HomeMy WebLinkAboutSMP-GenericGeneric Stewardship Management Plan
Adopted by Town Board June 21, 2011; Resolution 2011-457
1
Town of Southold
Generic Stewardship Management Plan
Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary …………………………………..…….. page 1
II. Introduction …………………………………………………. page 1
III. Public Access ……………………………………………….. page 2
IV. General Management Approach ……………………………. page 2
V. Environmental Stressors ……………………………………. page 3
A. Climate change effects
B. Suppression or elimination of natural processes
C. Invasive and non-native plants and animals
D. Excessive deer herbivory
VI. Prohibited Activities ………………………………………… page 5
VII. Literature Cited ……………………………………………… page 5
Appendix A. List of properties managed under the Generic Stewardship Management Plan
Appendix B. Map of properties managed under the Generic Stewardship Management Plan
Appendix C. Public access permit application for groups less than 50 persons in attendance
I. Executive Summary
The Plan herein guides the management and use of open space that is wholly or jointly-owned by the
Town of Southold and purchased using the Community Preservation Fund and open space bonds as well
as open space properties gifted or purchased by the Town that currently do not have infrastructure
(excludes farmland; see Appendices A and B). More detailed management plans may be developed and
approved by the Town Board for a particular parcel or assemblage of parcels, at which point the more
detailed plan will supersede the guidance set forth in this document. The goal of the Generic Stewardship
Management Plan is to balance public access with protecting the biological diversity and natural
processes (e.g., sediment transport, food web dynamics, stream flow, soil moisture regimes, flooding) in
these landscapes.
The work needed on Town-owned open space requires tailored initiatives that are more appropriate for
site-specific plans. As such, except for maintaining signage and cleaning up man-made garbage, the
Town will proceed with a “hands-off” approach for parcels covered under this plan. With the exception
of riparian access to the creeks and bays of Long Island Sound and the Peconic Estuary, the parcels
managed under this plan are not considered to be officially open to the general public. Public access is
allowed by way of special permit for environmental research, educational uses, and the clean-up of man-
made trash. Overarching plans to manage deer (carried out by the Town of Southold Deer Management
Committee) and early detection/rapid response (EDRR) invasive species (as per a Town EDRR response
plan) may include all or select open space parcels also covered by this plan.
II. Introduction
The Generic Stewardship Management Plan herein guides the management and use of open space that is
wholly or jointly-owned by the Town of Southold and purchased using the Community Preservation Fund
and open space bonds as well as open space properties gifted or purchased by the Town that currently do
not have infrastructure (excludes farmland; see Appendices A and B). All future open space parcels
Generic Stewardship Management Plan
Adopted by Town Board June 21, 2011; Resolution 2011-457
2
purchased by or gifted to the Town will be immediately covered by this plan. More detailed management
plans may be developed and approved by the Town Board for a particular parcel or assemblage of parcels,
at which point the more detailed plan will supersede the guidance set forth in this document. Town-
owned open space may constitute a portion of a larger assemblage of conservation areas, including non-
profit, county, state, and federally-owned lands as well as privately-owned properties with easements.
Some Town properties are held in joint ownership with other government partners. The goal of the plan
herein is to balance public use with protecting the biological diversity and natural processes (e.g.,
sediment transport, food web dynamics, stream flow, soil moisture regimes, flooding) in these landscapes.
III. Public Access
With the exception of riparian access to the creeks and bays of Long Island Sound and the Peconic
Estuary, the parcels managed under this plan are not considered to be officially open to the general public.
Public access will be allowed by way of a special permit for the following activities:
(1) Environmental research and educational uses so long as these do not involve substantial
alteration or improvement of the open space. Examples of environmental research and education
uses include nature study, beach nesting bird species monitoring, and inventories of flora, fauna,
trails, trash, archaeological features, and structures.
(2) Clean up of man made trash provided such clean up does not damage the property.
No other activities are allowed without the explicit approval of the Town Board.
The public access permit process depends on the number of people anticipated for the event. For groups
less than 50, a special permit may be issued by the Land Preservation Department (see Appendix C for
application). Applications to the Land Preservation Department shall be made at least 30 days prior to the
proposed date of the event. For groups over 50 persons in attendance, a special permit may be issued by
the Town Board of the Town of Southold, in accordance with the requirements set out in § 205, Public
Entertainment and Special Events. All applications for a special events permit shall be made to the Town
Board of the Town of Southold at least 60 days prior to the proposed date of the event and filed with the
Town Clerk (fees and other requirements also apply – see § 205-1).
