
of acres in a given area assigned to "paved" and "non-paved"
uses will automatically generate runoff rates which will be
lower in agricultural areas, for instance, than in high density
residential ones.
Studies indicate that 100% of rainfall runs off impermeable
areas, and that, for unpaved areas, 50% of rainfall is lost to
evapotranspiration, 45% percolates into the subsoil and 5%
runs off (42, 72, 76). Using these figures in conjunction
with an average annual rainfall value, and the percentages of
impermeable surface discussed above, it is a straightforward
matter to compute stormwater runoff flows, per acre per year,
for each type of land use.
In this study, we are not so much interested in the total
flow of stormwater, as in the pollutants it carries. However,
there is a paucity of such information available today. This
1-37
TA BI,E 1-?
STOR.~I ~¥ATER RUNOFF CONSTITUENTS
(Reference 42)
~onst ituent
Lbs/Acre/Year
BOD
COD
Total Solids
Volatile Solids
NaC1
Lead
phosphorus
Suspended Solids
84
1,040
15,900
1,730
73
3.4
1.9
0
1-39
TABLE 1-8
Pollutant
FLUE GAS EMISSIONS FROM
DOMESTIC HEATERS
(Nassau and Suffolk Counties)
Oil-Fired Gas-Fired
Lbs/1,000 Lbs/Million
Gallons Cubic Ft
Lbs/D.U ·/Year
Particulates
Sulfur oxides
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitroge~ oxides
^ldehydes
Other organics
10 19
144 0 o6
5 20
3 8
12 50
2 10
14.2
192.7
7.5
4.3
18.1
3.1
<0.1
1-41
Pollut:tnt
Part icu la 6e.q
Sulfur Oxidos
Carbon Mort oxido
Hydrocarbon:;
Nitrogen Oxides
A l'de hy dos
OrF~anics
1,256.9
8,586_5
26.5
168.3
4,327~9
61o9
0.8
1-45
1.3.5 Motor Vehicle Emissions
1.3.5.1 Residential
Automobile emissions are a significant
Residential grouping.
factor in the
The gaseous components present in
automobile exhausts that are considered pollutants are carbon
r~onoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and unburnt hydrocarbons
(H/C). Based on a Public Health Service study which assumes
that the pollution control capabilities of automobile engines
will continue to improve (41), the following emission rates
are expected to occur by 1985.
Grams/Vehicle Mile
Ur ban Rura 1
Hydrocarbons 3.71 2.18
CO 25.7 10.7
NOx 7.08 8.27
In order to obtain an estimate of vehicle emissions in
residential areas, it was assumed that low density areas
and areas o_ 0-1 dwelling unitsZacre can be considered rural
and higher densities can be considered urban.
ing numbers of automobiles per household were
reasonable.
Next, the follow-
judged to be
Low Density
0-1 D.U.'s/acre
2-4 D.U.'s/acre
5-10 D.U.'s/acre
High Density
2 cars/household
2 cars/household
1-1 1/2 cars/household
1-1 ]/2 cars/household
1 car/household
1-47
figures. In 1985 the vehicle-miles travelled on major high-
ways in Nassau County will be 7,453,100 re%les or 1,237 vehicle
miles/acre and in Suffolk County, 14,412,700 miles or 654
vehicle miles/acre. Having established the number of vehicle
miles to be expected per acre/year in each county in 1985, the
numbers of lbs/acre/year of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and
NOx that would be generated can be computed. These values are
listed in Table 1-10.
1.3.5.4 Utilities
Only the railroads category within this grouping produces
any vehicular emissions of consequence. Ail of the emissions
are caused by diesel powered locomotives and the components
of these emissions are carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, particulates, hydrocarbons, aldehydes and organic
acids (43). Based on 1974 data that was available (135), it was
found that during a typical weekday, diesel locomotives accounted
for 25% of all passenger miles travelled.
percentage rose to 31%. Freight traffic
powered but the number of freight trains
the number
At weekends, the
is entirely diesel
is small compared to
of passenger trains, 30 compared to 718.
During 1974, the LIRR consumed approximately 9,524,000
gallons of diesel fuel. This amounts to 4,740 gallons/acre/year.
Table 1-il lists the amounts of each pollutant generated by
diesel locomotives in lbs/1,O00 gallons of diesel fuel consumed.
1-49
TABLE 1-11
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES
Pollutant
I,bs/1,000 Gallons
Particulates 25
Sulfur Oxides 65
Carbon Monoxide 70
HydrocarSons 50
Nitrogen Oxides 75
Aldehydes 4
O~ganic Acids 7
1-51
1.3.6 Fertilizer Losses
1.3.6.1 Residential
Fertilizer loss in residential areas would, of course,
vary somewhat depending on the amount of impermeable surface
involved per acre. Natural areas do not generally receive
fertilizer treatments and, therefore, fertilizer loss from
such areas was considered to be negligible. In any event, it
was determined that an average total loss of nutrients in
lbs/acre/year approximates the following: 26 lbs N, 16 lbs P,
ll lbs K (45). This loss occurs through runoff and soil absorp-
tion, unfortunately no estimates are available pertaining to
loss from runoff alone. A search of existing literature did
not reveal any information concerning fertilizer loss in resi-
dential areas, instead the aforementioned estimates were derived
from conversations with the staff of the Suffolk County Dep~rt-
ment of Environmental Control.
1.3.6.2 Agriculture
Of all the land uses considered,
produces the greatest fertilizer loss,
the Agriculture grouping
as would be expected.
The Agriculture grouping, as noted previously, contains eight
categories. Three of those categories produce no fertilizer
loss of any significance, namely duck farms, poultry farms, and
other agricultural uses. The other categories were found to
produce varying amounts of fertilizer loss. based on conversa-
tions with several individuals, at the S~ffolk County
1-53
fertilizer used in potato operations
loss, although not important to this
to be 100 lbs/acre/year.
is 8 ~16/8. Potassium
study, was calculated
Nu~ ~eries and greenhouses present a much different picture
than the other categories within the Agriculture grouping. It
was found through discussions with operators of typical facili-
ties (57, 58) that the fertilizer loss from these operations
were very low compared to sod and potato farms, for example.
This has been attributed to the glass enclosure, and, therefore,
the high degree of housekeeping possible with greenhouse opera-
tions. It may also be attributed to the high degree of fertilizer
uptake associated with both greenhouse and nursery facilities.
One operator of a 90,000 sq ft greenhouse (57) uses about
11,000 lbs of fertilizer containing 15% nitrogen and 20%
phosphorus. This is equivalent to 798 lbs/acreZyear of nitrogen.
A typical fertilizer formulation used in nurseries contains 20G
of nitrogen. Based on a quoted figure (58) of 1,000 lbs of
fertilizer used per year on a 1 1/2 acre plot, this gives a
nitrogen applicalion rate of 133 lbs/acre"year. It is estimated
that the nitrogen uptake in the finished crop is 95%, i.e., 6.7
lbs of nitrogen are lost to the environment per acre'~year.
Other vegetable crops grown in the Bi-County area bmsically
generate the same amount of fertilizer loss. Three of these
crops (cauliflower, corn and strawberries) are presented in
1-55
TABI,E
FERTILIZER USAGES AND LOSSES
FOR VARIOUS CROPS
Crop
Fertilizt, r
Application
Rate as Lbs
Nitrogen Per
Acre/Year
Typical Nutrient Loss in
Fertilizer Lbs/Acre/Year
Formulation
used* N P K
Sod 260 16/8/8 52 26 26
Potatoes 200 8/16/8 100 200 100
Greenhouse 798 15/20/15 8 10.7 8
Nursery 133 20/20/20 6.7 6.7 6.7
Cauliflower 70 6/12/6 35 70 35
Corn 90 10/10/10 36 36 36
Strawberries 40 10/6/4 20 12 8
* These numbers are the percent by weight of nitrogen, phos-
phorus, and potassium, always in that order.
1-57
1.3.7 Agricultural Wastes
This particular waste type involves only the Agricultural
grouping. There are two basic kinds of agricultural wastes,
animal wastes and solid wastes. Each is described separately
as follows.
1.3.7.1 Animal Wastes
Three categories of agricultural activity are included here,
namely duck farms, poultry farms, and dairy and livestock farms.
Since the impact of animal wastes, especially those derived
from duck farms, were expected to be significant, a substantial
amount of information was compiled about this particular waste
type (48, 49, 53, 94, 96, 163, 164, 166). It was first deter-
mined how many animals per acre were accomodated within each
category. The number of ducks per acre was found to be con-
siderably higher than the number of animals per acre in the
other two categories. It was learned that, generally, the ducks
go through :.n eight month raising season and that 10% of them
are retained as breeder stock for the remaining four months. The
typical components of duck waste and the waste associated with
the other animals in question was determined through literature
research, and the specific quantities produced of each component
were calculated and are listed in Table 1-12. The five major
components are BOD, COD, Total Solids, Total Nitrogen and P205.
1-59
TABLE 1-13
WASTE GENERATION RATES FOR
DUCK, PO[II,TRY AND DAIRY FARMS
Duck
Pollutant Farms
POU 11¢b4 'Acre/Year
Poultry Dniry and Live~t(~(.k
Farms Fa rms
BOD 44,450 10,150 1,050
COD * 11,200 2,025
Total Solids 289,600 33,500 5,235
Total Nitrogen 10,750 18,700 5,035
P205 17,700.* 1,320 140
* Not readily available
** Total phosphorus
1-61
TABI~ 1-14
AGRICULTURAI, SOLID WASTE GENERATION
RATES
Lbs ,/Ac I'o./Yo a r
Sod Potato Green-
Farms Farms houses Nurseries
Other
Veg.
~letal 2 2 2 1 2
Glass 6 6 6 3 6
Plastic 3 3 3 1.5 3
Paper, etc. 3 3 3 1.5 3
Prunings, etc. - 2,000 4~000 5,000
Soil, etc. - 700 - - -
1-63
1.3.8
The atmospheric and
will be considered to be
and will not
Power Station Emissions
thermal discharges from power stations
emanating from lndividnal point sonrct.s.
be averaged over tile entire Utilities acreage.
Information on existing power plants is available in
federal, state and county publications (63, 64, 65, 66). These
provide detailed information on the fossil-fueled conventional
thermal plants now in operation, including average annual oper3t-
ing hours, annual fuel consumption rates, annual discharge rates
of atmospheric pollutants, and average cooling water flow rates.
Some computation was required to determine the temperature
rise in the cooling water, and the annual heat discharge rate.
This is done from the figures on plant heat rates, quoted as
BTU/KWH in Reference 63.
Information on all the other power plants in the Bi-County
area was obtained from the environmental report prepared by
Long Island Lighting Company for the construction permit
applicatioq for the Jamesport Nuclear Power Station (171).
This provided sufficient data to show that the gas-turbine and
diesel-engine plants contribute negligible amounts of air
pollutants compared to the fossil-fueled steam plants. The
stated capacities for the nuclear power stations permitted the
computation of the annual heat releases in the cooling w~ter
discharged,
assuming a
plant.
based on their operating 100~ of the time, and
thermal efficiency somewhat lower than the newest
1-65
steam
Non-Manufacturing
It was determined that, beyond the waste
products already discussed in 1.3.1, 1.3.2
and 1.3.3, there are no additional significant
pollutive discharges associated with non-
manufacturing establishments.
Mining
Mining operations are similar to non-manufacturing
uses in that they also produce no significant
pollutive discharges.
1-67
TA~I,E 1-15
Pollutant
BOD
Suspended Solids
COD
Dissolved Solids
Total Solicb;
Total I[j el d;;hl-N
AIlIIIIO 11 i a - N
Nitr;tte-N
Total Phozphor u~
Grease & Oil
Sulfate
Sur fact nil t2 ~
Cadmium
C hr ola i um( t o t a 1 )
Copper
Iron (Fem~ic)
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Al'scnJ c
Ti tanium
Cyanide
Bar i um
Fluorine
7403
1.2
1.5 8.0
1.7 2O
.13
.15
557.0
786
13
.01
61.6
5.5
17.5
2.5 .6
1.0
3.7
3.6
.01
.04
0.31
0.76
23
21
.02
.15
9
.1
.3
.15
0.d
0.8
'1-69
Paper and Allied Products
Industrial operations in this category on
Long Island generate mainly high BOD, oil
and grease, and COD. However, heavy metals,
such as copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium,
nickel, and iron have been identified.
Printing and Publishing
Most companies in this field generate COD,
phenols, cyanide, and toxic heavy metals, includ-
ing silver, cadmium, iron, manganese, copper,
zinc, nickel, and lead.
Chemicals and Allied Products
The companies in the chemical category manufacture
a wide range of potential pollutants, particularly
organic compounds.
arsenic, heryllium,
are found.
In addition, BOD, COD, nitrites,
titanium and sundry heavy metals
Petroleum Refining and Related Industries
The drips and drains around petroleum and fuel
storage and transfer stations are believed to
make a significant contribution to stormwater
contamination, but no specific data is available.
No other pollutive discharges have been identified
from this source.
1-71
from this category, including gold, rubidium,
and cobalt in addition to the commoner metals.
Also found are surfactants, bromine,
nitrates, nitrites, cyanides, sodium,
and grease and oil.
boron,
potassium,
Transportation Equipment
No significant pollutive
identified.
discharge
has been
Instruments
Heavy metals are the major possible pollutants
from this category. COD and fluorides have also
been identified.
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries
No significant pollutive discharge has been
identified.
1-73
Specific data was available from the Harbor Master of
the Town of Huntington (116) regarding the number of boats
which use Huntington Harbor and Bay on a regular basis.
According fo the Harbor Master~ 300 motorboats use the
immediate area regularly. Approximately 30% or 90 are used
exclusively for fishing, the remainder 210 are used for a
variety of recreational purposes. A number of reasonable
assumptions were then made regarding the manner in which
these boats are used and the amount of fuel they consume.
Research indicated that boats used exclusively for fishing
generally use less fuel than those used for other recreational
activities (i.e., water skiing, pleasure boating, etc.) (137,
156, 159). This led to the following estimates: boats used
for fishing exclusively - 30 gallons per week from May to
September and 15 gallons during March, April and October, boats
used for other recreational purposes - 45 gallons per week
from May through September and 20 gallons per week during
March, April and October. This yields a total annual fuel
consumption per boat of 1,140 gallons for recreational use and
780 gallons for fishing use.
Multiplying these figures by the number of boats pre-
viously mentioned, a figure of 309,600 gallons is arrived at
of fuel used per year by boats which utilize Huntington Harbor.
Assuming that 10% of this fuel is spilled (113), we can assume
1-75
that approximately 30,406 gallons are discbarged annually into
the waters of Huntington Bay and associated harb,~rs and bays.
Noting that the extent of this area is 8,160 acres, the
spillage can thus be defined as 38 gallons/acre/year.
Spilled fuel can be considered to be regular gasoline
wit~ about 2% of ].ubricating oil. This is representative oI
outboard motor fuel, but for the purposes of this repol't, it
will be used for inboard motors as well.
In addition to fuel spillage, there are exhaust emissions
to be considered. Marine motors discharge just under or just
above the water surface and the emissions affect the waters
immediately adjacent to the boats. The products of combustion
(43) are listed in Table 1-16 and the fuel consumption rate is
34.2 gallons/acre/year, being 90% of the total, the remainder
being spilled.
1-77
Once the various generation rates were determined for
each category, weighled averages were calculated for each
grouping.
Th~s was done by simply multiplying the applicable
land use mix percentages by the category generation rates.
The results are presented in lbs/acre/year in Section 3.0.
Usually the method of presentation is on a County basis,
however, in several instances figures are presented on a
Bi-County basis.
1-79
2. CRITIQUE OF METHODOLOGIES
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 ~cope
The work reported on here is Task 2, Work Element 2 of
she Coastal Zone Management project of the Nassau-Suffolk
Regional Planning Board. This work element pertains to
identifying and quantifying the waste generation characteristics
of each of the types of land use included in the Board's 1985
Land Use Plan.
2.1.2 Report Format
The report is divided
1.
2.
3.
into three sections,
Methodologies
Critique of Methodologies
Data for Nassau-Suffolk Coastal Zone
name ly:
Management
This, the second section, reviews the methodologies
described in the first section, and essays judgments on their
"transferability", i.e., to what extent they are valid for
the Long Island area, only, and to what extent they are univers-
ally applicable.
2-1
2.2.1 Residential
The five Residential Groupings formulated
as follows:
Low Density (Suffolk County only)
0-1 D.U.'s/acre
2-4 D.U.'s/acre
5-10 D.U.'s/acre
High Density
by NSRPB are
Many areas located within the Coastal Zones throughout
the United States would have no need for the Low Density
Grouping as defined by the NSRP. Likewise, certain Coastal
areas might find a need to define High Density housing as
anything exceeding 20 or 25 D.U.'s per acre, rather than as
exceeding 10 D.U.'s per acre as defined by the NSRPB. The
percentage land use distribution of the five Residential
Groupings appears to be representative of most ex-urban areas
except that an excessive number of acres may be included in
the Low Density Grouping.
2-3
natural factors. In some coastnl areas, the major crop might
be corn or cranberries, for example. It is doubtful if the
ultimate waste products will be much different regardless
of crop ype, but it is a factor to consider.
2-5
2.2.4 Utilities
The Utilities Grouping is divided into five categories;
Generating Stations, Powerlines, Railroads, Airports and Other.
There are a variety of uses included in the Other category
which were not listed individually because specific acreage
~igures were not available for them. The remaining categories
are generally applicable to other coastal areas, except that,
in some cases railroads, may occupy less land area than in
Nassau/Suffolk. Airport acreage might also be quite different
if a major airport facility happens to be located in a specific
area. Powerlines and generating stations, on the other hand.
would generally be tied to population levels. Generally, the
land use mix within the Utilities Grouping would appear to be
applicable to most other coastal areas.
2-7
2.2.6 Commercial
There are seven categories within the Commercial Group-
ing; Hotels and Motels, Regional Shopping Centers, Retail and
Service. Auto, Marine, Recreational, Office. The primary
reason why seven categories have been presented is simply that
~;pecific acreage figures were available for each category.
Unexpectedly, the waste generation rates of the seven categories
were found to differ considerably on a per acre basis. There-
fore, rather than being redundant, the establishment of the seven
categories proved to be a valid exercise. In terms of land use
mix within the Commercial Grouping, the percentage distribution
within the Bi-County area appears to be fairly standard. Over
one-half of the commercial acreage is in the form of retail and
service establishments. The rest of the commercial acreage is
fairly evenly divided among the rest of the categories, except
that commercial recreational uses consume slightly more acreage
than the rest. Generally, the Commercial Grouping mix is
representative of commercial uses found in other coastal areas.
The percentage distribution of this mix also appears to be
representative.
2-9
2.2.8 Water
The Water Grouping is divided into three categories;
Inland Lakes and Streams, Tidal Waters and Tidal Wetlands.
All coastal areas will generally accomodate the same three
categories. In terms of percentage mix, the tidal waters
,~ategory will usually be substantially greater in land area
than the other two. The extent to which this is true, however,
depends on how the tidal water limits are defined. Also it
should be noted that the extent of tidal wetlands will differ
from one geographic area to another, depending on the local
demand for housing, and the consequent encroachment on the
wetlands by developers.
2-11
is great because of the enormous quantities involved. Except
in underdeveloped, underpopulated areas, sanitary sewage will
continue to be the item of major concern.
2.3.1.2 Agriculture
Sanitary sewage from agricultural activities was considered
to be insignificant in the Bi-County area. This should also be
true in other agricultural areas since population densities
rarely, if ever, approach the level at which sanitary sewage
becomes a concern.
2.3.1.3 Open Space
Only two of the four Open Space categories (Parks and
Golf Courses) produce significant levels of sanitary sewage.
As noted previously, the sewage generation rates of individual
park sites vary considerably, but, using the per acre attendance
figures of the Long Island State Park Commission, we arrived
at a reasonable per acre generation figure. The Long Island Park
System consists of a variety of parks, some of which are inten-
sively utilized and others less so. In calculating a domestic
sewage generation rate for a particular park system (which, of
course, excludes conservation acreage), it should be determined
if it is comparable to.the Long Island system. That is, does
it contain a variety of park sites or are most of the facilities
of one type. In any event, for a given attendance per acre, a
generation rate of 15 gallons per capitaZday appears to be a
reasonable figure to use to calculate a specific rate.
2-13
The composition of the sewage from both power stations
and railroads is similar to that generated by open space
facilities and would not be expected to change regardless
of location. Generally, the sewage generation rate presented
for the Utilities Grouping is applicable beyond the limits of
the Bi-County area.
2.3.1.5 Institutional
Ail four categories within this Grouping generate sub-
stantial amounts of sewage effluent. It was determined that,
because of student density differences, the sewage generation
rate for schools was higher in Nassau than Suffolk. This
would probably hold true for other geographic areas, which con-
rain similar development patterns. The sewage rates of
colleges/universities and hospitals are based on actual metered
flows, and there is no reason to believe that these two land
use types would differ in opeartion if
fourth category includes a variety of
are similar to the other three
located elsewhere. The
Institutional uses which
in terms of sewage generation.
The sewage composition of all four categories is similar
to residential sewage as previously described. In terms of
environmental significances, the per acre generation rate of
the Institutional Grouping is significant. The generation
rate established for the Institutional Grouping in 3.6.3 is
generally applicable to other geographic areas and can be used
accordingly.
2-15
determined. The Nassau County figures can be considered typical
of an area with modest industrial development and no heavy
industry. The Suffolk County figures can be used for areas
having less development still.
The composition of the sewage is similar to other non-
residential areas as previously described. The environmental
significance of these discharges can be considered to be
moderately important. In comparison to some of the discharges
resulting directly from certain industrial processes, the
sanitary discharges appear to be relatively unimportant.
2.3.1.8 Water
Only one of
the Water Grouping generates
a survey that identified the
South Bay area, figures were
the three categories (Tidal waters) within
any sewage effluent. Based on
number of boats in the Great
developed which represented
average sewage generation rates. The assumptions that were
made on a per boat basis were reasonable and can be considered
applicable to other geographic areas, except that seasonal
conditions should be considered in determining degree of beat-
ing activity. In terms of sewage generated per acre/year, the
figures are somewhat less applicable, because of the wide
differences in numbers of boats per acre that can be expected
in other localities.
2-17
2.3.2 Solid Waste
2.3.2.1 Residential
The amount of solid waste generated by the five Resi-
dential Groupings can be considered fairly standard. The
data that was used to develop the per acre year generation
rates for each Grouping originated in two studies pertaining
to the two counties. Solid Waste production within a resi-
dential area is dependent on population levels. Regional
differences do not appear to affect the rate of generation.