Public access may also be granted to manage deer and EDRR invasive species. Access for these efforts
will be handled by the Town of Southold Deer Management Committee and through the Town’s EDRR
response plan, respectively.
IV. General Management Approach
With two exceptions, the Town will proceed with a “hands-off” approach for parcels managed under this
Generic Stewardship Management Plan. The Town will maintain signage including Town open space
signs, posted/no hunting signs, safety signs, rules/regulations signs and Deer Management Program signs.
In addition, the Town may clean-up man made trash provided such clean up does not damage the
property. Installing any additional infrastructure or conducting any additional work will require Town
Board approval based on recommendations of the Town of Southold Land Preservation Committee.
Scientific evidence shows that climate change and other stressors in the 21st century will most likely
result in new vegetation successions, water regimes, wildlife habitat and survival conditions, surface-ice
conditions, coastal erosion and sea-level change, and human responses. As such, management actions
need to be ranked in terms of importance or priority. It seems outside the jurisdiction of the Town of
Southold to deal with reducing the stressors related to climate change. It seems within the Town’s
purview to restore the functioning of a parcel that was lost because of select land-use activities and
manage select invasive species that are directly jeopardizing a known population of endangered,
Generic Stewardship Management Plan
Adopted by Town Board June 21, 2011; Resolution 2011-457
3
threatened, species of special concern, locally rare or unique native species or ecological community.
These projects (e.g., removing a house, pulling a bulkhead, providing migratory corridors for amphibians,
removing large amounts of illegal dumping, restoring grasslands, threatened and endangered species
management) require site-specific detailed plans, which is appropriate for management plans developed
for a specific parcel or assemblage of parcels. Overarching plans to manage deer (carried out by the
Town of Southold Deer Management Committee) and early detection/rapid response (EDRR) invasive
species (as per the Town’s EDRR response plan) may include all or select open space parcels also
covered by this plan.
V. Environmental Stressors
The majority of open space parcels were acquired because of the unique habitat fragments they support.
Unfortunately, in a world dominated by human activity, most natural areas on the North Fork have been
and continue to be modified to varying degrees by climate change effects, past and on-going land-use
activities and the introduction of non-native plants and animals. Excessive deer herbivory is also a
priority concern.
A. Climate change effects
As climate variables are the key determinants of geographic distributions and biophysical characteristics
of ecosystems, communities, and species, climate change is therefore affecting many species attributes,
ecological interactions, and ecosystem processes. Reports show that global atmospheric temperatures
have continued to maintain a strong warming trend since the 1970’s, that the warming trend continues to
climb, and that the longer-term warming trend is clear and unambiguous (Allison et al., 2009). Climate
change has become a recognized driver of ecosystem change.
Two general concepts provide the framework for thinking about and managing for resilience, which in
turn will hopefully help our ecological communities best adapt to the effects of climate change. One is to
support the species composing the structural foundation of the ecosystem (e.g., organisms that create
physical structures upon which other species depend), such as salt marsh grass in wetlands and trees in a
forest (CCSP, 2008). Since ecosystems morph to and from several states (e.g., grassland to forest and
back again), the expectation is that a system should be managed to keep structural species in the system
although perhaps not always dominant. The other concept is to ensure that ecosystems have all that they
need in order to recover from disturbances (aka biodiversity) (CCSP, 2008). Biodiversity encompasses
species diversity, genetic diversity and habitat heterogeneity. The concept of biodiversity invokes the
precautionary principle, calling for insurance that ecosystems have all the biotic building blocks
(functional groups, species, genes) that they need for recovery. These building blocks can also be thought
of as ecological memory: the “network of species, their dynamic interactions between each other and the
environment, and the combination of structures that make reorganization after disturbance possible”
(Bengtsson et al., 2003).
B. Suppression or elimination of natural processes
Residential development, farming, the building of roads, effective fire suppression efforts, and other land-
use activities oftentimes result in the suppression or elimination of natural processes such as sediment
transport, food web dynamics, stream flow, soil moisture regimes, flooding, and natural fire regimes.
With the detailed planning and stakeholder review embodied in site-specific detailed plans, it is within the
Town’s ability to help restore the functioning of select Town-owned parcels. For example, bulkheads can
be removed to restore natural shoreline contours, culverts and old driveways can be removed to restore
flow to a choked wetland, a road underpass can be installed to connect two protected habitats in a
Generic Stewardship Management Plan
Adopted by Town Board June 21, 2011; Resolution 2011-457
4
migratory route and reduce vehicle mortality for species such as frogs and turtles, illegal dumpsites can be
removed to reclaim habitat, and grasslands can be restored to ensure habitat heterogeneity in a system.