It should
certainty,
to decline below the
be noted, however, that in times of economic un-
the amount of refuse produced might be expected
levels presented in this report.
The composition of residential solid waste is also fairly
standard, consisting of a variety of items normally associated
with household activities. Some minor variations might be
expected in selected geographic locations, but, generally,
the composition of solid waste as presented in this report is
applicable to other areas as well. In terms of the environ-
mental significance of this waste type, the impact can be
considerable depending on the method of disposal involved.
2.3.2.2 Agricultural
The population density in agricultural areas is so low,
that the generation rate of domestic solid waste (like that of
sanitary sewage) is considered to be negligible.
2-19
remaining land uses comprised in the Utilities grouping are
water rights-of-way, bus and truck terminals, and tele-
communications sites. When considering the numbers of people
employed in these activities, and the total areas involved,
the average solid waste generation rate can be considered
negligible.
All of these remarks are valid, regardless of geographical
location. The only foreseeable change would occur if the rail-
road, elsewhere, had passenger-carrying characteristics sub-
stantial different from those of the L.I.R.R.
2.3.2.5 Institutional
Much of the data for this grouping came from studies
specific to each of the two counties. The two reports did
not follow the same pattern, and it was sometimes
to apply Suffolk data to Nassau institutions, and
Consequently, the data developed in this report is
necessary
vice versa.
a synthesis.
The transferability of this data
depend very much on how similar those areas are
County region, in terms of numbers and sizes of
to other areas would
to the Bi-
schools.
universities, hospitals, etc. It seems rather unlikely that
such a similarity could occur. However, solid waste genera-
tion rates for individual establishments are probably quite
representative, and could be used with caution.
2-21
2.3.3 Stormwater Runoff
As stated in Section 1.3.3, this is a topic of great
interest, and many studies can be expected to be published
in the f',ture. In the light of those studies, some of the
conclusions drawn in this
particularly with respect
runoff from various types
report may have to be revised,
to the actual composition of the
of land use.
Insofar as flow rates of runoff are concerned, future
work may disclose a different correlation between the amount of
rainfall and the ratio of impermeable to permeable surface used
here, i.e., 100% runoff from paved areas and 5% runoff from
unpaved areas.
It is to be hoped that future studies will actually quantify
the flow rates from different land uses. The procedure used
in this report, of relating the paving ratio of a particular
land use to an equivalent residential density is subject to
question.
Any runoff rates developed here can be applied elsewhere
only with the greatest caution, even where the rainfall is
similar to Long Island. The environmental effects of stormwater
runoff are considerable. It is a non-point source, difficult
to handle and control, and contributing large pollution loads
st the points of discharge.
2-23
2.3.5 Motor Vehicle Emissions
The acreages devoted to residential use
Use Plan include local streets and roadways,
in the 1985 Land
the Open Space
groupin~ includes main highways, and the Utilities grouping
includes railroads. All other groupings are considered
negligible generators of motor vehicle emissions, either by
reason of minor or zero population densities, or by reason of
their manner of use, i.e., the public simply drives into the
spaces provided and parks there. (Diesel locomotives are
considered motor vehicles in this report.)
It should be pointed out that, for simplicity, all street
areas were included in the residential categories, and not
distributed betn~een the groupings. Taking this into account.
the above judgments are reasonable, and applicable everywhere.
Emissions per vehicle-mile are
studies, projected into the future,
urban and rural locations. Figures
available from federal
and differentiated between
for vehicle-miles driven
on main highways are available from government publications also.
but these are applicable elsewhere only with great caution, since
they obviously depend on the degree of land occupancy and
development in the area. In order to obtain vehicle-miles
for residential areas, a reasonable pattern of vehicle use
had to be synthesized. This can be subject to criticism, and
should be applied elsewhere only with caution.
2-25
2.3.6 Fertilizer Losses, Agricultural and Lawn
The amounts of fertilizer taken up into crops
sumably a function of plant growth. Some qunntity
zer is required over and above the amount taken up,
to ensure adequate application.
washed away by rainfall.
is pre-
of [ertili-
in order
This excess amount is then
Since farmers everywhere probably aim for the same
optimum amount of plant growth, the amount of fertilizer taken
up by a particular crop is probably the same, and the amount
lost to runoff would appear to depend on the local rainfall.
Therefore, when considering the transfer of the data in this
report to another locality, attention must be paid to two
things. First, if the rainfall differs markedly from Long
Island's, the amount of fertilizer washed away will be different.
Second, if the types of crop differ markedly from those grown
on Long Island, the amounts taken up will differ, and the whole
pattern of fertilizer application will differ.
The same comments hold generally true for lawns, including
residential areas, parks and golf courses. However, the primary
difference between localities will probably be due to rainfall.
2-27
2.3.8 Power Station Emissions
These have been treated in this report as point sources.
That is to say, the atmospheric and thermal discharges from
power s+ations have not been averaged over the total area
occupied. Consequently, for a station of a given power out-
put, the discharge rates of atmospheric pollutants and heated
cooling water are roughly comparable for all power stations
of similar type and age.
Certain basic facts should be pointed out:
a) Fossil-fueled stations have higher thermal
efficiencies than the usual type of nuclear
station, which employs a light boiling water
reactor. They, therefore, discharge less heat
for the same power generation rate.
b)
New fossil-fueled stations have higher thermal
efficiencies than older ones, because of im-
proved engineering design and lack of wear.
in equipment,
c)
Power stations of exactly the same size and
thermal efficiency can circulate cooling water
at a lower flow rate and higher temperature rise,
or at a higher flow rate and lower temperature
rise. Both have advantages and disadvantages
in the environmental sense.
2-29
2.3.9 Industrial Discharges
Notes on the types of discharge to be expected from
various kinds of industrial enterprise are given in Section
1.3.9. These notes are generally true, regardless of locality.
However, as far as rates of discharge are concerned, the values
developed in this report cannot be transferred. To achieve
transferability, the discharge rates of specific pollutants
from a specific type of industrial activity should be related
to a definite production rate, e.g., x lbs of pollutant y
per ton of product per day. Unfortunately, it proved impossible
to obtain information in this degree of detail, both because
of the large number of companies involved, and the reticence
of their representatives.
2-31
various
1.3.9.
However,
2.3.9 Industrial Discharges
Notes on the types of discharge to be expected from
kinds of industrial enterprise are given in Section
These notes are generally true, regardless of
as far as rates of discharge are concerned, the ~i~:.
developed in this report cannot be transferred. To ach~tve
transferability, the discharge rates of specific pollut?~s
from a specific type of industrial activity should be
t(% a definite production rate, e.g., x lbs of ~ollutant
per ton of product per day. Unfortunately. it proved
to obtain information in this degree of detail, both
of the large number of companies involved, and the ret~ce~, ~.
of their representatives.
2-31
2.4 Comments on Weighted Averaging
The methods followed in this report to obtain weighted
average waste loads per acre for each land use grouping are
generally valid, regardless of locality. Whatever weaknesses
there may be in the values so obtained are due not to the
~ethod, but to the availability and reliability of the basic
information.
2-33
3. DATA DEVELOPED FOR THE NASSAU-SUFFOLK 1985
LAND-USE PLAN
3.1 In'-roduction
3.1.1 Scope
In this part of the report, the methodologies described
in Part 1 are applied to Nassau and Suffolk Counties. This
is done in order to develop the waste generation character-
istics of each of the land uses identified in the 1985 Land
Use Plan of the Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board
(NSRPB).
3-1
FIGURE 3 - I
h
NASSAU-SUFFOLK EEGIONAL PLANNING BOARD
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
JANUARY 197.5
H2M CORP~OL2M/Z, CH{ ~ M,L~ ND()N ,md MUlcH[ L'. MLIVll L, r~ ,
· ENVIRONMENIAL ENC, INEEFt% ,~ndSCIENTISTS NEV~I,,h h
3-2A
For the residential areas, the average number of persons
per acre was needed. However, the other land uses are
clearly fairly broad groupings of diverse activities, and
more in."~rmation was required concerning these. Table 3-1
was intended for this purpose, but it treats "Residential"
as one land-use grouping, and identifies "Roadways" as another.
(In the
Furthermore,
"categories",
Table 3-1 is
1985 plan, Roadways are included in Open Space.)
by breaking down the land use "groupings" into
and then into sub categories called "details",
unnecessarily complicated.
Consequently, a new simplified list of land use groupings
and categories was compiled, as shown in Table 3-2. This has
formed the structure of the work described in this report.
The first step in this study was to determine land
use "mixes", i.e., what percentages of each land use group-
ing were de-oted to each of the categories making up the
grouping. Section 1.2 describes the procedure in detail.
The data available was found in publications of the Federal
Government, the Planning Board, and various Long
professional and business associations. Much of
pertained fo the years 1966 to 1970. However, the land use
"mixes" thus established were assumed to hold for the future.
Island civic,
the data
3-3
Sheet 1 of 3
TABLE 3-1
LAND USE CLASSIFICATION
,$~ouRing
Residential
Commercial
,,category
Residential
Hotels-Motels
Retail $ Ser-
vices
Automotive
Marine
Recreational
detail
Single Family
Two-Family
Multi-Family
Farm Houses
Estates
Rooming & Boarding Houses
Seasonal Houses
Trailers
Commercial establishments in
which short-te~m lodging is
the major business activity-
Hotels, Motels, Cabins
Establishments whose main pur-
pose is the sale or rendering
of a personal service on a re-
tail level and not listed under
"offices"
Service Stations
Dealers
Repair, painting and washing
Tire sales
Seat cover installation
Boat yards and marinas
rate)
Sales and services
Fishery services
Boat storage
(pri-
Amusement parks
Beaches and pools (profit
oriented)
Billiards
Bowling
Dance (school, hall, studio,
etc.)
Day camps and nursery schools
Miniature golf and driving
ranges
Theaters - indoor and drive-in
Sports arenas, skating rinks
Race tracks
3-3A
Sheet 3 of 3
TA~E 3-1
LAND USE CLASSIFICATION
grouping
Institutional
(cont'd.)
Open Space
Roadways
Agriculture
Water
category
Public
Quasi-Public
Public
Quasi-Public
Roadways
Agriculture
Inland
Tidal
detail
Municipal buildings
Courts
Hospitals
Post offices
Indian reservations
Fire stations
Churches, convents, seminaries
Colleges and universities
Nursing and rest homes
Schools - parochial and private
Synagogues and temples
Fraternal organizations
Hospitals
Beaches and pools
Golf courses, conservation
and wildlife areas, arboretum
Cemeteries
Marinas and boat ramps
Parks
Playgrounds (not school con-
nected)
Beach clubs, golf clubs, gun
clubs
Cemeteries, scout camps and
all non-profit recreation
Streets and parking
Parkways
Expressways
Crop
Orchard
Poultry and ducks
Dairy and livestock
Nursery
Greenhouse
Recharge basins, drainage
areas
Lakes and inland fresh water
South Shore only
Channels and bays (excludes
Peconic Bay)
Wetlands - conservation water
areas
3-3C
Sheet 2 of 2
TABLE 3-2
REVISED LAND USE CLASSIFICATION
grouping.
Utilities:
category
Generating stations
Power lines
Railroads
Airports
Other
Inst itut ional:
Schools
Colleges and universities
Hospitals
Other
Open Space:
Agriculture:
Parks - municipally owned
Parks federal, state or
county-owned
Conservation areas
Golf courses
Roadways
Nurseries 2
Greenhouses 2
Potato farms
Other vegetable
Sod farms
Duck farms
Poultry farms
Other
farms
Water:
FOOTNOTES:
Inland
Tidal (including wetlands
not in "Open Space")
1
2
Suffolk County only
The only significant agricultural activities
in Nassau County
3-3E
3.1.3 Report Format
This is Part 3 of a three-part
is a detailed description
this s;-,dy, a~d Part 2 is
methodologies..
report, of which Part 1
of all the methodologies used in
a review and critique of those
In Part 3, each of the land-use groupings listed in
Table 3-2 is treated in sequence. For each in turn we
develop, first, the land-use mix, second the waste discharges
per acre per year for each land-use category in the grouping,
and for each applicable type of pollutant, and third, the
weighted average discharge rates for each type of pollutant.
3-5
acreage (1) of 119,197 yields an average number o[' persons
gross acre of 13.0. Thus, the population will be slightly more
compact in 1985 than in 1970, which is in line with NSRPB'~
philosophy.
In 1966, the utilization factor (actual housing lot acre-
age over gross acreage) was 89,701/114,075 ~ 0.786. We, assume
that this factor will be the ~ame in 1985, and derive the
utilized residential areas projected for 1985 as follows:
Dwelling Number of Utilized Acres
Units/Acre Acres (1) at 0.786
0-1 30,245 23.773
2-4 17,181 13,504
5-10 63,795 50,143
High Density 7,976 6,269
119,197 93,689
Using a figure of 3.7 persons/household (6), the popula-
tions in each category are then developed thus:
D.U./Acre
Assumed
Average Utilized No. of D.U.s
D.U./Acre Acres (Household)
Population
0-1 0.5 23,773 11,887 43,982
2-4. 2.0 13,504 27,008 99,930
5-10 5.0 50,143 250,715 927,645
1,071,557
The balance of the population, namely 478,443 persons,
must, therefore, live in high density housing. At two persons."
household (6), this gives 239,221 households, and, on 6,269
acres, the average density is 38.2 households/acre, which is a
reasonable figure.
3-7
TABLE 3-3
NASSAU COUNTY
RESIDENTIAL DENSITIES IN 1985
Dwelling
Units/Acre
Popu lat ion
Gross Acres*
Persons"Gross Acre
0-1 43,982 30,245 1.5
2-4 99,930 17,181 5.8
5-10 927,645 63,795 14.5
High Density 478,443 7,976 60.0
1,550,000 119,197
County-wide average is 13.0 persons/gross acre.
* Gross acres are housing lot acreage plus streets and parking.
3-9
Using a figure of 4 persons/household for the lower density
categories, and 3.5 persons/household for the 5-10 D.U. /acre
category (6), the populations in each category are developed
thus:
Assumed
Average Utilized No. of D.U.s
D.U./Acre D.U./Acre Acres (Household)
Popu lat ion
Low Density 0.25 55,139 13,785 55,139
0-1 0.5 54,645 27,323 109,290
2-4 2.0 100,545 201,090 804,360
5-10 5.0 29,231 146,155 511,542
1,480,331
Therefore, the balance of the population, namely 368,544
persons, must live in high density housing, it having been
assumed that none of the seasonal homes fell into this category.
At two persons/household (6), this gives 184,271 households,
and, on 6,057 acres, the average density is 30.4 households/acre,
which is a little lower than the Nassau County figure.
Hence, the average number of persons/gross acre in the
residential areas of Suffolk County in the 1985 Land Use Plan
will be as shown in Table 3-4.
The 1985 values of acreage and population in each level
of residential density are displayed graphically in Figure 3-3,
for both Nassau and Suffolk Counties.
3-11
[-----"] Low
~1 0-10WELLI~ UNIT /ACRES
5-10 ,, ,,
HIgH
POIIUL~,TION
I,~OOAO0
1,000 ~
0
,.K
4~.8%
~l.4%
HS.4%
3OO,OOO
250,000
200~00
0
ACIII~ IN~t'RI~JTION
2~.4%
40.0%
NASS~U-~r~r~OI,.K REOtOMAL PLANNI,M~ BO~O
H2M CORP.
dANUII~RY 19~/'5
HOLZMACHER.McLENDON and MUFIRELL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS and SCIENTISTS
MELVfl_LE. f'l Y
NEWTON ,t'J j
$~15
Eastern towns. Although the solid waste generation rates pre-
sented in the reports differed for each county, the Nassau rate
of 7 lbs/capita/day or 2,555 lbs/capita/year for both counties
was selected. This is based on the assumption that as resi-
dential development increases in the Suffolk County area, the
solid waste generation rate will approach that of Nassau County.
Table 3-5, derived from Reference 40, presents a detailed
breakdown of the composition of ordinary refuse.
Table 3-6 provides some idea of the total volume of solid
waste that is generated within Nassau County on an annual basis.
Street wastes account for 13,724 tons per year, which when
divided by the number of street acres and converted to lbs, is
1,130 lbs/acre/year. Using the same methodology for Suffolk
County, we arrived at a figure of 375 lbs/acre/year. Each
figure when compared to the total amount of solid waste generated
per acre/yeer by each county appeared to be insignificant and
has, therefore, been disregarded.
3.2.2.3 Stormwater Runoff
In assessing the amount of paved area per gross acre of
residential area, in accordance with the procedures described
in Section 1.3.3, one finds that the values are higher for
Suffolk County than for Nassau County. This does not, at first,
appear to be reasonable. However, it must be remembered that
the total area for streets and parking was added to the resi-
dential area, in order to derive the "utilization factor".
3-15
c~ 0
~E~
3-56
TABLE 3-27
SUFFOLK COUNTY
AGRICULTURAL DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Fertilizer Loss
Solid Waste
Pollutant
Lbs/Acre/Year
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
51
96
49
Metal
Glass
Plastics
Paper, etc.
Prunings, etc.
Soil, etc.
1.3
3.8
1.9
1.9
720
315
3-54
3.3.3 Agricultural Weighted Average Waste Loads
Table 3-26 lists, under each category in this grouping,
whether or not a given type of pollutant discharge ~as con-
sidered significant. Those discharges so considered were
included in the weighted averages.
Animal wastes have not been included. This class of
waste, particularly duck wastes, are known to constitute
severe problems in specific localities. If they were averaged
over the entire agricultural acreage, their influence would
be masked. Animal wastes are best considered as point sources
in whichever land use zones such operations are clustered.
For per acre/year values, refer to Table 3-25.
Table 3-27 presents the computed annual average waste
discharge rates for fertilizer loss and solid waste. Sewage
and atmospheric emissions were negligible, and the pollutive
components of stormwater are to be found in fertilizer loss
and animal wastes.
3-52
TABLE 3-25
WASTE GENERATION RATES FOR
DUCK, POULTRY AND DAIRY FARMS
Pounds,'Acre/Year
Duck Poultry Dairy and Livestock
Pollutant Farms Farms Farms
BOD 44,450 10,150 1.050
COD * 11,200 2,025
Total Solids 289,600 33,500 5,235
Total Nitrogen 10,750 18,700 5,035
P205 17,700.* 1,320 140
* Not readily available
** Total phosphorus
3-50
TABLE 3-24
AGRICUL~RAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION
RATES
Lbs/Acre/Year
Sod Potato Green-
Farms Farms houses Nurseries
Other
Ve$.
Metal 2 2 2 1 2
Glass 6 6 6 3 6
Plastic 3 3 3 1.5 3
Paper, etc. 3 3 3 1.5 3
Prunings, etc. - - 2,000 4,000 5,000
Soil, etc. - 700 - - -
3-48
TABLE 3-24
AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION
RATES
Lbs/Acre/Year
Sod potato Green-
Farms Farms houses Nurseries
Other
YeS.
Metal 2 2 2 1 2
Glass 6 6 6 3 6
Plastic 3 3 3 1.5 3
Paper, etc. 3 3 3 1.5 3
Prunings, etc. - 2,000 4,000 5,000
Soil, etc. 700 - - -
3-48
Extensive inquiries and literature searching (45, 49,
51, 54) turned up no explicit measured quantities of
pesticides in agricultural runoff and leaching. The possi-
bility is Dot to
data, pesticides
chrrge.
be minimized, but in the absence of usable
are not included here as a polluting dis-
3.3.2.7 Crop Wastes
Solid wastes in agriculture arise from several sources.
In crop agriculture, there are leaves, stalks and culls
(e.g., defective tomatoes or ears of corn). In potato farm-
ing, there is the soil and debris from the potato grading
operation, plus, of course, spoiled potatoes. In addition,
there are scrap pesticide packaging materials. Pesticides
are purchased in a variety of containers,
that the total is distributed as follows
of pesticide weight:
one-sixth in reusable containers
one-sixth in 5 gallon metal cans
one-sixth in glass bottles
one-sixth in plastic bottles
one-third in paper or cardboard containers
This can be redefined in percentages by weight of scrap
material as:
14.3%
42.9%
21.4%
21.4%
metal
glass
plastics
paper and cardboard
and it is estimated
(39), on the basis
3-46
TABLE 3-23
FERTILIZER USAGES AND LOSSES
FOR VARIOUS CROPS
Crop
Fertilizer Typical Nutrient Loss in
Application Fertilizer Lbs/Acre/Year
Rate as Lbs Formulation
Nitrogen Per used* N P K
Acre/Year
Sod 260 16/8/8 52 26 26
Potatoes 200 8/16/8 100 200 100
Greenhouse 798 15/20/15 8 10.7 8
Nursery 133 20/20/20 6.7 6.7 6.7
Cauliflower 70 6/12/6 35 70 35
Corn 90 10/10/10 36 36 36
Strawberries 40 10/6/4 20 12 8
* These numbers are the percent by weight of nitrogen, phos-
phorus, and potassium, always in that order.
3-44
3.3.2 Agricultural Waste Generation
3.3.2.1 Domestic Sewage
The number of people living and working in the agricul-
tural area~ must clearly yield a population per acre much
lower than the
sequently, the
lng is assumed
lowest density of residential land use. Con-
domestic sewage load in the agricultural group-
to be negligible.
3.3.2.2 Solid Waste
Domestic solid waste generation is assumed to
gible, for the same reason as for domestic sewage,
population density.
be negli-
i.e., low
3.3.2.3 Stormwater
The stormwater runoff from roadways and streets is
covered in other sections of this report. Insofar as runoff
from agricultural land is concerned,
pollutive components carried away in
below in the sections on crop wastes
it is believed that the
the runoff are identified
and animal wastes.
3.3.2.4 Space Heating Emissions
The population density is low, and, since most space
heating would be for residences, the overall emission rate
is assumed to be negligible.
3-42
TABLE 3-22
SUFFOLK COUNTY
AGRICULTURAL PERCENTAGES
Agricultural Use
Duck Farms
Poultry Farms
Greenhouse Operations
Nurseries
Potato Cropland
Other Vegetables
Sod Farms
Other
Percentage of Total
Agricultural Acreage
1%
10%
<1%
5%
45%
lO%
5%
23%
3-40
3.3.1 Determination of Agricultural Land-Use Mix
The 1985 Land Use Plan (1) shows no acreage for agri-
culture as such in Nassau County. Consequently, no consid-
eration is ~iven to Nassau County in this section.
However, Suffolk County is quite varied agriculturally.
Land devoted to crop, orchard and nursery uses account for
more than half of the agricultural acreage in Suffolk County.
Dairy, livestock, poultry and ducks account for at least
one-quarter of the acreage and greenhouses account for the
remainder. The principal crop is the potato, but sod farm-
ing is also important. The distribution of agricultural
acreage throughout the Suffolk County area is listed in
Table 3-21.