C. Invasive and non-native plants and animals
The introduction of exotic and invasive plants and animals poses a clear threat to native species and the
integrity of the natural communities we remember as children. Recently, some natural resource managers
have been moving towards accepting non-native species, and the novel ecosystems they create as
inevitable. Novel ecosystems are commonly thought of as new combinations of species that arise through
human action, environmental change, and the impacts of introduced species from other parts of the world
(Hobbs et al., 2006; Seastedt et al. 2008.).
While this line of thinking does not mean that resource managers should stop managing invasive species,
the Town of Southold will only manage invasive species in two scenarios. The Town will manage
invasive species as per a detailed, site-specific management plan when a known population of
endangered, threatened, species of special concern, locally rare or unique native species or ecological
community is directly jeopardized. In the detailed management plans, invasive species management
projects will be ranked in priority by taking into account the native species’ or community’s rarity and
likelihood of the project’s success. Secondly, select early detection/rapid response (EDRR) species will
be managed as per an EDRR plan. Early detection and rapid response (EDRR) efforts address invasive
plants and animals while infestations are small; once populations become widely established, they become
very difficult and expensive to control (e.g., asian long-horned beetle). Action thresholds and
management practices for managing EDRR species will be outlined in a Town-wide EDRR response plan
and coordinated with the Long Island Invasive Species Management Area (LIISMA; see
http://nyis.info/liisma/default.aspx). Eradicating invasive species commonly found throughout Long
Island from a given landscape solely for the purpose of eradicating the invasive is not a priority for Town-
owned lands and will not be undertaken.
D. Excessive deer herbivory
The suburbanization of Southold continues to create more deer habitat rather than eliminate it, as deer
prefer the “fringe” environment between woodland and open lawn. To compound the problem, numerous
farms and residences have erected deer fencing, which displaces these deer herds to other parts of the
Town. The current density of white-tailed deer in Southold is too high for the landscape to sustain.
Without management, it is expected that the problem will only get worse.
Common signs of too many deer include browse lines (horizontal lines on trees, often 5-6 feet in height,
below which vegetation has been removed by deer browsing) and a degraded vegetation understory
(Tilghman 1989, Healy 1997). High-density herds (i.e., >30 deer /mi2) have been associated with
damage to habitats (e.g., lack of forest regeneration, a species shift in plant composition since deer
preferentially feed on native plants), economic impacts (e.g., timber resources, ornamental plantings,
agricultural damage, and vehicle collisions), and tickborne disease transmission (Woolf and Harder 1979,
Cypher and Cypher 1988). Browsing by overabundant deer also adversely affects other wildlife by
limiting food and cover provided by understory and other vegetation (McShea and Rappole 1997). For
example, birds (i.e., eastern wood pewee, indigo bunting, least flycatcher, yellow-billed cuckoo, cerulean
warbler, eastern phoebe and American robin) that nest in shrubs or the immediate layers of forest,
declined in habitat excessively browsed by deer in a 10-year study conducted by the US Forest Service
(deCastela 1994).
Generic Stewardship Management Plan
Adopted by Town Board June 21, 2011; Resolution 2011-457
5
While a wide range of deer densities and carrying capacities has been reported in the literature, managing
for ~20 deer per square mile is commonly recognized as needed in a given area for a healthy ecosystem to
flourish. Some of the levels cited include 26-44 deer mi-2 (10-17 km-2) (Healy 1997), 18 deer mi-2 (7 km-
2) (Tilghman 1989), and 5-16 deer mi-2 (2-6 km-2) (Rooney 1995). It has been shown that when deer
densities are reduced to approximately 20 per square mile, the restoration of forest vegetation will begin
and plant/tree species diversity will increase, although it may take years to reverse the damage caused by
high deer densities (i.e., Horsley et al. 2003 showed that the diversity of forest vegetation began to return
10 years after deer densities were reduced). Deer populations are managed through the Town Of
Southold’s Deer Management Committee.
VI. Prohibited Activities
To emphasize that the Town is proceeding with a “hands off” approach (Section IV) and that public
access is only allowed for limited activities (Section III), the following list further outlines uses prohibited
on Town-owned open space lands covered by this management plan:
(1) All activities not related to the purposes of the property acquisitions are prohibited.
(2) Throwing, breaking, casting, laying or depositing any garbage, refuse, glass or any injurious substance
of any kind or nature.
(3) Use of motorized vehicles and equipment with the exceptions of vehicles and equipment necessary for
approved stewardship work and emergency/public safety vehicles.