No attempt was made to determine the acreage figures
for each detailed use within the ten Suffolk County Towns
since this information was not easily retrieved. Certain
general assumptions, however, can be made about the use
distribution pattern. The majority of the duck farms are
located in the eastern portion of Suffolk, generally along
the South Shore or in the vicinity of Peconic Bay. Sod
farms are scattered throughout the county and potato farms
are located primarily in Riverhead and Southampton.
However, all the data was combined into one average
distribution for the entire county, and the percentage mix is
given in Table 3-22. The same information, but in acres, is
displayed in Figure 3-4.
3-38
TABLE 3-20
NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES
RESIDENTIAL LAWN FERTILIZER LOSS
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Po 1 lutant
Nitrogen 23.4 20.8 18.2 14.3 9.1
Phosphorus 14.4 12.8 11.2 8.8 5.6
Potassium 9.9 8.8 7.7 6.1 3.9
* Suffolk County only
3-36
TABLE 3- 18
SUFFOLK COUNTY
RESIDENTIAL HEATER EMISSIONS
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Po 1 lutant s
Particulates
Sulfur Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Aldehydes
2.5 5.1 20.3
34.5 69.0 275.6
1.3 2.6 10.7
0.8 1.5 6.1
3.2 6.4 25.9
0.6 1.1 4.4
50.8
688.9
26.8
15.4
64.7
11.1
372.8
5058.4
196.9
112.9
475.1
81.4
3-34
TABLE 3-16
NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES
RESIDENTIAL STORMWATER
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Pollutant
BOD 45 45 56
COD 560 560 725
Total Solids 8,750 8,750 11,100
Volatile 930 930 1,210
Solids
Salt 39 39 51
Lead 1.8 1.8 2.4
Phosphorus 1.0 1.0 1.3
84
1,040
15,900
1,730
73
3.4
1.9
84
1,040
15,900
1,730
73
3.4
1.9
* Suffolk County only
3-32
TABLE 3-14
NASSAU COUNTY
RESIDENTIAL SOLID WASTE
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE?YEAR
Pollutant
~ c~ Cq c~
Cardboard, paper~
Leather, plastic,
Garbage
Grass, leaves, etc.
Textiles
Wood
Glass
Metals
etc.
etc.
1,800 6,970 17,400 72,050
190 740 1,850 7,670
460 1,780 4,445 18,400
460 1,780 4,445 18,400
115 445 1,110 4,600
115 445 1,110 4,600
385 1,485 3,705 15,300
305 1,185 2,965 12,300
3-30
TABLE 3-12
NASSAU COUNT
RESIDENTIAL SEWAGE
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RAq'ES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Pollutant
Total Dissolved Solids 137 530
Total Suspended Solids 55 212
BOD 55 2 12
COD 137 530
Total N 11 42
Total P 2.7 10
.6
1325
530
530
1325
106
26.5
5480
2190
2190
5480
440
110
3-28
3.2.2.6 Lawn Fertilizer Runoff
The flow associated with lawn areas will have a somewhat
more limited composition than the flow from an impermeable
surface. L~wn runoff will consist of the nutrients found in
typical fertilizers, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorous amd potassium°
An average total loss of nutrients in lbs/acre/year h~s been
estimated as follows: 26 lbs N, 16 lbs P, 11
This loss, however, occurs through runoff and
no estimates are available pertaining to loss
alone.
lbs K (45).
soil absorption,
from runoff
Pesticide loss was found to be unmeasurable.
3-26
subject to regulation, and 'the automobile companies have
been given a timetable for progressively improving the per-
formance of their engines in this regard. Assuming that such
regulations wall continue, a Public Health Service study (41)
estimates the following automobile emission rates by 1985:
Grams/Vehicle-Mile
Urban Rural
Hydrocarbons 3.71 2.18
CO 25.7 10.7
NOx 7.08 8.27
In order to obtain an estimate of vehicle emissions in
residential areas, it was assumed that low density areas, and
areas of 0-1 dwellin~ units/acre can be considered rural, and
higher densities can be considered urban. Next, the following
numbers of automobiles per households ~ere judged to be
reasonable:
Low Density 2
0-1 D.U.s/acre 2
2-4 D.U.s/acre 1-1/2
5-10 D.U.s/acre 1-1/2
High Density
cars/household
cars/household
cars/household
cars/household
car/household
Finally, it was estimated, on the basis of information
received (62), that each car drives 20 miles/day in the vicin-
ity of the home. Combining all of these factors with the
average numbers of dwelling units/acre listed in Section 3.2.1,
we arrive at the numbers of vehicle-miles/acre/year listed in
Table 3-11 for the five levels of residential density.
3-24
3.2.2.4 Space Heating Emissions
Domestic heating data (47) for Nassau and Suffolk Counties
in 1973, together with population estimates for that year (3),
indicate tb~t 78% of homes were heated by oil, and that the
average annual oil consumption by such homes was 1,715 gallons.
Cl£arly, large houses (low density) require more fuel than small
ones (high density). However, for the purpose of this study,
we will assume no difference. The data also indicates that
4% of all homes are heated by electricity, and 18% by gas.
The natural gas consumption rate equivalent to the above annual
oil consumption is 227,000 cu. ft/year. It is assumed that
there are no emissions from electrically-heated houses.
Table 3-10 lists unit emission rates from the combustion
of oil and gas in domestic heaters. By multiplying these numbers
by the respective fuel consumption rates, and combining them
in the given proportions of oil-heated to gas-heated houses,
we arrive at an average annual discharge rate in lbs/house/year,
as listed in the last column of Table 3-10.
3.2.2.5 Motor Vehicle Emissions
The gaseous components present in automobile exhausts
(apart from nitrogen, unused oxygen and carbon dioxide, which
are not considered pollutants) are carbon monoxide (CO), oxi,les
of nitrogen (NOx), and unburnt hydrocarbons (H/C). The~per-
missible emission rates of these compounds are continually
3-22
TABLE 3-8
NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES
ESTIMATED STORM WATER RUNOFF
FROM RESIDENTIAL AREAS
Grouping
Gallons/Acre/Year
High Density
5-10 D.U.s/acre
2-4 D.U.s/acre
0-1 D.U.s/acre
Low Density
760,000
760~000
530,000
410,000
410,000
3-20
Nassau.
or less,
averages for percent of
in Table 3-7.
The total residential area of Suffolk County is a smaller
fraction of the whole county than is the case in Nassau (40%
versus 53%). Consequently, adding all the street area to the
residential area distorts the picture more in Suffolk than in
On the other hand, the differences are not great (20%
depending on the density level). Hence, bi-county
paved area have been used, as listed
On the basis
runoff from paved
absorption of the
runoff rates from residential areas are as
of an annual rainfall of 45 inches, 100%
areas, and 50% evapotranspiration and 90%
remainder on unpaved areas, the stormwater
listed in Table 3-8.
A typical gallon of stormwater runoff from impermeable
surfaces contains the constituents named in Table 3-9. This
information has been derived from a study done in Durham,
North Carolina (42). Since the mean annual rainfall in Durham
(40-42 in.) is comparable to that experienced on Long Island,
it was judged that the Durham'study was directly applicable
to the high density areas of the Nassau/Suffolk County region.
Table 3-9, therefore, lists the number of lbs/acre/year of
each constituent that will be used in this study.
densities other than "high", these quantities will
in proportion to the stormwater runoff flows.
For housing
be reduced
3-18
0
0
0
~E~E~
'00
.00
0
3-57
0
c~ 0
Z~
0
(J
0
3-59
OO,1
O0
0
3-61
3.4.2 Open Space Waste Generation
3.4.2.1 Sewage
The average amount of sewage effluent generated by a
park fz~ility was derived from attendance figures and from
standard effluent generation rates. Using the total atten-
dance and acreage figures for eleven park facility sites
under the jurisdiction of the Long Island State Park Commis-
sion (13), a reasonable usage figure of 1,659' people/acre/year
was reached. Continuing further, Reference 34 gives a design
value of 25 gallons of sewage per capita for parks. We saw,
in Section 1.3.1, that actual domestic sewage averaged 60
gcd, compared to the standard design value of 100 gcd (37).
By applying the same ratio, we arrive at 15 gcd for parks,
and thus derive an average annual sewage generation rate
of 24,880 gallons/acre/year, which is applicable to both
Counties.
Golf Courses are essentially specialized park facilities.
The manner in which a golf course is utilized, however,
differs somewhat from the way in which a park is generally
used, as discussed in Section 1.3.1. Specific waste load
figures for golf courses have, therefore, been developed,
rather than use the figures developed for parks. Based on
available figures (59), 264 people/acre/year appears to be a
reasonable usage figure for golf courses. The sewage genera-
tion estimate for golf courses has been calculated to be
3,960 gallons/acre/year.
3-63
3.4.2.3 Stormwater Runoff
As discussed in Section 1.3.3, the ratio of paved to
unpaved areas in parks and golf courses is very small,
approxi-~tely equal to that of low density housing with
streets and parking excluded, i.e., 2%. Consequently, the
runoff flow is small, since vegetated areas are assumed to
lose 50% of the total rainfall by evapotranspiration and
45% by seepage. This yields a runoff rate of 84,000 gallons/
acre/year. The polluting constituents found in stormwater
runoff from parks and golf courses are comparable to those
listed in Table 3-9.
Runoff from conservation areas is assumed to be that
from natural, unspoiled land, and is, therefore, assumed not
to contribute any pollutants to the environment.
The information listed in Table 3-9 is that obtained in
an urban study (42). Unfortunately, similar data for express-
ways and parkways is not available. However, for the purpose
of this report the urban pattern of stormwater composition
listed in Table 3-9 will be assumed to apply to main high-
ways. Paving accounts for 50-60% of the rights-of-way of
such highways. This proportion of paved to unpaved area is
similar to that for high density r~sidential areas. Conse-
quently, the same runoff flow of 760,000 gallons/acre/year
will be used (see Table 3-16).
3-65
TABLE 3-32
ESTIMATED AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
ON MAJOR HIGHWAYS IN NASSAU AND SUFFOLK
COUNTIES IN 1985
Hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Lbs/Acre/Year
Nassau Suffolk
3 , 690 1 , 930
25,600 13,500
7,050 3,720
3-67
3.4.3 Open Space Weighted Average Waste Loads
Table 3-33 lists, under each category in this grouping.
whether or not a given type of pollutant discharge was con-
sidered significant. Those discharges so considered were
included in the weighted averages. Tables 3-34 and 3-35
present the computed annual average waste discharge rates
for Nassau and Suffolk Counties, respectively. The types o.f
discharge included are sewage, solid waste, stormwater,
fertilizer loss and automobile emissions.
3-69
Sheet 1 of 2
TABLE 3-34
NASSAU COUNTY
OPEN SPACE DISCHARGES
ANNEAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Po llutant
Lbs/Ac re/Ye ar
Sewage
Solid Waste
TDS 33.6
TSS 13.4
BOD 13.4
COD 13.4
Total N 5.4
Total P 0.7
Cardboard, etc. 69.6
Leather, etc. 7.4
Garbage 17.8
Grass, leaves, etc. 17.8
Textiles 4.4
wood 4.4
Glass, etc. 14.8
Metals 11.8
3-71
Sheet 1 of 2
TABLE 3-35
SUFFOLK COUNTY
OPEN SPACE DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Po 1 lutant
Lbs/Acre/Year
Sewage
Solid Waste
TDS
TSS
BOD
COD
Tota 1 N
Tota 1 P
Cardboard, etc.
Leather, etc.
Gar bage
Grass, otc.
Textiles
Wood
Glass, etc.
Me tals
56.1
22.4
22.4
22.4
9.0
1.2
63.4
6.8
16.2
16.2
4.0
4.0
13.4
10.8
3-73
3.5 Utilities
The Utilities land-use grouping consists of a number
of detailed uses in the areas of power supply, water supply
and transportation. These detailed uses have been consoli-
dated into five categories:
Generating Stations
Powerline rights-of-way
Railroads
Airports
Other
The last category includes (in Suffolk County) a large area
belonging to the Voice of America, the acreage being essen-
tially unoccupied and unused. It also includes sewage treat-
ment plants, which do not, of themselves, create wastes.
3.5.1 Determination of Utilities Land-Use Mix
Table 3-36 lists the acreages occupied in Nassau and
Suffolk Counties by the above land-use categories. The data
was compiled from NSRPB sources (2), and by personal contact
with the Long Island Railroad (16) and the Long Island
Lighting Company (17). Figure 3-6 displays the acreages
graphically, and Table 3-37 translates the acreages into r
percentages. ~
3-75
TABLE 3-37
NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES
UTILITIES PERCENTAGES
Generating
Stations Powerlines Railroads Airports Other
Nassau 9.5%
Suffolk 5%
Bi-County 6%
50% 32.5% 6.5% 1.5~
12.5% 5.5% 37% 40%*
15% 8% 34% 37%
* Voice of America
Port Areas
Department of Commerce
3-77
3.5.2 Utilities Grouping Waste Generation
3.5.2.1 Sewage
Information obtained from LILCO (67) indicated that a
reasona'-le employee/acre ratio would be 0.4 people/acre.
It should be noted that fossil fuel plants will on the average
have a greater number of employees/acre than nuclear plants.
Assuming that the 0.4 figure is reasonable, however, and
assuming an average waste flow of 15 gallons/capita/day, as
discussed in Section 1.3.1, we have developed a sewage
effluent generation figure of 2,190 gallons/acre/year. As
further discussed in Section 1.3.1, the composition of such
sewage will differ from that of domestic sewage by having a
higher nitrate content (86).
Powerline rights-of-way, have essentially no environ-
mental impact, once the structures are in place. There will
be zero sewage discharge.
It was assumed that, during the course of one day, the
rest room facilities on each railroad car are used an average
of ten times per day. Approximately 800 cars are in service
daily (128, 135). This figure seems reasonable when it is
considered that approximately 150,000 people utilize the
LIRR per day (70). Based on this assumption, 6,000 gallons
of sewage/acre/year are generated by railroads, with a compo-
sition as discussed in Section 1.3.1.
3-79
3.5.2.2 Solid Waste
Solid waste collections at one LILCO plant (68) dis-
closed the following. Based on a figure of 2.75 tons per
pickup ~t two pickups per month, it was estimated that the
amount of solid waste generated on an annual basis was 420
lbs/acre/year. This appears to be a reasonable average
figure that can be applied to generating stations as a whole.
It has further been assumed that the composition of the
solid waste is generally similar to domestic solid waste.
Solid waste generated by railroads is limited both in
composition and amount. Collection is handled locally, and
is difficult to identify separately. The material is
probably largely cardboard and paper~ including paper coffee
cups. Assuming a generation rate of 1/2 lb/passenger/week,
a figure of 26 lbs/passenger/year has been arrived at,
equivalent to 1,300 lbs/acre/year.
For the very same reasons discussed above for sewage,
the solid waste generated by powerline rights-of-way, air-
ports, and other land uses are considered negligible.
3.5.2.3 Stormwater
Generating station acreage is largely unpaved, the paved
areas accounting for 10% to 30% of the whole. The stormwater
runoff characteristics will, therefore, resemble those of
iow density residential areas, and a runoff rate of 410,000
gallons/acre/year will be used. Its composition will be as
listed in Table 3-9.
3-81
passenger trains, 30 compared to 718. During 1974, the
Long Island Railroad system consumed approximately 9,524,000
gallons of diesel fuel. This amounts to 4,740 gallons/acre/
year. Table 3-38 lists the amounts of each pollutant generated
by diesel locomotives, in lbs/i,000 gallons of diesel fuel
consumed (43).
3,5.2.5 Power Station Emissions
The emissions specifically generated
are the flue gases from the combustion of
by power stations
fuel and the heat
carried away from the steam condensers by cooling water.
Both types of emission will be treated as point sources,
rather than averaging them over the entire land-use grouping°
An inventory of the stations located in the Bi-County area,
together with the emissions discharged by each, is listed in
Section 3.5.3 (Tables 3-42 and 3-43
3-83
3.5.3 Utilities Weighted Average Waste Loads
Table 3-39 lists, under each category in this grouping,
whether or not a given type of pollutant was considered
significant. Those discharges so considered were included
in the weighted averages. Discharges for Nassau County are
listed in Table 3-40, and for Suffolk County in Table 3-41.
The waste types considered to be significant are sewage,
solid waste, stormwater, and atmospheric emissions. The atmos-
pheric emissions data includes only diesel locomotive emissions.
As stated previously, in this report, the atmospheric
and thermal discharges from power stations have been con-
sidered to be emanating from individual point sources, and
not averaged over the Utilities acreage.
Tables 3-42 and 3-43 list atmospheric emissions from
electric power stations in Nassau and Suffolk Counties,
respectively. Several of the stations in Suffolk are small,
older diesel or gas turbine plants. Their combined annual
oil consumption is less than 10,000 gallons. This is
negligible compared to the smallest of the steam plants,
Glenwood, which uses over 100 million gallons per year.
No atmospheric emissions are shown for nuclear plants
at Shoreham and Jamesport. The quantities of such emissions
are extremely small.
3-85
Sheet 1 of 2
TABLE 3-4O
NASSAU COUNTY
UTILITIES DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Sewage
Solid Waste
Po i lutant
Lbs/Acre/Year
TDS
TSS
BOD
COD
Tota 1 N
Tota 1 P
8.9
3.6
3.6
3.6
1.4
0.2
Cardboard, etc.
Leather, etc.
Garbage
Grass, etc.
Texti les
Wood
Glass
Me ta ls
217.3
23.0
55.5
55.5
13.8
13.8
46.2
36.9
3-87
Sheet 1 of 2
TABLE 3-41
SUFFOLK COUNTY
UTILITIES DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Sewage
Solid Waste
Po 1 lutant
TDS
TSS
BOD
COD
Total N
Total P
Lbs/Acre/Year
1.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
.28
0.04
Cardboard
Leather
Garbage
Grass
Textiles
Wood
Glass
Metals
44.47
4.62
11.10
11.10
2.77
2.77
9.25
7.40
3-89
Also listed in Tables 3-42 and 3-43 are total quantities
of heat discharged per year in cooling water. Whatever cool-
ing requirements may exist in gas turbine plants are minor,
and arc neglected.
3-91
Z
0
~odse~£
Moo~qIOH
~ ~ 0
0~1000
9V9
0 ~o
3-93
0
0
3-95
'-t-I
0
00
Oo
00~
0
c~
~OU~
~[~
3-97
0
,'-~o ,-~0
3-99
.t
14e/~
41%
14E~
196~
ACt~AM~ DISTRIBUTION
25,000
~o,ooo
io~)oo
0
I1~~ I,.MI)-U,tE: 6tQUPIN6
NASS~IAJ-~JFFOLK REGIONAL PLAII~IIN~ BOARD
COd, STAL MANAIEMENT PROJECT
H2M CORP.
JANUARY 1975
HOLZMACHER, McLENDON and'MURRELL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS and SCIENTISTS
ME LVILLE, N.Y
NEWTON . N J
? -Inl
Information on hospital sewage flows was obtained from
Southside Hospital, Kings Park, Veterans Administration and
Brookhaven Memorial (25, 26, 73, 134). Each has its own
treatm-nt plant, and each had a per capita sewage generation
figure that appeared reasonable, (range: 60 gcd to 87 gcd)o
However, values of gallons/acre/day varied considerably. The
two larger hospitals, Kings Park and Veteran Administration,
had a combined average flow of approximately 880 gallons/acre/
day. The two smaller facilities, Southside and Brookhaven,
had a combined average flow of 3,833 gallons/acre/day. Kings
Park and Veterans Administration are representative of facili-
ties with more than 500 beds, providing care for a large number
of chronic patients. Southside and Brookhaven are representa-
tive of neighborhood facilities with 500 beds or less. It was
then determined that 88% of Nassau County's hospital acreage
fell into the small hospital category, and only 12% of Suffolk
County's. The weighted average hospital sewage generation
rate for Nassau County was then computed to be 1,269,470 gallons/
acre/year. This figure is close to the value for high density
housing in Nassau County. The corresponding hospital sewage
generation rate for Suffolk County was computed to be 385,805
gallons/acre/year, which, not surprisingly, is considerably
less than the value for high density housing in Suffolk County.
The composition of hospital sewage is as listed in Section
3.2.2.1, for domestic sewage.
3-103
TABLE 3-48
SUFFOLK COUNTY
INSTITUTIONAL SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION
Item
Percent
Garbage
Rubbish
Bulky Junk
Demo. Material
Incinerator Residue
Paper and Cardboard
Other
Total
28.5
14.5
11.5
19.0
12.5
13.5
10.5
100
3-105
3.6.2.4 Space Heating Emissions
In order to determine the oil consumption for school
heating, it was assumed that a building's requirements were
proportional to its exterior surface area, i.e., walls and
roof. Further assumptions were made as to typical dimensions
for schools and houses, so that values could then be prorated
from known figures for domestic heating oil consumption.
Taking into account the fact that schools require full heat
only during weekdays and daylight hours and partial heat the
rest of the time, it was judged that schools are heated for an
equivalent of about one-half of the time that homes are. This
reasoning leads to an average oil consumption rate of 6.94
gallons/pupil/year. Using the numbers of pupils/acre quoted
above, Nassau County schools consume 646.8 gallons of oil./
acre/year, and Suffolk County schools, 351.2 gallons/acre/year.
The flue gas composition is as listed in Table 3-10.
Space heating requirements are not the same for colleges
as for schools, because, in colleges, there are many more
student facilities than in schools, and, consequently, the
average floor space per student is greater. In addition, the
number of students/acre is lower than in schools. Comparing
population densities and space requirements with those for the
residential groupings, a reasonable assumption is to equate
colleges to the housing density of 5-10 dwelling units/acre.
This leads to an average annual oil consumption of 6,500
gallons/acre/year.
3-107
3.6.3 Institutional Weighted Average Waste Loads
Table 3-49 lists, under each category in this grouping,
whether or not a given type of pollutant discharge was con-
sidered ~ignificant. Those discharges so considered were in-
cluded in the weighted average. Tables 3-50 and 3-51 present
the computed annual average waste discharge rates for Nassau
and Suffolk Counties, respectively. The types of discharge
included are sewage, solid waste, stormwater, space heater
emissions, and lawn fertilizer loss.
3-109
Sheet I of 2
TABLE 3-50
NASSAU COUNTY
INSTITUTIONAL DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Sewage
Solid Waste
po 1 lutant
Lbs/Acre/Year
TDS
TSS
BOD
COD
Tots 1 N
Total P
1267.5
506.9
506.9
506.9
101.0
25.0
Garbage
Rubbish
Bulky Junk
Demo Material
Incin. Res.