(4) Willfully destroying, injuring, defacing, damaging, removing or displacing any town-owned property.
(5) Events including, but not limited to, weddings, parties, reunions, flea markets, swap meets, antique
shows, and car shows.
(6) Maintaining a camp, trailer or other structure.
(7) Conducting any business, solicitation or advertising.
(8) Campfires or bonfires.
(9) Possessing or discharging any fireworks.
(10) The building, placing, or moving of any structures including, but not limited to windmills and cell
towers.
(11) The creation of any athletic fields including, but not limited to, basketball courts, volleyball courts,
soccer fields, football fields and baseball fields.
(12) Irrigation systems.
(13) Sports activities, including league games.
(14) Digging and artifact recovery.
(15) Soil removal or excavation.
(16) Woodcutting.
(17) Removal of vegetation.
(18) Hunting (note: Overarching plans to manage deer may include all or select open space parcels also
covered by this plan. The Town of Southold Deer Management Committee manages this program.).
(19) Trapping of wildlife with the exception of Town-approved trapping of diseased wildlife and feral
cats.
(20) Abandonment of pets or other domesticated animals.
VII. Literature Cited
Allison, I., N.L. Bindoff, R.A. Bindschadler, P.M. Cox, N. de Noblet, M.H. England, J.E. Francis, N.
Gruber, A.M. Haywood, D.J. Karoly, G. Kaser, C. Le Quéré, T.M. Lenton, M.E. Mann, B.I.
McNeil, A.J. Pitman, S. Rahmstorf, E. Rignot, H.J. Schellnhuber, S.H. Schneider, S.C. Sherwood,
R.C.J. Somerville, K. Steffen, E.J. Steig, M. Visbeck, A.J. Weaver. The Copenhagen Diagnosis,
Generic Stewardship Management Plan
Adopted by Town Board June 21, 2011; Resolution 2011-457
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2009: Updating the World on the Latest Climate Science. The University of New South Wales
Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), Sydney, Australia, 60pp.
Bengtsson, J., P. Angelstam, T. Elmqvist, U. Emanuelsson, C. Folke, M. Ihse, F. Moberg, and
M. Nystroem, 2003: Reserves, resilience and dynamic landscapes. Ambio, 32(6), 389-
396.
CCSP, 2008: Preliminary review of adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources. A
Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change
Research. [Julius, S.H., J.M. West (eds.), J.S. Baron, B. Griffith, L.A. Joyce, P. Kareiva, B.D.
Keller, M.A. Palmer, C.H. Peterson, and J.M. Scott (Authors)]. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 873 pp.
Cypher, B.L. and E.A. Cypher. 1988. Ecology and Management of White-tailed Deer in Northeastern
Coastal Habitats: A Synthesis of the Literature Pertinent to National Wildlife Refuges from
Maine to Virginia. USFWS Biological Report 88(15).
deCastela, D. S. 1994. Effect of white-tailed deer on songbirds within managed forests in Pennsylvania.
Journal of Wildlife Management 58:711-718.
Healy, W. M. 1997. Influence of deer on the structure and composition of oak forests in central
Massachusetts. Pages 249-266 in W. J. McShea, H. B. Underwood, and J. H. Rappole, eds. The
science of overabundance: deer ecology and population management. Smithsonian Institution
Press.
Hobbs RJ, Arico S, Aronson J, et al. 2006. Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the
new ecological world order. Global Ecol Biogeogr 15: 1–7.
Horsley, S. B., S. L. Stout and D. S. deCastela. 2003. White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation
dynamics of a northern hardwood forest. Ecological Applications 13:98-118.
McShea, W. J. and J. H. Rappole. 1997. Herbivores and the ecology of forest understory birds. Pages 298-
309 in W. J. McShea, H. B. Underwood, and J. H. Rappole, eds. The science of overabundance:
deer ecology and population management. Smithsonian Institution Press.
Rooney, T. P. 1995. Restoring landscape diversity and old growth to Pennsylvania’s northern hardwood
forests. Natural Areas Journal 15:274-278.
Seastedt TR, et al. 2008. Management of novel ecosystems: are novel approaches required? Frontiers in
Ecology and the Environment 6: 8 pp.
Tilghman, N. G. 1989. Impacts of white-tailed deer on forest regeneration in northwestern Pennsylvania.
Journal of Wildlife Management 53 (3):524-532.
Woolf, A., and J.D. Harder. 1979. Popul ation dynamics of a captive white-tailed deer herd with emphasis
on reproduction and mortality. Wildlife Monographs 67:53 pp.
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