Paper and Cardboard
Other
1499.0
762.6
604.8
999.3
657.5
710.1
552.2
3-111
Sheet 1 of 2
TABLE 3-51
SUFFOLK COUNTY
INSTITUTIONAL DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Po 1 lutant
Lbs/Acre/Year
Sewage
Solid Waste
TDS
TSS
BOD
COD
Totsl N
Tota 1 P
Garbage
Rubbish
Bulky Junk
Demo Material
Incin. Res.
Paper and Cardboard
Other
1457.0
582.7
582.7
582.7
116.0
28.7
1637.3
833.0
660.7
1091.6
718.2
775.6
603.3
3-113
3.7 Commercial
The Land-Use Classification Table 3-2 divides the Commercial
grouping into seven categories, hotels and motels, regional
shoppip~ centers, retail and service establishments, automotive
establishments, marine activities, recreational facilities, and
office buildings,
3.7.1 Determination of Commercial Land-Use Mix
Table 3-52 lists the acreages utilized by the seven cate-
gories. Ail acreages are presented both on a county and a
bi-county basis, and a further distinction is drawn between
Western Suffolk and Eastern Suffolk. Figure 3-8 presents the
acreage figures graphically, and Table 3-53 translates them into
percentages.
Apart from the absence of regional shopping centers in
Eastern Suffolk, the various percentages are very comparable.
Consequent]y, for the purposes of this study, the whole region
will be treated as one, and the hi-county figures will be used.
3-115
.0
0
3-117
3.7.2 Commercial Waste Generation
Within the Commercial grouping, the six categories,
offices, hotels and motels, retail and service, automobile,
marine, and recreation were analyzed, in order to obtain
reasonable representative values for the generation of wastes.
For each category, values were derived for sanitary
sewage, solid wastes, stormwater runoff, and atmospheric
pollutants.
The number of operating days per year was required in
order to generate waste flows/acre/year. It was assumed that
offices function five days per week and retail and department
stores are open six days per week. Hence,
and 300 days per year, respectively, were
and motel category, and in the automobile
of 360 days per year was used. Marine establishments are
basically s~mmer places, being open seven days a week from
March through October,
only from May through
200 full working days
also operate for an equivalent of
averages of 250
used. In the hotel
category, a figure
but operating at nearly full capacity
September. This is equivalent to about
per year. Recreational facilities would
200,days per year.
3.7.2.1 Sanitary Sewage
A value of 15 gallons/capita/day was used as the mean
daily sewage generation rate, in line with all the non-
residential groupings discussed previously. The sewage composi-
tion is also as discussed previously. (See Section 1.3.1,)
3-119
From information obtained (11. 33. 137, 138), the weighted
average number of employees per acre was found to be 12, and
for a 200 day working year, the amount of sanitary sewage
generatgd was found to be 36,000 gallons/acre/year.
In the commercial recreation category, a number of
facilities were sampled such as bowling alleys', driving ranges,
movie theaters, and rscetracks. There was a large difference
seen in the number of acres and the number of attendees that
were associated with each of these activities. Based on
available information (139-144), a figure of 17,800 gallons./
acre/year was determined to be a reasonable sewage generation
estimate,
Office buildings are a fairly uniform category (77,
79), and an employee population of 125 persons per acre
reasonable estimate. At
yields a sanitary sewage
acre/year.
78,
is a
250 days a year, this population density
generation rate of 468,750 gallons./
Hotels and motels are also a fairly uniform category
(82, 83), at least in Long Island, and an occupation density
of 30 people per acre has been estimated. For 360 operating
days per year, the sanitary sewage generation rate is 162,000
gallons/acre/year.
3-121
Service stations
Auto repair services
Wh lesale motor vehicles
and equipment sales
Lbs/Acre/Year References
31,800
30,200
22,800
145,146,147
148,150,152,153
149,151,154
As a result, the weighted average solid waste generation
rate is 29,300 lbs/acre/year.
For the marine category, it was found (155-160) that
solid waste generation rate is 36,000 lbs/acre/year.
In the commercial recreation category, solid waste data
was received from a variety of sources (139-142). Based on
the available data, the solid waste generation rate for the
commercial recreation category was computed to be 3,400
lbs/acre/year.
3.7.2.3 Stormwater Runoff
Quantitative studies of
particularly to this type of
storrawater runoff applying
land use grouping are not readily
available. The stormwater data used for previous groupings
in this report have all come from the same source (42). The
area studied was highly urbanized, with substantial commercial
and industrial development. Furthermore, the rainfall in the
area was very close to that for Nassau and Suffolk Counties.
The same values of pollutant discharge as listed in Table 3-9
are assumed to pertain here for all categories.
3-123
TABLE 3-54
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION RATES FROM
COMM]~RCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAND
USE CATEGORIES
Pollutant
Lbs/Ac re/Ye ar
Particulates
Sulfur Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Aldehydes
Organics
1,256.9
8,586.5
26.5
168.3
4,327.9
61.9
0.8
3-125
TABLE 3-55
C OM MERC ! A L
POLLUTION SOURCES
Land Use Categories
Pollution
Type
oo
Sewage X X X X X X
Solid Waste X X X X X X
Stormwater X X X X X X
Space X X X X O 0
Heating
Motor 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vehicles
O Negligible
X Computed
3-127
Sheet 2 of 2
TABLE 3-56
NASSAU AND SLrFFOLK COUNTIES
COMMERCIAL DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
~tormwater
Space Heater E~issions
Pollutant
BOD
COD
Total Solids
Volatile Solids
NaC1
Lead
Phosphorus
Particulates
Sulfur Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Aldehydes
Organics
Lbs/Acre/Year
84
1040
15906
1730
73
3.4
1.9
955.0
6525.6
20.0
127.7
3253.0
46.9
.6
3-129
TABLE 3-57
INDUSTRIAL ACREAGE
FOR TKE BI-COUNTY REGION
Nassau 970 1070 50 150 140 15 50 100 370 75
Suffolk 1340 1100 50 120 130 20 35 80 200 70
Bi-County 2312 2173 100 270 270 35 85 180 570 145
Total
Nassau --- 80 25 50 115 600 110 150 160 375 4600±
Suffolk 300 60 40 40 90 500 95 150 130 200 4900!
Bi-County 300 140 65 90 205 1100 205 300 290 575 9500~
Total
3-131
e,ooo
i
4,000
MAiCHtNERY
(EXCI... ELECTRICAL) ,~%
.PRINTIN~ &
PU~USHIN~ ~.~,
lINING ,&%
2,0OO
NON
~4%
TOTALS
DISTRIBUTION
1966
NU~tI-SUIrlI*OI..K R~ONAL PLANNING BOARO
COASTAL ~ME~NT PROJECT
H2M COlIP.
J441UA RY 1975
HOLZMACHER. McLENC)ON and MURRELL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS and SCIENTISTS
MELVILLE, N Y
NEWTON , N. J.
:5-
handle. Materials that do not fall in this category are
discussed in the section on industrial wastes.
Based on available data (39, 40), and as described in
Section 1.3.2, the following solid waste generation rates
have been developed:
Nassau County
Suffolk County
73,300 lbs/acre/year
50,000 lbs/acre/year
Table 3-59 describes the composition of this waste.
3.8.2.3 Stormwater Runoff
The Industrial grouping in Long Island includes very
little heavy industry. Consequently, its proportion of paved
and unpaved areas resembles that of a highly urbanized area
such as that described in Reference 42. Hence, the runoff
composition and quantity used for this grouping will be the
same as those used for high-density residential areas. (See
Section 3.2.2.3.)
Some fertilizer 10ss could be expected from the grass
areas of large industrial parks. However, the amount of
industry located in such parks is difficult to assess, and
for the purposes of this report, fertilizer loss is ignored.
3.8.2.4 Atmospheric Emissions
In the Industrial land use grouping, atmospheric emissions
are caused by automobiles, process heating and space heating.
3-135
Automobiles do not actually drive around in industrial areas,
but simply stop and park. Consequently, the contribution of
automobiles to atmospheric emissions from this grouping is
considered negligible.
Information is available on the total annual fuel oil
consumption in commercial and industrial establishments in
Nassau and Suffolk Counties (47). (See Section 3.7.2.4.)
The average fuel consumption per acre/year is estimated at
54,000 gallons of oil and 785,000 cu. ft of natural gas. On
the basis of published emission factors (43), the atmospheric
emission rates from the manufacturing and non-manufacturing
categories (i.e.~ excluding mining) are as given in Table 3-54.
3.8.2.5 Industrial Wastes
The waste discharges considered so far in the Industrial
grouping have been those caused by human occupancy and by
rainfall. The wastes caused specifically by the industrial
operations themselves have been discussed generally in
Section 1.3.9, and specific data regarding each is presented
in this section, in Table 3-60. If no figures appear in the
table, under a particular category, it is to be understood thai
the waste from that source is negligible.
3-137
TABLE 3-6 0
NASSAU & SUFFOLK COUNTIES
INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AYERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Sheet 2 of 2
Pollutant
BOD
Suspended Solids
COD
Dissolved Solids
Total Solids
Total Kjeldahl-N
AmmoniaoN
Nitrate-N
Total Phosphorus
Grease & Oil
Sulfate
Surfactants
Cadmium
Chromium (total)
Copper
Iron (Ferric)
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Arsenic
Titanium
Cyanide
Bar ium
Fluorine
7403
557.0 21
1.2
1.5 8.0
1.7 20
2.5 .6
1.0
3.7
· 13
.15
786
13
.01 .02
61.6 .15
5.5 9
17.5 .1
.3
3.6 .15
.01
.04
0.31
O. 76
23
0.4
0.8
3-139
·
· dsu~z.~L
· ~ soI.~
· ~o}f 'q~
· ~e}q
· ~ ~ouo~E
'o~o '~qn~
' moqO
~u~u~md
~d~
a~n~]u~n~
~n?
I ~ddv
SOl ] ~xo~
· so~ poo~
· S~-uo~
~c 0
~ 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3-141
Sheet 2 of 2
TABLE 3-62
NASSAU COUNTY
INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Stormwater
Space and Process Heater
Emissions
Po 1 lutant
Lbs/Acre/Year
BOD
COD
Total Solids
Volatile Solids
NaC 1
Lead
phosphorus
84
1,040
15,900
1,730
73
3.4
1.9
Particulates
Sulfur Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Aldehydes
Organics
1,256.9
8,586.5
26,5
168.3
4,327.9
61.9
0.8
3-143
Sheet 2 of 2
TABLE 3-63
SUFFOLK COUNTY
INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Stormwater
Space and
Emissions
Process Heater
Po 1 lutant
BOD
COD
Total Solids
volatile Solids
Nat1
Lead
Phosphorus
particulates
Sulfur Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
Aldehydes
Organics
Lbs/Acre/Year
84
1,040
15,900
1,730
73
3.4
1.9
967.8
6,611.6
20.4
129.5
3,332.4
47.6
.6
3-145
3°9 Water
The Water Land Use grouping is divided into two cate-
gories, inland and tidal. The inland category consists of
the following detailed uses: recharge basins, drainage areas,
lakes and inland fresh water. The tidal category includes
channels and bays along the South Shore and selected wetland
areas not listed under the Open Space grouping. Peconic Bay
is specifically excluded.
3.9.1 Determination of Water Land-Use Mix
The detailed uses as described above have been consoli-
dated into three columns for the purpose of determining a
workable acreage mix for the Water grouping. Table 3-65 lists
the acreage data for Nassau and Suffolk Counties that has been
derived for the purposes of this study. The acreage figures
are also displayed graphically in Figure 3-10.
3-147
4.1 dl~
LEGEND
~ TIOAL WETLN~R~
ACI~AGE DtSTRIBI~ION
WATER, LAND-UIE GROUPING
NASSAU-SUFFOLK RE~IOflAL PLANNING BOARD
COASTAL MANdi~EMEMT PROJECT
I,.r2AR CORP.
HOLZMACHER. McLENDON .nd MURRELL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS and SCIENTISTS
$-
MELVI[LE, N.Y.
NEWTON, N J
County. Evidence indicates that boats are used an average of
14 days per year (137). Based on an assumed average of four
head discharges per boat per trip, and an average discharge
of five gallons, the total number of gallons of sewage
generated by boats along the South Shore of Suffolk County is
computed to be 848,400 gallons/year. Dividing this figure by
the 87,870 acres of water along the South Shore of Suffolk
County, a sewage generation figure of 9.7 gallons/acre/year
has been developed. The specific constituents found in the
type of sewage generated by boats are as discussed in Section
1.3.1. It should be noted here that it could have been
assumed that the sewage discharge from boats was zero. This
would be true if every boat owner complied with all existing
discharge regulations. Since numerous violations occur, it is
more conservative to assume that the regulations are universally
disregarded.
3°9.2.2 Solid Waste
Solid waste production is considered negligible. Although
many boat operators will not bother to have their heads pumped
at shore installations, it is believed that most boating
enthusiasts do deposit solid waste within shore receptacles.
For the purposes of this study, therefore, it has been
assumed that the solid waste generated by boats has already
been included in one or more of the previously discussed land
use groupings (i.e., Open Space, Commercial).
3-151
TABLE 3-66
PRODUCTS OF GASOLINE COI~BUSTION
,~omponent
Particulates
Su 1fur Oxides
Lbs ,' 1000 Gs 1 Ions
8.3
5.0
Hydrocarbons
NOx
Aldehydes
Organics
289.4
181.3
9.9
3.6
3-153
TABLE 3-6 7
NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES
WATER DISCHARGES
ANNUAL AVERAGE DISCHARGE RATES
IN LBS/ACRE/YEAR
Pol lutmnt
Lbs/Acre/Year
Sewage
Gasoline Spill~ge
A~mospheric Emissions
TDS
TSS
BOD
COD
Total N
Tota 1 P
Oil
Gasoline
Part icu lares
sox
H/C
NOx
Aldehydes
Organics
·036
.014
.014
·014
.005
.0007
· 06
3.43
.25
· 15
9.08
5.69
.30
.11
3-155
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
A Representative of Executive Headquarters, Long
Island Lighting Company, Mlneola, December 11, 1974.
Administrator's Office Long Beach Memorial Hospital,
.'ovember 1, 1974.
Administrator's Office Meadowbrook Hospital, Nove-
ember 1, 1974.
Administrator's Office Oceanside Gardens Hospital,
November 1, 1974.
Administrator's Office Nassau Hospital, Mineola,
November 1, 1974.
Administrator's Office Syosset Hospital, November 1,
1974.
Administrator's Office Community Hospital, November 1,
1974.
Administrator's Office. Brunswick Hospital Center,
November. 4, 1974.
Administrator's Office Brookhaven Memorial Hospital,
November 4, 1974.
Engineering Department Veteran's Admin. HospitaZ,
November 4, 1974.
Engineering Department Central Islip State Hospital,
November 4, 1974.
Administrator's Office Pilgrim State Hospital, Novem-
ber 4, 1974.
Long Island Business Review, Guide to Long Island
Properties: Commercial~ Industrial~ and Residential
Real Estate, October 23, 1974.
Suffolk County Planning Commission, Suffolk County
Office Study, January, 1974.
U.S. Department of Commerce, County Business patterns,
1974.
Suffolk County Department of Commerce and Industry,
Directory of Manufacturers, 1974.
3-157
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)
(52)
(53)
(54)
(55)
(56)
(5?)
<58)
Bruce Matzner, Department of Environmental Control,
Suffolk County, December 4, 1974.
Mr. Richard Marke11, Department of Environmental
Control, Suffolk County, Hauppauge, December 5, 1974.
Mr. Ken Rykbost, Long Island Yegetable Research
Farm, Riverhead, December 2, 1974.
Mr. Burn, Long Island 0il Heating Ins~tute, Decem-
ber 20, 1974.
Loehr, R.C., Pollution Implications of Animal Wastes-
a Forward Oriented Review, F.W.Q.A., July, 1968.
Federal Water Pollution Control Association, A~ri-
cultural Pollution of the Great Lakes Basin, Pub1.
No. 13020, July, 1971.
Sanitar~ Landfill - Principles of Design and Opera-
tion, Solid wastes Training Operations, Training
Program, National Center for Urban and Industrial
Health, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Dr. Sl~el, Long Island Yegetable Research Farm,
Rlverhead, December 4, 1974.
Mr. William Sanok, Cooperative Extension Services,
Riverhead, December 4, 1974.
Mr. Kenneth Johannson, Cornell University Duck
Research Farm, Riverhead, November 26, 1974.
Mr. Jack Foehrenbach, New York State Department of En-
virom~ental Conservation, Stony Brook, December 5, 1974.
Professor D.R. Bouldin, unpublished minutes of Water
Resources Research Meeting, Cornel1 University, Janu-
ary, 1973.
Mr. Richard McGovern, McGovern Sod Farm, Melville,
December 5, 1974.
Mr. Anthony Corrco, Greenhouse Operator, Patchogue,
December 4, 1974.
Head Foreman, Shaw Nurseries, North Babylon, December
5, 1974.
3-159
(73)
(74)
(75)
(76)
(77)
(78)
(79)
(80)
(81)
(82)
(83)
(84)
(85)
Mr. Manicalco, Southside Hospital, Bayshore, December
12, 1974.
Sewage Plant Operator, C.W. Post College, Greenvale,
December 12, 1974.
Wolf, J.B., F.P. Linaweaver, Jr., and J.C. Geyer,
"Water Use in Selected Commercial and Institutional
Establishments in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area,"
Report to the Department of Public Works, Balti-
more County, Maryland, The Johns Hopkins University,
June , 1966.
Karubian, J.F., Polluted Ground Water: Estimating
the Effects of Man's A~.ivities, EPA Report 600:
4-74-002, July, 1~4.
Melville Industrial, Melville, December 12, 1974.
Warefield-Irving Properties, Melville, 'December 12,
1974.
Cushman & Wakefield, Mlneola, December 12, 1974.
Mr. Evans, Evan's Clothing Store, Levittown, Dec-
ember 16, 1974.
Mr. Jay, Jay's Department Store, Mineola, Decem-
ber 16, 1974.
Mr. Jude Wickfell, Dutch Inn at Islip, Islip, Dec-
embe~ 16, 1974.
Mr. Jim Ryan, Holiday Inn of Hauppauge, Hauppauge,
December 16, 1974.
Holzmacher, R.G., et.al., ~ngineering Report of
Industrial Waste Water CollectionI Treatment~ and
Disposal~ Suffolk Processin~ Company, November, 1971.
Gross, M.G., D. Davies, P.M. Lin, W. Loeffler,
Characteristics and Environmental Quality of Six
~orth Shore Bays~ Nassau and Suffolk Counties,
Lon~ Island~ New York, Marine Science Research
Center, Technical Report Series Number 14, SI/NY,
Stony Brook, 1972.
3-161
(98)
(99)
(100)
(101)
(102)
(103)
(104)
(105)
(106)
(107)
(108)
(109)
(i1o)
(111)
(112)
(113)
Holzmacher, et.al., Flnal Report: Industrial Waste
Water Collection~ TreatRent~ and Disposal Facilities,
Hazeltine Corporation, December, 1972.
Holzmacher, et.al., Schwenk Dair¥~ Industrial Waste
'"ater Collectionz Treatment and Disposal, August, 1973.
Holzmacher, et.al., Engineering Report on Indus-
trial Waste Water Facilities, Thomas Wilson and
Company, Inc., June, 1972.
Mr. Gerald Robin, Department of Environmental Con-
servation, Stony Brook, November 19, 1974.
Mr. Palladino, Metallurgical Process Corp., Syosset,
January 3, 1975.
Mr. Richard Strezpeck, Department of Environmental
Control, Hauppauge, November 20, 1974.
Consolidated Lithographic Printing Company, Carle
Place, December 18, 1974.
Universal Millwork Corporation, New Hyde Park, Dec-
ember 18, 1974.
Master-Millwork Corporation, Garden City, December 18,
1974.
Hurricane Bay Ltd., Farmingdale, December 18, 1974.
Osrcw Production, Glen Cove, December 18, 1974.
Howath and Doczy, Co., Inc., Long Island City, Decem-
ber 18, 1974.
E. Berezin, Redactron Corporation, Hauppauge, Nov-
ember 22, 1974.
Mr. Ingells, New York T~ist Drill, Melville, Janu-
ary 3, 1975.
Mr. Kunz, Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board,
January 3, 1975.
Natlonal Marine Fisheries Service, Acute Effects of
Outboard ~otor Effluent on Two ~arine Shellfish,
Clark, R.C., Jr., and J.S. Finley, Northwest Fisheries
Center, 1974.
3-163
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(136)
(137)
(138)
(139)
(140)
(141)
(142)
(143)
(144)
(145)
(146)
(147)
(148)
(149)
(150)
(151)
Mr. Lisi, Kings Park Hospital, January 17, 1975.
Mr. Sturm, LIRR Representative, January 16, 1975.
Mr. Werner, Department of Commerce, Bureau of
~ensus Library, January 14, 1975.
Mr. B. Walters, SUNY, Stony Brook University Sea
Grant Program, January 14, 1975.
Mr. T. Brown, Cornel1 University, January 14, 1975.
Manager, Sheridan Bowl, Mineola, New York, January
17, 1975.
Mr. Manardi, Mid Island Bowl, Bethpage, New York,
January 17, 1975.
Mr. Lindsey, Mid Island Movie Theater No. 2, Bethpage,
New York, January 17, 1975.
Mr. Walsh,.UA Cinema 150, Syosset, New York, Jan-
uary 17, 1975.
Assistant Manager, Huntington Golf & Tee, Hunting-
ton, New York, January 17, 1975.
~r. Sullivan, Roosevelt Raceway, Westbury, New York,
January 20, 1975.
Mr. Zawisa, Gerry's Gulf Station, Syosset, New York,
January 16, 1975.
Assistant Manager, Jericho Shell Station, Jericho,
New York, January 13, 1975.
Assistant Manager, Norejkos Triangle, Upper Brookville,
New York, January 13,.1975.
Manager, Gibraltar Auto Service, Huntington, New York,
January 15, 1975.
Mr. McKan, Doug East Inc., Huntington, New York,
January 15, 1975.
Mr. Pritzlaff, Pritzlaff & Son, Huntington, New York,
January 15, 1975.
Mr. Dunne, Bay Auto Parts, Inc., Huntington, New York,
January 15, 1975.
3~165
(169)
Long Island Health and Hospital Planning Council.
Private communication, November 2, 1974.
(170) New York State Department of Health, Comprehensive
Planning Section. Private communication, November 2, 1974.
(171)
Long Island Lighting Co., Applicant's Environmental Report,
C~nstruction Permit Stage, Jamesport Nuclear Power Station,
Units 1 and 2, 1974.
3-167